3065 Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 119.

3066 Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 397. Cf. ibid., p. 81.

3067 ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  163.

3068 Reade, loc. cit. p. 447.

3069 Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  342. Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ pp. 50, 196. v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 199, 200, 216.

3070 Thulié, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. iv. p. 421.

3071 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 471. ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 85.

3072 Krieger, ‘Die Menstruation,’ p. 174.

3073 Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 143. Forster, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  340.

3074 Merolla da Sorrento, loc. cit. p. 299.

3075 Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  252.

3076 Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  147.

3077 Cunningham, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. 1. p.  204.

3078 Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 71.

3079 Samuells, ‘Notes on a Forest Race called Puttooas or Juanga, Inhabiting certain of the Tributary Mehals of Cuttack,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxv. p. 300. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 308.

3080 Dall, loc. cit. p. 381.

3081 Katscher, loc. cit. p. 97. Moore, loc. cit. p. 178. Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370.

3082 ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxx. vv. 1-4.

3083 Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424.

3084 Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  184.

3085 Andree, loc. cit. p. 146.

3086 Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  252.

3087 Cf. Waitz, vol. iii. p. 115; v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  353, note; Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 15; d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. p. 132.

3088 Heriot, loc. cit. p. 551.

3089 Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 156.

3090 Burton, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. i. pp. 320, et seq. Cf. Idem, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 121.

3091 Bosman, loc. cit. p. 481.

3092 In the language of the Bechuanas, the word ‘motlanka,’ like the ‘παῖς’ of the Greeks and the ‘puer’ of the Romans, signifies at the same time boy and servant (Casalis, loc. cit. p. 188, note).

3093 Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 180, et seq.

3094 Among the Kamchadales (Georgi, loc. cit. p. 342), Guiana Indians (Brett, loc. cit. p. 413, note 2), Fuegians (Bove, loc. cit. p. 133), Santals (Man, loc. cit. p. 15), Gypsies (Liebich, loc. cit. p. 52), Marea (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 248), Somals, and Kafirs (Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 119), the women are stated to be more or less prolific.

3095 Catlin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 228.

3096 Hearne, loc. cit. p. 313 (Northern Indians). Ross, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1886, p. 305 (Eastern Tinneh). Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 169, 218, 242 (Haidahs, Columbians about Puget Sound, Chinooks). Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  684 (Comanches). Dall, loc. cit. p. 194 (Ingaliks). Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. 147 (Beaver Indians). Armstrong, loc. cit. p. 195 (Eskimo). Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  149 (Greenlanders). Baegert, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1863, p. 368 (Indians of the Californian Peninsula). Gibbs, loc. cit. p. 209 (Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon).

3097 Talamanca Indians (Bovallius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  249), Guaranies (Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 59), Ostyaks (Ahlqvist, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. xiv. p. 290), Kukis (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 255), Dyaks (Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p.  142), Sumatrans (Marsden, loc. cit. p. 257), Australians (Sturt, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 137. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 81, et seq. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 780), Maoris (Angas, vol. i. p.  314), Tedâ (Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  448), Mandingoes, (Park, loc. cit. p. 219), Egbas (Burton, ‘Abeokuta,’ vol. i. p.  207).

3098 Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p.  143. Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. 147.

3099 Hearne, loc. cit. p. 313.

3100 Cf. Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 238 (Dacotahs); Powers, loc. cit. p. 231 (Wintun); Brett, loc. cit. p. 413, note 2 (Indians of Guiana); Bove, loc. cit. p. 133 (Fuegians).

3101 Reade, loc. cit. p. 242.

3102 Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. pp. 141, et seq.

3103 Wood, ‘The Natural History of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 685.

3104 Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 419.

3105 Powers, loc. cit. p. 259.

3106 Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  254. Bosman, loc. cit. p. 419.

3107 Marco Polo, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  220.

3108 Cf. Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 196; Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  118.

3109 Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  512, note 120.

3110 King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 153.

3111 Hooper, loc. cit. p. 100.

3112 v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 47.

3113 Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 148.

3114 Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ p. 465.

3115 St. John, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 254.

3116 Dall, loc. cit. p. 388. Coxe, loc. cit. p. 183.

3117 Hooper, loc. cit. p. 271. Cf. Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312; Richardson, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  383.

3118 v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  104. Alcedo-Thompson, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 416.

3119 Reade, loc. cit. p. 259.

3120 Forbes, ‘Dahomey,’ vol. i. pp. 25, et seq.

3121 Inglis, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iii. p. 63. d’Albertis, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  395. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  94.

3122 Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  657.

3123 v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  106 (Brazilian aborigines). Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  147 (Greenlanders). Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 389 (Kafirs). Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424 (Arabs). v. Siebold, loc. cit. pp. 31, et seq. (Ainos). Navarette, loc. cit. p. 72 (Chinese). Rein, loc. cit. p. 425 (Japanese).

3124 Reade, loc. cit. pp. 259, et seq.

3125 Livingstone, ‘Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi,’ pp. 284, et seq.

3126 Powers, loc. cit. p. 259.

3127 Cf. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 93 (Fijians); v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p.  548 (Indians on Orinoco).

3128 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 109.

3129 Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  512. Schadenberg, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 12. Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424. Cf. Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 321 (Greenlanders).

3130 Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ pp. 125-127.

3131 v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 158.

3132 Cf. Burdach, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  375.

3133 Nansen, vol. ii. p. 329. Cf. ibid., vol. ii. pp. 321, 329, et seq.

3134 Hearne, loc. cit. p. 310. Cf. ibid., p. 125.

3135 Franklin, ‘Second Expedition,’ p. 301. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 102.

3136 Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. pp. 234, et seq. Cf. ibid., vol. iii. p. 236.

3137 Brett, loc. cit. pp. 351, et seq. Cf. Schomburgk, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p.  270.

3138 v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. pp. 548, et seq.

3139 Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 22, et seq.

3140 Bove, loc. cit. p. 131.

3141 Williams and Calvert, loc. cit. pp. 152, et seq.

3142 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 191, et seq.

3143 Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 282. Cf. Freycinet, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 766; Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 758, 781.

3144 Taplin, loc. cit. p. 11.

3145 Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 213.

3146 St. John, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  56.

3147 Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  185.

3148 Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 251.

3149 Tod, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  258.

3150 Pischon, loc. cit. p. 14. d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. pp. 250, et seq.

3151 Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  226.

3152 Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 253, et seq.

3153 Saalschütz, ‘Das mosaische Recht,’ vol. ii. p. 727.

3154 Dutt, ‘The Social Life of the Hindus in the Rig-Veda Period,’ in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 79.

3155 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 503. Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  134. Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 142. Casalis, loc. cit. p. 189.

3156 Sibree, loc. cit. p. 161.

3157 For other instances of female jealousy, see Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 419 (Kutchin); Lyon, loc. cit. p. 355 (Eskimo at Igloolik); Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 70 (Crees); v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  392 (Mundrucûs); Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97 (Samoans); Kubary, loc. cit. p. 61 (Pelew Islanders); Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  269 (Tahitians); Yate, loc. cit. p. 97 (Maoris); Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 335, 448 (natives of Babber and Wetter); Cooper, loc. cit. p. 102 (Assamese); Kearns, ‘The Tribes of South India,’ p. 72 (Reddies); Rowney, loc. cit. p. 38 (Bhils); Steller, loc. cit. p. 288 (Kamchadales); Reade, loc. cit. p. 444 (Moors of the Sahara); Shooter, loc. cit. p. 78; v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 329, et seq.; Maclean, loc. cit. p. 44 (Kafirs).

3158 Domenech, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 306.

3159 Eastern Tinneh (Ross, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 310), Naudowessies (Carver, loc. cit. p. 367), Kaviaks (Dall, loc. cit. p. 138), Northern Indians (Hearne, loc. cit. pp. 129, et seq.), Crees (Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ pp. xcvi. et seq.), Indians of the Californian Peninsula (Baegert, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1863, p. 368), Minnetarees and Mandans (Lewis and Clarke, loc. cit. p. 307), Caribs (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 383).

3160 Indians of Oregon (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  277. Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  654), Crows (Bastian, ‘Der Papua des dunkeln Inselreichs,’ p. 128, note 8), Blackfeet (Idem, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. vi. pp. 403, et seq., note).

3161 Waitz, vol. ii. p. 438.

3162 Schoolcraft, vol. iii. pp. 195, et seq.

3163 Heriot, loc. cit. p. 338.

3164 Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 685.

3165 Ibid., vol. i. p.  661.

3166 Strauch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. p. 62. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 28.

3167 Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  363.

3168 Hickson, loc. cit. p. 282.

3169 Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 327.

3170 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 28.

3171 Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 369.

3172 Man, ‘Sonthalia,’ p. 15.

3173 Macpherson, loc. cit. p. 69. Hodgson, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 744.

3174 Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 454.

3175 Ibid., p. 181. Cf. ibid., pp. 209, et seq.

3176 Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  447.

3177 Bain, loc. cit. pp. 136, et seq.

3178 Ibid., p. 137.

3179 Müller, ‘Am Neste,’ p. 102. Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ pt. iv. ch. ii. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 293-295.

3180 Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ pp. 288, et seq.

3181 Houzeau, ‘Études sur les facultés mentales des animaux,’ vol. ii. p. 117.

3182 Gibbs, loc. cit. p. 198.

3183 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 102.

3184 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 273.

3185 Waitz, vol. ii. p. 117.

3186 Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 45. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 192. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  267.

3187 Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 756. For other instances, see ibid., vol. vi. p. 125; ‘Das Ausland,’ 1857, p. 888.

3188 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 33 (Miris). Cunningham, ‘History of the Sikhs,’ p. 18 (Tibetans). Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 227 (Damaras). Bastian, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. vi. p. 388.

3189 Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 134. Cf. Davy, loc. cit. p. 287.

3190 Gordon Cumming, loc. cit. p. 406 (Tibetans). Beauregard, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. pp. 264, et seq. (Massagetæ). See ante, p. 116.

3191 Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 429.

3192 Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. ii. p. 460.

3193 Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 477.

3194 Quoted by Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 191.

3195 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 341.

3196 Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 440, 442.

3197 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 28.

3198 Lewin, loc. cit. p. 253.

3199 Ibid., p. 343.

3200 Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  677.

3201 Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 315, 317.

3202 Lewin, loc. cit. p. 191.

3203 Ibid., p. 231.

3204 Powers, loc. cit. pp. 5, 406.

3205 Vámbéry, ‘Die primitive Cultur des turko-tatarischen Volkes,’ p. 71.

3206 Mason, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. ii. pp. 19, et seq. Smeaton, loc. cit. p. 81.

3207 Dutt, in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 79.

3208 Goguet, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  22.

3209 Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 252.

3210 Dubois, loc. cit. p. 101. Cf. the myths of the Nishinam (Powers, loc. cit. p. 339), Thlinkets (Dall, loc. cit. p. 421), Nicaraguans (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 280), Caroline Islanders (ibid., vol. v. pt. ii. p. 136).

3211 As, for example, by Post, ‘Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ p. 27, and Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 664, et seq.

3212 Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p.  334; vol. ii. pp. 394, et seq. Mr. Reade thinks (loc. cit. p. 214) we may infer that Gorillas are polygamous, like stags, cocks, pheasants, and other animals that battle for mates, from the fact that a trustworthy informant had seen two Gorillas fighting. But it is not only polygamous animals that fight for females.

3213 Hartmann, loc. cit. p. 214.

3214 Among the Bechuanas, says Mr. Conder (‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 86), a man formerly became richer the more wives he had, because they used to hoe his mealies; ‘now, however, ploughs have been introduced, and the men take pride in driving a team of eight oxen in a plough.'

3215 Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  752.

3216 Le Bon, ‘La Civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424.

3217 Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 378.

3218 McLennan, ‘The Levirate and Polyandry,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ N.S. vol. xxi. pp. 703-705. Idem, ‘Studies,’ pp. 112, et seq.

3219 Bellabollahs (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  169, note 34), Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon (Gibbs, loc. cit. p. 199), Miwok (Powers, loc. cit. p. 356), Iroquois, Wyandots (Heriot, loc. cit. p. 330), Shawanese (Ashe, loc. cit. p. 250), Azteks, Mayas, Mosquitoes (Bancroft, vol. ii. pp. 466, 671; vol. i. p.  730), Arawaks (Waitz, loc. cit. vol iii. p. 392), Warraus (Schomburgk, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p.  275), Tupis (Southey, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  241), Australians (Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  107. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 776. Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 135. Palmer, ibid., vol. xiii. p. 298. Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 278. Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  87. Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 164), Samoans (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 98), New Caledonians (Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 367), people of New Britain (Romilly, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. xi. p. 9), Caroline Islanders (Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 106), peoples of New Guinea (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 66) and the Malay Archipelago (ibid., pp. 32, 39, 54, 57-60. Marsden, loc. cit. pp. 228, 229, 260, et seq. Joest, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1882, p. 70), Mrús (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 234), Kaupuis (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355), Kakhyens (Anderson, loc. cit. p. 142), Pahárias (Dalton, loc. cit. p. 273), Bilúchis (Postans, ‘The Bilúchi Tribes Inhabiting Sindh,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 105), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 403), Ostyaks (Latham, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  457), Kamchadales (Steller, loc. cit. p. 347), Ainos (Dall, loc. cit. p. 524. Dixon, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol xi. pt. i. p.  44), Arabs (Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 64. Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 406), Gallas (Waitz, vol. ii. p. 516), Kûri (Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 375), Kunáma (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 488), Negroes of Senegambia (Reade, loc. cit. p. 455), the tribes in the interior of Western Equatorial Africa mentioned by Mr. Du Chaillu (‘Journey to Ashango-Land,’ p. 429), Bechuanas, Zulus (Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 85), Eastern Central Africans (Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  135), people of Madagascar (Sibree, loc. cit. p. 246), Hebrews (‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxv. vv. 5-10), ancient Egyptians (‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 293). For other instances, see infra, note 3.