3220 Cf. Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. ii. p. 649.

3221 Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 488 (Kunáma). v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 117, 118, 691 (Brazilian aborigines, Arawaks). Gibbs, loc. cit. p. 199 (Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon).

3222 Atkha Aleuts (Petroff, loc. cit. p. 158), Chippewas (Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 170, et seq.), Eskimo (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, pp. 698, et seq.), Crees (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 110), Brazilian aborigines (v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 198), tribes of Western Victoria (Dawson, loc. cit. p. 27), people of Nitendi and the New Hebrides (Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 634), Nufoor Papuans of New Guinea (Guillemard, loc. cit. p. 390), Santals (‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  xxiv.). Among the Gonds it is the duty of a younger brother to take to wife the widow of an elder brother, though the converse is not permitted (Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 150).

3223 Dall, loc. cit. p. 416.

3224 McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., pp. 112, et seq.

3225 Fijians, Samoans (Prichard, loc. cit. p. 393), Papuans of New Guinea (Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 77. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 661), Caroline Islanders (Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 209. Waitz-Gerland, vol v. pt. ii. p. 117), the tribes in the interior of Western Equatorial Africa mentioned by Mr. Du Chaillu (‘Journey to Ashango-Land,’ p. 429). Among many other peoples the right of succession belongs in the first place to the brother.

3226 Man, loc. cit. p. 100.

3227 Thlinkets (Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp. 316, 325), Kunáma (Munzinger, loc. cit. pp. 484, 488).

3228 Miris (Rowney, loc. cit. p. 154), Tartars (Marco Polo, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 221. de Rubruquis, loc. cit. pp. 33, et seq.), Wanyoro (Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 49), Wakamba (Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p.  406), Baele (Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 176), Egbas (Burton, ‘Abeokuta,’ vol. i. p.  208), Negroes of Fida, &c. (Bosman, loc. cit. p. 480. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 115).

3229 Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  97, note.

3230 Bosman, p. 528.

3231 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 16.

3232 Shooter, loc. cit. p. 86.

3233 McLennan, ‘The Patriarchal Theory,’ p. 89.

3234 Cf. Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 241.

3235 Hebrews (‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxv. vv. 5-10), Hindus (‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 59-63), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 403), Bechuanas (Livingstone, ‘Missionary Travels,’ p. 185), people of Madagascar (Sibree, loc. cit. p. 246). Among the Hindus, the ‘levir’ did not take his brother’s widow as his wife; he only had intercourse with her. This practice was called ‘Niyoga.'

3236 McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., p. 113.

3237 Starcke, loc. cit. ch. iii.

3238 Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 395.

3239 Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 98.

3240 Shooter, loc. cit. p. 86.

3241 McLennan, p. 91.

3242 Lyon, loc. cit. p. 355.

3243 Davy, loc. cit. p. 287.

3244 Moorcroft and Trebeck, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  321.

3245 de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  228.

3246 Fraser, loc. cit. p. 208.

3247 Bogle, loc. cit. p. 123.

3248 Wilson, loc. cit. p. 212.

3249 Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. p. 292.

3250 Fraser, loc. cit. p. 209.

3251 v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. i. p.  83.

3252 Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iv. p. 20.

3253 Ibid., vol. i. p.  33.

3254 Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 135.

3255 Earl, loc. cit. p. 83. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 66.

3256 Peoples of Watubela (Riedel, loc. cit. p. 206) and Lampong in Sumatra (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 58), Igorrotes and Italones of the Philippines (Blumentritt, loc. cit. pp. 28, 33). Professor Wilken thinks (pp. 46, et seq.) the same was the case among the Niasians and Bataks.

3257 Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 293.

3258 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 105.

3259 Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 508. Cf. Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 319, et seq.

3260 Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. pp. 272, et seq.

3261 Keane, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol xiii. p. 206.

3262 Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 634.

3263 ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 328. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  101. Lumholtz, loc. cit. pp. 193, 213.

3264 Quoted by Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 73.

3265 Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97.

3266 Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  88.

3267 St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 237.

3268 Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 75.

3269 Rosset, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 169.

3270 Quoted by Pridham, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  253.

3271 Bourien, ‘The Wild Tribes of the Interior of the Malay Peninsula,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. iii. p. 80.

3272 Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370. Yule, ‘Notes on the Kasia Hills,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. ii. p. 624. Huc, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  186.

3273 Pischon, loc. cit. p. 13. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 603.

3274 ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958.

3275 Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iv. p. 150.

3276 Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 207, et seq.

3277 Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 247, 251.

3278 Reade, loc. cit. p. 444.

3279 Lobo, loc. cit. p. 26.

3280 Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 122.

3281 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 114.

3282 ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1027.

3283 Rawlinson, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 353.

3284 Becker, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 488, et seq. Hermann-Blümner, loc. cit. p. 264.

3285 Nordström, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 34.

3286 Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ p. 125.

3287 Georgi, loc. cit. p. 371.

3288 Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 173.

3289 Sibree, loc. cit. pp. 161, 250.

3290 de Herrera, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 171.

3291 ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxiv. v. i.  Ewald, loc. cit. p. 203.

3292 Meier and Schömann, loc. cit. p. 511.

3293 Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ pp. 123, et seq.

3294 Grimm, loc. cit. p. 454.

3295 Chinooks (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol i. p.  241), Chippewas (Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 157), Chippewyans (Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. cxxiii.), Shawanese (Ashe, loc. cit. p. 249), Macusís (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 391), Mundrucûs and other Brazilian tribes (v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  104), Minuanes, Pampas, Mbayas, Payaguas (Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 32, 44, 114, 132), Catalanganes of the Philippines (Blumentritt, loc. cit. p. 41), Siamese (Moore, loc. cit. p. 169), Burmese (Colquhoun, ‘Burma,’ pp. 12, et seq.), Chukmas (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 187), Yakuts (Sauer, loc. cit. p. 129), Chuvashes, Votyaks, Cheremises, Mordvins, Voguls (Georgi, loc. cit. p. 42), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 404), Takue (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 209), Beni-Mzab (Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 315, et seq.)

3296 Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  148.

3297 Powers, loc. cit. p. 239.

3298 Carver, loc. cit. p. 375.

3299 Harmon, loc. cit. p. 342.

3300 Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ p. 324.

3301 Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497.

3302 Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 23. Faulkner, loc. cit. p. 126.

3303 Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 167.

3304 Dieffenbach, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 40.

3305 Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 95.

3306 Lawes, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 614. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397.

3307 Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 129.

3308 Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  78.

3309 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 68.

3310 Cf. Nauhaus, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1882, p. 210; Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 278; Maclean, loc. cit. p. 70; Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 261, 264.

3311 Ewald, loc. cit. p. 203. Among the Samaritans, divorce, though permitted, does not occur (Andree, loc. cit. p. 217).

3312 Glasson, loc. cit. p. 151. Meier and Schömann, loc. cit. p. 510.

3313 Mackenzie, ‘Roman Law,’ p. 123.

3314 Lewin, loc. cit. p. 276.

3315 Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 64.

3316 Dawson, loc. cit. p. 33.

3317 Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p.  208. Lewin, p. 210.

3318 Peoples of Ceram, Aru, Sermatta, Babber, Letti, Moa and Lakor, Wetter (Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 134, 263, 325, 351, 390, 448), Buru (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 51).

3319 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 110. Cf. Proyart, loc. cit. p. 569 (Negroes of Loango).

3320 Kolben, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  157.

3321 Casalis, loc. cit. pp. 184, et seq.

3322 Marshall, loc. cit. p. 219.

3323 Mantras (Bourien, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. iii. p. 80), Butias of Ladakh (Cunningham, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. i. p.  204), Toungtha (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 194), Timorese (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 54).

3324 Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 263, 265. Waitz, vol. iv. p. 132.

3325 Waitz, vol. iv. p. 278.

3326 Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 25, et seq. Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  219. Müller, ‘Reise der Novara,’ Ethnographie, p. 164.

3327 Navarette, loc. cit. p. 73.

3328 Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 27.

3329 Rein, loc. cit. pp. 424, et seq.

3330 Amír’ Alí, loc. cit. p. 332.

3331 Lane, loc. cit vol. i. pp. 139, 247. Pischon, loc. cit. p. 13.

3332 ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 80, et seq. This, however, was not a divorce in our sense of the term. ‘Neither by sale nor by repudiation,’ says Manu (ch. ix. v. 46), ‘is a wife released from her husband.'

3333 Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 95.

3334 Glasson, loc. cit. pp. 204, et seq.

3335 Glasson, pp. 213, 215.

3336 Ibid., pp. 367, et seq.

3337 Ibid., pp. 437, 452.

3338 Ibid., p. 403.

3339 Carpentier, ‘Traité théorétique et pratique du divorce,’ p. 52. For the laws of divorce in the States of Europe and America, see Neubauer, ‘Ehescheidung im Auslande,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vols. v.-ix.

3340 Sibree, loc. cit. p. 254.

3341 Greenlanders (Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 509), Damaras (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 416), Marea (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 241), Kafirs of Natal (Shooter, loc. cit. pp. 85, et seq.), Samoans (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97), Dyaks (St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 237).

3342 This is especially the case when the wife is superior to the husband in rank [cf. Soyaux, loc. cit. p. 162 (Negroes of Loango); Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 284 (Negroes of Sierra Leone); Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. pp. 140, et seq. (Eastern Central Africans); Sibree, loc. cit. p. 254 (Tanàla of Madagascar); Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 106; vol. vi. p. 128 (Caroline Islanders, Tahitians); ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333 (Pelew Islanders); Moore, loc. cit. p. 289 (Natchez)]; but also when they are of equal rank, as among the Shawanese (Ashe, loc. cit. p. 249), Macassars, Bugis (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 76), Rejangs (Marsden, loc. cit. p. 235), Malays of Perak (McNair, loc. cit. p. 236), Galela (Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 78), Kaupuis (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355), Badagas (Harkness, loc. cit. p. 117), Kerantis (Rowney, loc. cit. p. 136), Mongols (Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p.  70), Beni-Amer, Kunáma (Munzinger, loc. cit. pp. 320, 321, 489), Touaregs Chavanne, (‘Die Sahara,’ p. 209), Ashantees (Waitz, vol. ii. p. 120), Masai (Last, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. v. p.  533), Kafirs (Maclean, loc. cit. pp. 69, et seq.).

3343 Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  277.

3344 Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. pp. 223, et seq.

3345 Ibid., vol. iv. p. 214.

3346 Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 93.

3347 Lisiansky, loc. cit. pp. 127, et seq.

3348 Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  256. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397. Chalmers, loc. cit. p. 167. Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 106, et seq.

3349 Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 134, 173, 263, 325, 390, 448.

3350 Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 295.

3351 Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 73.

3352 Harkness, loc. cit. p. 92.

3353 Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. iii. p. 83.

3354 Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  140.

3355 Arnot, ‘Garenganze,’ p. 194.

3356 Waitz, vol. iv. p. 86.

3357 Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 672.

3358 Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  219. Rein, loc. cit. pp. 424, et seq.

3359 Glasson, loc. cit. pp. 149, et seq.

3360 Amír’ Alí, loc. cit. ch. xii. et seq. Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  139.

3361 Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. pp. 386, et seq.

3362 Glasson, loc. cit. p. 187.

3363 Ibid., p. 189.

3364 Ibid., p. 195.

3365 Ibid., pp. 152, et seq. Meier and Schömann, loc. cit. p. 512.

3366 Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 42, et seq.

3367 Mackenzie, ‘Roman Law,’ p. 123.

3368 Glasson, pp. 291, 298, 304.

3369 Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157.

3370 Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  92.

3371 Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 315. Cf. Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. ii. p. 76 (Abipones); Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. i. p.  258 (Touaregs of Rhāt).

3372 Glasson, loc. cit. p. 469.

3373 ‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’ 1883, p. 290. Cf. Keane, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 206 (Botocudos); Krauss, loc. cit. p 568 (South Slavonians).

3374 v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 150.

3375 Dall, loc. cit. p. 139 (Western Eskimo). Egede, loc. cit. p. 143 (Greenlanders). Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 141 (Zulus). Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 48 (Wanyoro). Buchner, loc. cit. p. 31 (Duallas). Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  218 (Persians). Krauss, pp. 532, 570, et seq. (South Slavonians); &c.

3376 Schoolcraft, ‘The Indian in his Wigwam,’ p. 73. Cf. Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 320 (Greenlanders); Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 48 (Bushmans); St. John, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  66 (Sea Dyaks).

3377 St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 237.

3378 Bailey, ibid., vol. ii. p. 292. Cf. Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 141 (Zulus).