725. R. Gardner Hill, A Concise History of the Non-Restraint System, p. 139. London, 1857.
726. W. A. F. Browne, p. 119.
727. One large asylum is said to have made £400 a year from exhibiting lunatics, but this would probably not include the keepers’ tips; see Tuke, Hist. p. 73.
728. Conolly, p. 33. See also P. Pinel, Traité Médico-philosophique sur l’Aliénation Mentale, p. 65. Paris, An IX.
J. B. Tuke, Ency. Brit. ninth ed. vol. xiii. p. 111.
729. See E. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i. p. 274.
730. H. W. Carter, Principal Hospitals, p. 42. London, 1819.
731. P. Pinel, Traité, p. 64.
732. A. Halliday, Lunatic Asylums, p. 76.
733. M. Esquirol, Mémoires de Charenton, pp. 46, 48.
735. Animadversions on the Present Government of York Asylum. York, 1788. It deals mainly with the question of finance.
Edinburgh Review, vol. xxviii. p. 433.
These produced A Letter from a Subscriber to the York Lunatic Asylum. York, 1788, etc.
736. He died in 1797, and an inscription was erected to him in Westminster Abbey. See Dict. Nat. Biog., and Jonathan Gray, History of York Asylum, p. 18.
737. Samuel Tuke, Description of the Retreat, p. 22. York, 1813.
738. The Description of the Retreat near York, already alluded to.
739. To the York Herald, dated September 23, 1813. It was signed merely “Evigilator,” but had been written by Dr. Best, the head of the York Asylum.
See J. Gray, Hist. p. 28; also D. H. Tuke, Hist. pp. 129, 148.
740. Edinburgh Review, vol. xxviii. p. 433. Edinburgh, 1817.
741. S. W. Nicoll, An Enquiry, p. 11; and see Jonathan Gray, Hist. p. 31.
742. D. H. Tuke, Hist. p. 79.
743. J. Gray, Hist. chap. vi.
744. D. H. Tuke, p. 161.
745. D. H. Tuke, p. 157.
746. Nicoll, p. 21.
747. D. H. Tuke, Hist. p. 162.
748. Ibid. p. 173.
749. J. B. Tuke, Ency. Brit. ninth ed.; D. H. Tuke, Hist. p. 85; R. Gardner Hill, Lunacy, p. 5.
750. See, for instance, Hunterian Oration, 1891, etc.
751. R. Gardner Hill, Lunacy, p. 42.
752. Andrew Wynter, p. 100.
753. Hill, pp. 87, 88.
754. Halliday, Lunatic Asylums, p. 2.
755. F. Willis, A Treatise on Mental Derangement, p. 6. London, 1823.
756. Lunatic Asylums, p. 2.
757. W. A. F. Browne, p. 4.
758. Borderland of Insanity, p. 11.
759. Alexander Gibson, in Ency. Brit. ninth ed. art. “Insanity (Law).”
760. “That” (kleptomania) “is one of the diseases I was sent here to cure,” a certain judge is said to have observed; but he did not cure it.
761. One of these legal tests had been a knowledge of the multiplication table. W. A. F. Browne, p. 3.
762. The “robust” attitude has been shown by Dickens. “That young Pitcher’s had a fever.” “No!” exclaimed Mr. Squeers. “Damn that boy, he’s always at something of that sort.” “Never was such a boy, I do believe,” said Mrs. Squeers; “whatever he has is always catching too. I say it’s obstinacy, and nothing shall ever convince me that it isn’t. I’d beat it out of him.”—Nicholas Nickleby, chap. vii.
763. D. H. Tuke, Hist. p. 96.
764. W. Tallack, Penological and Preventive Principles, pp. 249, 250. London, 1896.
765. Departmental Committee on Prisons Report, p. 8. London, 1895.