166.  Saga Halfdanar Swarta, cap. 3, 4. p. 67, 68.

167.  Saga Halfdanar Swarta, cap. 5-7. p. 68–72. (apud Heimskringlam Snorronis, tom. i.).

168.  Saga Halfdanar Swarta, cap. 7-9.

169.  The brother of Ragnilda; see page 165.

170.  Harald’s Saga ens Harfagra, cap. 1, 2. (apud Heimskringlam Snorronis, tom. i. p. 75–77.).

171.  Haralld’s Saga ens Harfagra, cap. 3-6. p. 77–80.

172.  Transcriber’s Note: the footnote marker on page 170 has no corresponding footnote text.

173.  Haralld’s Saga ens Harfagra, cap. 6–13.

174.  Missing footnote text at bottom of page.

175.  These words are remarkable, and they confirm the observations which we made in the preceding chapter.

176.  Haralld’s Saga ens Harfagra, cap. 13–18. p. 88–93.

177.  Haralld’s Saga ens Harfagra, cap. 18, 19. p. 93–95. The following is the ode of Hornkloft, as translated by the Hon. W. Herbert, and, in some trifling respects, improved by Mr. Wheaton:—

“Loud in Hafur’s echoing bay,
Heard ye the din of battle bray,
’Twixt Kiötve rich, and Harald bold?
Eastward sails the ships of war;
The graven bucklers gleam afar,
And dragons’ heads adorn the prows of gold.
“Glittering shields of purest white,
And swords, and Celtic falchions bright,
And western chiefs the vessels bring:
Loudly roar the wolfish rout,
And maddening champions wildly shout.
And long and loud the twisted hauberks ring.
“Firm in fight they proudly vie
With Him whose might will make them fly,
Of Eastmen kings the warlike head.
Forth his gallant fleet he drew,
Soon as the hope of battle grew,
But many a buckler brake ere Haklang bled.
“Fled the lusty Kiötve then
Before the Fair-haired king of Men,
And bade the islands shield his flight.
Warriors wounded in the fray,
Beneath the thwarts all gasping lay,
Where, headlong cast, they mourn’d the loss of light.
“Gall’d by many a massive stone
(Their golden shields behind them thrown),
Homeward the grieving warriors speed;
Swift from Hafur’s bay they hie:
East-mountaineers o’er Jardar fly,
And thirst for goblets of the sparkling mead.”

178.  Haralld’s Saga ens Harfagra, cap. 19–25. p. 95–103. Snæfrida was, probably, a supernatural damsel—at least, on one side. So was Guendolen, in the bridal of Triermain; but the British Arthur broke the charm which bound him in three months, while Harald was spell-bound for as many years. The description in Scott is exquisite.

179.  Haralld’s Saga ens Harfagra, cap. 26.

180.  Haralld’s Saga ens Harfagra, passim. Fragmentum Islandicum de Regibus Dano-Norvegicis (apud Langebek, Scriptores Rerum Danicarum, tom. ii.).

181.  Haralld’s Saga ens Harfagra, passim. Fragmentum Islandicum de Regibus Dano-Norvegicis (apud Langebek, Scriptores Rerum Danicarum, tom. ii.).

182.  Haralld’s Saga ens Harfagra, cap. 34.

183.  Haralld’s Saga ens Harfagre, cap. 45.

184.  Wallingford, Chronicon, p. 540. Theodoric, Historia Norwegica, cap. 2. Snorro, Haralld’s Saga ens Harfagra, cap. 42, 43.; necnon Saga Hakonar Goda, cap. 1.

185.  Matthæi Westmonasteriensis Historia, p. 369. Simeonis Dunelmensis Hist. 204. Arembs de Mailros, p. 148. Saga Hakonar Goda, cap. 3, 4. p. 127–129.

186.  Saga Hakonar Goda, cap. 4-15., passim.

187.  See Introduction, page 33.

188.  Saga Hakonar Goda, p. 139.

189.  That on the constitution and laws of the ancient Scandinavians, in the next volume of this compendium.

190.  Saga Hakonar Goda, cap. 17.

191.  Saga Hakonar Goda, cap. 17–19.

192.  Saga Hakonar Goda, cap. 20–25.

193.  Saga Hakonar Goda, cap. 25–32.

194.  This Song of Hako—Hakonar Mal—has been rendered into English verse by the Hon. W. Herbert.

195.  See the chapter on the subject in Vol. II. of this compendium.

196.  Saga Hakonar Goda, cap. 33.

197.  Saga of Haralldi Grafelld Konungi de Hakoni Jarli Sigurdar Syni, cap. 1-10. (apud Heimskringlam Snorronis, tom. i. p. 165–179.).

198.  Saga af Haralldi Grafelld Konungi, &c., cap. 11–13.

199.  Saga af Olafi Tryggva-Syni, cap. 1-16.

200.  Saga af Olafi Konungi Tryggva-Syni, cap. 16–37.

201.  Saga af Olafi Konungi Tryggva-Syni, cap. 38–49. p. 229–245.

202.  The same authority.

203.  Saga af Olafi Konungi Tryggva-Syni, cap. 1-3. p. 187, &c. Historia Olavi Tryggvii-filii tom. i. cap. 44. p 86–90. Hafniæ, 1828.

The latter work, for which we are indebted to the Icelandic Society of Copenhagen, has many interesting particulars omitted by Snorro. It was composed by Gunlaug, a monk of Iceland, in the thirteenth century.

204.  Saga af Olafi Konungi-iSyni, cap. 4. Historia Olavi Tryggvii-filii, tom. i. cap. 45.

205.  Now a part of Russia, to the east and south of the Gulf of Finland.

206.  Saga af Olafi Konungi Tryggva-Syni, cap. 4-21. Historia Olavi Tryggvii-filii, tom. i. cap. 46, &c.

207.  See before, page 108.

208.  Saga Olafi Konungi Tryggva-Syni, cap. 21–35. p. 211–227. Historia Olavi Regis, tom. i. cap. 73–82. p. 157–175.

209.  See before, page 205.

210.  The same authorities.

211.  Of these associates no mention is made by Snorro, and we think his authority preferable to that of Gunlaug.

212.  Saga of Olafi Konungi Tryggva-Syni, cap. 51, 52. p. 246–248. Historia Olavi Tryggvii-filii, cap. 93, 94, 98.

213.  This symbol in Christian times was superseded by the cross. See the notes to Scott’s “Lady of the Lake.”

214.  2 Saga af Olafi Tryggva-Syni, cap. 52, 53. Historia Olavi Tryggvii-filii, tom. i. cap. 99–102.

215.  The same authorities.

216.  Saga af Olafi Tryggva-Syni, cap. 53–56. Historia Olavi Tryggvii-filii, tom. i. cap. 103, 104.

217.  The same authorities.

218.  Saga af Olafi Tryggva-Syni, cap. 57–65. Historia Olavi Tryggvii-filii, tom. i. cap 106. et seq.

219.  Saga af Olafi Tryggva-Syni, cap. 66–71.

220.  Saga af Olafi Tryggva-Syni, cap. 72–74. Historia Olavi, tom. ii. cap. 165.

221.  See before, page 214.

222.  Saga af Olafi Tryggva-Syni, cap. 72–74. Historia Olafi, tom. ii. cap. 165.

223.  Saga af Olafi Tryggva-Syni, cap. 84–87. Historia Olavi, tom. ii.

224.  Historia Olavi, cap. 172.

225.  Saga af Olafi Tryggva-Syni, cap. 66, 98–100. Historia Olavi, tom. ii. cap. 195.

226.  See before, page 115.

227.  Saga af Olafi Tryggva-Syni, cap. 100. ad finem. Historia Olavi, tom. iii. cap. 256, &c.

228.  See before, page 122.

229.  Saga af Olafi hinns Helga, cap. 1 &c. Historia Regis Olavi Sancti tom. i.

230.  See before, page 204.

231.  Saga af Olafi Konungs hinns Helga, cap. 1-4. Historia Regis Olavi Sancti, tom. i. cap. 18–25. p. 31–36.

232.  See before, page 121.

233.  Saga af Olafi hinns Helga, cap. 4-26. Historia Regis Olavi Sancti, tom. i. cap. 25–42.

234.  Saga af Olafi hinns Helga, cap. 26–32. Historia Regis Olavi Sancti, tom. i. p. 69–78.

235.  Saga af Olafi hinns Helga, cap. 26–32. Historia Regis Olavi Sancti, tom. i. p. 69–78.

236.  Saga af Olafi hinns Helga, cap. 36–42. Historia Olavi Regis Sancti, tom. i.

237.  Saga af Olafi hinns Helga, cap. 36–42. Historia Olavi Regis Sancti, tom. i.

238.  Saga af Olafi hinns Helga (ad cap. 56.). Historia Regis Olavi Sancti, tom. i. (ad cap. 60.).

239.  Saga of Olafi hinns Helga (ad cap. 56.). Historia Regis Olavi Sancti, tom. i. (ad cap. 60.).

240.  Saga af Olafi hinns Helga, cap. 60–81. Historia Regis Olafi, tom. i. (pluribus capitibus).

241.  This allusion will be hereafter explained.

242.  Saga af Olafi hinns Helga. Historia Regis Olavi Sancti.

243.  The same authorities.

244.  Saga af Olafi hins Helga, cap. 72–74. p. 89–95. Historia Olavi Regis, tom. i. p. 141, &c.

245.  The same authorities.

246.  Saga af Olafi hins Helga, cap. 110–116. Historia Regis Olavi Sancti, tom. i.

247.  Alluding, we suppose, to his pointed mitre.

248.  Saga of Olafi hins Helga, cap. 117–120. Historia Regis Olavi Sancti, tom. i.

249.  The same authorities.

250.  Saga af Olafi hins Helga, cap. 154–159. Saxonis Grammatici, lib. x. p. 194. Mallet, Histoire de Dannemarc, tom. iii. liv. ii. p. 139, &c.

251.  Saxonis Grammatici Historia Danica, lib. x. p. 194. Snorronis Heimskringla, tom. ii. p. 271.

252.  This has a parallel in the Mohammedan governor of Calcutta, whom no one durst awake when the English were dying in the Black Hole.

253.  Saga af Olafi hinom Helga, cap. 166–180. Saxonis Grammatici Hist. Dan. lib. x.

254.  Saga af Olafi hinom Helga, cap. 180–191. Historia Regis Olavi Sancti tom. ii.

255.  The same authorities.

256.  Saga af Olafi hinom Helga, cap. 211, &c. Historia Regis Olavi Sancti, tom. iii. (pluribus capitibus).

257.  Saga af Olafi, cap. 131. Historia Regis Olavi, tom. ii. cap. 120.

258.  See Appendix A.

259.  See Appendix B.

260.  Eutropius, Epitome. Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica, lib. i. cap. 1. Saxonis Grammatici Historia Danica, lib. i. et ii.

261.  See before, page 158.

262.  Saxonis Grammatici Historia Danica, lib. viii. Depping, Histoire des Expeditions Maritimes des Normands, tom. i. chap. 1.

263.  Eutropius, Epitome, lib. ix. cap. 13. Tacitus, de Moribus Germanorum, cap. 44.

264.  Saxonis Grammatici Hist. Dan., passim. Depping, Histoire, tom. i. chap. 3.

265.  Turner’s Anglo-Saxons, vol. i. p. 147.

266.  Turner’s Anglo-Saxons, vol. i. p. 152, &c.

267.  See England, by Sir James Mackintosh, vol. i.; and Europe during the Middle Ages, vol. iii.

268.  The Saxon Chronicle (sub annis).

269.  Saxonis Grammatici Hist. Dan. lib. v.

270.  Turner’s Anglo-Saxons, vol. i.

271.  See before, page 150.

272.  Saxonis Grammatici Hist. Dan. Ynlinga Saga, cap. 46.

273.  See page 120.

274.  Turner’s Anglo-Saxons, vol. i. Europe during the Middle Ages, vol. iii.

275.  Europe during the Middle Ages, vol. iii.

276.  See Mackintosh’s England, vol. i.; and Europe during the Middle Ages, vol. iii.

277.  Turner’s Anglo-Saxons, vol. i.

278.  The Saxon Chronicle, A.D. 937. Johnstone, Antiquitates Celto-Scandicæ, p. 31. See Europe during the Middle Ages, vols. iii. and iv.

279.  See page 187.

280.  See page 117.

281.  The French historians in the collection of Bouquet.

282.  See his reign, in the chapter on Denmark, page 102. Wace, Roman de Rou, tom. i. part i.

283.  Wace, Roman de Rou, tom. i. Pontoppidan, Gesta et Vestigia Danorum extra Daniam, tom. i. p. 225, &c. Depping, Histoire des Expeditions Maritimes des Normands, tom. i. chap. 4.

284.  Pontoppidan, Gesta et Vestigia Danorum, tom. i. p. 117–119. Wace, Roman de Rou, tom. i. part i. For a parallel incident in Danish history, see before, page 27.

285.  Wace, Roman de Ron, tom. i. part i. Benoit de St. Maur, Chronique des Ducs de Normandie, liv. i. Pontoppidan, Gesta et Vestigia Danorum, tom. i. p. 214.

286.  Wace—Dudo de St. Quentin—Benoit de St. Maur—Pontoppidan.

287.  Wace, Roman de Rou, tom. i. part ii. Pontoppidan, Gesta et Vestigia, tom. i. (sub annis).

288.  

De la sainte Kemise ke la dame vesti,
Ki mere e vierge fu quant de lie dex naski,
Out Rou si grant pour et tant s’en, esbahi,
N’i osa arester; vers als nes tost s’enfui.

289.  Abbonis Floriacensis Poema de Obsidione Parisiensi, lib. i. et ii. Pontoppidan, Gesta et Vestigia, tom. i. p. 244–264. Wace, Roman de Rou, part ii. Depping, Histoire des Expeditions, tom. ii. chap. 7.

290.  The same authorities.

291.  Authorities:—Dudo of St. Quentin, Wace, Benoit of St. Maur, Pontoppidan, and Depping. The last-named writer makes a sad confusion of the chronology.

292.  The same authorities.

293.  Authorities:—Dudo of St. Quentin, Wace, Pontoppidan, Depping.

294.  Moore’s History of Ireland, vol. ii.

295.  Saxonis Grammatici, Hist. Dan. lib. i. tom. v. Waræus, De Antiquitatibus Hiberniæ, cap. 24. Pontoppidan, Gesta et Vestigia, tom. ii. p. 299, &c. Moore, History of Ireland, vol. ii. chap. xv. and xvi.

296.  The same authorities.

297.  Authorities:—Saxo Grammaticus, Pontoppidan, and the Irish Chronicles, as quoted by Usher and Moore.

298.  The same authorities.

299.  Depping, Histoire, tom. ii. Moore, History, vol. ii. Pontoppidan, Gesta et Vestigia, tom. ii.

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