411 Roland B. Dixon, “The Northern Maidu,” Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, xvii. part iii. (New York, 1905) p. 193.
412 P. Labbé, Un Bagne Russe, l’Île de Sakhaline (Paris, 1903), p. 268.
413 W. Jochelson, “Die Jukagiren im äussersten Nordosten Asiens,” Jahresbericht der geograph. Gesellschaft von Bern, xvii. (1900) p. 14.
414 Missions Catholiques, xiv. (1882) p. 460.
415 W. H. I. Bleek, A Brief Account of Bushman Folklore, p. 19.
416 P. Reichard, Deutsch-Ostafrika (Leipsic, 1892), p. 427.
417 H. Cole, “Notes on the Wagogo of German East Africa,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) pp. 318 sq.
418 A. D’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, iii. part i. p. 226.
419 I. Petroff, Report on the Population, Industries, and Resources of Alaska, p. 155.
420 C. Lumholtz, Unknown Mexico, ii. 126 sqq.; as to the sacred cactus, which the Indians call hikuli, see id. i. 357 sqq.
421 For this information I am indebted to Dr. C. Hose, formerly Resident Magistrate of the Baram district, Sarawak.
422 W. H. Furness, Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters, p. 169.
423 J. Chalmers, “Toaripi,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxvii. (1898) p. 327.
424 J. L. van Hasselt, “Eenige Aanteekeningen aangaande de Bewoners der N. Westkust van Nieuw Guinea, meer bepaaldelijk den Stam der Noefoereezen,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxxii. (1889) p. 263; id., “Die Papuastämme an der Geelvinkbai,” Mitteilungen der geograph. Gesellschaft zu Jena, ix. (1891) pp. 101 sq.
425 H. von Rosenberg, Der malayische Archipel (Leipsic, 1878), pp. 453, 462.
426 C. M. Pleyte, “Ethnographische Beschrijving der Kei-Eilanden,” Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweede Serie, x. (1893) p. 831.
427 H. Geurtjens, “Le Cérémonial des Voyages aux Îles Keij,” Anthropos, v. (1910) pp. 337, 353. The girls bear the title of wat moel.
428 J. C. E. Tromp, “De Rambai en Sebroeang Dajaks,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxv. 118.
429 H. Ling Roth, “Low’s Natives of Borneo,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxii. (1893) p. 56.
430 W. W. Skeat, Malay Magic, p. 524.
431 Mrs. Hewitt, “Some Sea-Dayak Tabus,” Man, viii. (1908) pp. 186 sq.
432 Indian Antiquary, xxi. (1892) p. 120.
433 H. O. Forbes, “On some Tribes of the Island of Timor,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiii. (1884) p. 414.
434 A. C. Kruyt, “Het koppensnellan der Toradja’s van Midden-Celebes, en zijne beteekenis,” Verslagen en Mededeelingen der konink. Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Letterkunde, IV. Reeks, III. Deel (Amsterdam, 1899), pp. 158 sq.
435 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, verhalen en overleveringen der Galelareezen,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xlv. (1895) p. 507.
437 M. J. van Baarda, l.c.
438 C. M. Pleyte, “Ethnographische Beschrijving der Kei-Eilanden,” Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweede Serie, x. (1893) p. 805.
439 De Flacourt, Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar (Paris, 1658), pp. 97 sq. A statement of the same sort is made by the Abbé Rochon, Voyage to Madagascar and the East Indies, translated from the French (London, 1792), pp. 46 sq.
440 John Struys, Voiages and Travels (London, 1684), p. 22. Struys may have copied from De Flacourt.
441 J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 341; H. Cole, “Notes on the Wagogo of German East Africa,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) pp. 312, 317.
442 Riedel, op. cit. p. 377.
443 A. B. Ellis, The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast, p. 226.
444 H. P. Fitzgerald Marriott, The Secret Tribal Societies of West Africa, p. 17 (reprinted from Ars quatuor Coronatorum, the transactions of a Masonic lodge of London). The lamented Miss Mary H. Kingsley was so kind as to lend me a copy of this work.
445 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. i. No. 4 (April 1900), p. 356.
446 S. Powers, Tribes of California (Washington, 1877), pp. 129 sq.
447 J. R. Swanton, “Contributions to the Ethnology of the Haida” (Leyden and New York, 1905), pp. 55 sq. (Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. v. part i.).
448 Sir George Scott Robertson, The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush (London, 1896), pp. 335, 621–626.
449 Antonio Caulin, Historia Coro-graphica natural y evangelica dela Nueva Andalucia de Cumana, Guayana y Vertientes del Rio Orinoco (1779), p. 97.
450 Father Guis, “Les Canaques, ce qu’ils font, ce qu’ils disent,” Missions Catholiques, xxx. (1898) p. 29; A. C. Haddon, Head-hunters, p. 257.
451 J. G. Campbell, Witchcraft and Second Sight in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland (Glasgow, 1902), pp. 21 sq.
452 Boecler-Kreutzwald, Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten, p. 122.
453 Aug. Witzschel, Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen (Vienna, 1878), p. 218, § 36.
454 A. L. van Hasselt, Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra (Leyden, 1882), p. 323; J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der Padangsche Bovenlanden,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xxxix. (1890) p. 64.
455 E. J. Payne, History of the New World called America, i. (Oxford, 1892) p. 421. Compare Brasseur de Bourbourg, Histoire des nations civilisées du Mexique et de l’Amérique-Centrale, i. 518 sq.
456 W. W. Skeat, Malay Magic, p. 217.
457 A. L. van Hasselt, “Nota betreffende de rijstcultuur in de Residentie Tapanoeli,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxxvi. (1893) p. 529.
458 This I learned from Mr. Hardy in conversation. See also his letter in Folklore, viii. (1897) p. 11.
459 Boecler-Kreutzwald, Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten, p. 133. Compare F. J. Wiedemann, Aus dem inneren und äusseren Leben der Ehsten, p. 447.
460 R. F. Kaindl, “Zauberglaube bei den Huzulen,” Globus, lxxvi. (1899) p. 276.
461 F. Tetzner, “Die Kuren in Ostpreussen,” Globus, lxxv. (1899) p. 148.
462 F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, ii. p. 207, § 362; Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern, ii. 297, iii. 343.
463 H. F. Standing, “Malagasy fady,” Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, vol. ii. (reprint of the second four numbers, 1881–1884) (Antananarivo, 1896), p. 257.
464 Ch. Beauquier, Les Mois en Franche-Comté (Paris, 1900), p. 30.
465 L. F. Sauvé, Le Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges (Paris, 1889), p. 142.
466 L. F. Sauvé, op. cit. pp. 17 sq.
467 E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben, p. 499; A. Heinrich, Agrarische Sitten und Gebräuche unter den Sachsen Siebenbürgens (Hermannstadt, 1880), p. 11.
468 E. H. Meyer, Badisches Volksleben im neunzehnten Jahrhundert (Strasburg, 1900), pp. 421 sq.
469 A. Kuhn und W. Schwartz, Norddeutsche Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche, p. 445, § 354; J. V. Grohmann, Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren, p. 95, § 664; A. Peter, Volksthümliches aus österreichisch-Schlesien, ii. 266; Von Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 49; E. Sommer, Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche aus Sachsen und Thüringen, p. 148; O. Knoop, Volkssagen, Erzählungen, Aberglauben, Gebräuche und Märchen aus dem östlichen Hinterpommern, p. 176; A. Witzschel, Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen, p. 191, § 13; J. F. L. Woeste, Volksüberlieferungen in der Grafschaft Mark, p. 56, § 24; Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern, ii. 298, iv. 2, pp. 379, 382; A. Heinrich, Agrarische Sitten und Gebräuche unter den Sachsen Siebenbürgens, pp. 11 sq.; W. von Schulenberg, Wendische Volkssagen und Gebräuche aus dem Spreewald, p. 252; J. A. E. Köhler, Volksbrauch, Aberglauben, Sagen und andre alte Überlieferungen im Voigtlande, pp. 368 sq.; Die gestriegelte Rockenphilosophie (Chemnitz, 1759), p. 103; M. Toeppen, Aberglauben aus Masuren,² p. 68; A. Wuttke, Der deutsche Volksaberglaube,² p. 396, § 657; U. Jahn, Die deutsche Opfergebräuche bei Ackerbau und Viehzucht, pp. 194 sq.; R. Wuttke, Sächsische Volkskunde² (Dresden, 1901), p. 370; E. Hoffmann-Krayer, “Fruchtbarkeitsriten im schweizerischen Volksbrauch,” Schweizerisches Archiv für Volkskunde, xi. (1907) p. 260. According to one account, in leaping from the table you should hold in your hand a long bag containing flax seed (Woeste, l.c.). The dancing or leaping is often done specially by girls or women (Kuhn und Schwartz, Grohmann, Witzschel, Heinrich, ll.cc.). Sometimes the women dance in the sunlight (Die gestriegelte Rockenphilosophie, l.c.); but in Voigtland the leap from the table should be made by the housewife naked and at midnight on Shrove Tuesday (Köhler, l.c.). On Walpurgis Night the leap is made over an alder branch stuck at the edge of the flax field (Sommer, l.c.).
470 E. Lemke, Volksthümliches in Ostpreussen, pp. 8–12; M. Toeppen, l.c.
471 O. Hartung, “Zur Volkskunde aus Anhalt,” Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde, vii. (1897) pp. 149 sq.
472 G. F. Abbott, Macedonian Folklore (Cambridge, 1903), p. 122.
473 W. W. Skeat, Malay Magic, p. 248.
474 J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der Padangsche Bovenlanden,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xxxix. (1890) p. 67.
475 Dudley Kidd, Savage Childhood (London, 1906), p. 291.
476 Eijūb Abēla, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss abergläubischer Gebräuche in Syrien,” Zeitschrift des deutschen Palaestina-Vereins, vii. (1884) p. 112, § 202. Compare L’Abbé B. Chémali, “Naissance et premier âge au Liban,” Anthropos, v. (1910) pp. 734, 735.
477 Quoted by D. Chwolsohn, Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus (St. Petersburg, 1856), ii. 469.
478 W. Mannhardt (Baumkultus, p. 419) promised in a later investigation to prove that it was an ancient custom at harvest or in spring to load or pelt trees and plants, as well as the representatives of the spirit of vegetation, with stones, in order thereby to express the weight of fruit which was expected. This promise, so far as I know, he did not live to fulfil. Compare, however, his Mythologische Forschungen, p. 324.
479 E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben, pp. 249 sq. The placing of the stone on the tree is described as a punishment, but this is probably a misunderstanding.
480 G. Pitrè, Usi e costumi, credenze et pregiudizi del popolo siciliano, iii. (Palermo, 1889) pp. 113 sq.
481 Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern, ii. 299; T. Vernaleken, Mythen und Bräuche des Volkes in Österreich, p. 315. On the other hand, in some parts of north-west New Guinea a woman with child may not plant, or the crop would be eaten up by pigs; and she may not climb a tree in the rice-field, or the crop would fail. See J. L. van Hasselt, “Enige aanteekeningen aangaande de Bewoners der N. Westkust van Nieuw Guinea,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxxii. (1889) p. 264; id., “Die Papuastämme an der Geelvinkbai,” Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena, ix. (1891) p. 102. Similarly the Galelareese say that a pregnant woman must not sweep under a shaddock tree, or knock the fruit from the bough, else it will taste sour instead of sweet. See M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xlv. (1895) p. 457.
482 J. V. Grohman, Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren, p. 143, § 1053.
483 E. Hoffmann-Krayer, “Fruchtbarkeitsriten im schweizerischen Volksbrauch,” Schweizerisches Archiv für Volkskunde, xi. (1907) p. 263.
484 G. F. Abbott, Macedonia Folklore, p. 122.
485 Census of India, 1901, vol. iii. p. 206.
486 Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum,² No. 615, line 17 ὑπὲρ καρποῦ Δήμητρι ὗν ἐγκύμονα πρωτοτόκον; compare id., No. 616, line 61 sq., No. 617, line 3; Ovid, Fasti, iv. 633 sq.; Macrobius, Saturn. i. 12. 20; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, iv. 22.
487 J. Gumilla, Histoire naturelle, civile et géographique de l’Orénoque (Avignon, 1758), iii. 184.
488 R. Southey, History of Brazil, i.² (London, 1822) p. 253.
489 F. Blumentritt, “Sitten und Bräuche der Ilocanen,” Globus, xlviii. No. 12, p. 202.
490 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xlv. (1895) p. 489.
491 Rev. J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 38.
492 B. Guttmann, “Trauer und Begräbnissitten der Wadschagga,” Globus, lxxxix. (1906) p. 200.
493 J. G. Frazer, “On certain Burial Customs as illustrative of the Primitive Theory of the Soul,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xv. (1886) pp. 69 sq.
495 M. J. van Baarda, op. cit. p. 488.
496 M. J. van Baarda, op. cit. pp. 496 sq.
497 Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern, ii. 299.
498 “Lettre du curé de Santiago Tepehuacan,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), IIme Série, ii. (1834) pp. 181 sq., 183.
499 E. Modigliani, Un Viaggio a Nias (Milan, 1890), p. 590.
500 Damien Grangeon, “Les Cham et leurs superstitions,” Missions Catholiques, xxviii. (1896) p. 83.
501 J. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology (Washington, 1900), pt. i. pp. 425–427; compare id., “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1891), p. 329.
502 H. Geurtjens, “Le Cérémonial des voyages aux Îles Keij,” Anthropos, v. (1910) p. 352.
503 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezan,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xlv. (1895) pp. 466, 468.
504 M. J. van Baarda, op. cit. p. 467.
505 R. Southey, History of Brazil, ii. (London, 1817) p. 37.
506 H. Oldenberg, Die Religion des Veda, p. 505; M. Bloomfield, Hymns of the Atharva-Veda, p. 240; W. Caland, Altindisches Zauberritual, p. 37.
507 Fr. Boas, in Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada, p. 25 (separate reprint from the Report of the British Association for 1890).
508 Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 624 sq.
509 J. Habbema, “Bijgeloof in de Praenger-Regentschappen,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, li. (1900) p. 113.
510 D. Louwerier, “Bijgeloovige gebruiken, die door de Javanen worden in acht genomen bij het bouwen hunner huizen,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlviii. (1904) pp. 380 sq.
511 J. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1891), p. 389.
512 Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 552.
513 Spencer and Gillen, op. cit. p. 550.
514 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xlv. (1895) p. 462.
515 F. S. Krauss, Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven, p. 146.
516 J. Knebel, “Amulettes javanaises,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xl. (1898) p. 506.
517 North Indian Notes and Queries, ii. 215, No. 760; W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 261.
518 P. J. de Arriaga, Extirpacion de la idolatria del Piru (Lima, 1621), p. 22.
519 R. F. Kaindl, “Zauberglaube bei den Rutenen,” Globus, lxi. (1892) p. 282.
520 B. de Sahagun, Histoire générale des choses de la Nouvelle-Espagne (Paris, 1880), bk. iv. ch. 31, pp. 274 sq.; E. Seler, Altmexikanische Studien, ii. (Berlin, 1899) pp. 51 sq. (Veröffentlichungen aus dem königlichen Museum für Völkerkunde, vi.).
521 J. Brand, Popular Antiquities of Great Britain, iii. 278 sq. (Bohn’s ed.).
522 W. Henderson, Folklore of the Northern Counties of England, pp. 239 sqq.; J. W. Wolf, Niederländische Sagen (Leipsic, 1843), pp. 363–365.
523 L. Strackerjan, Aberglaube und Sagen aus dem Herzogthum Oldenburg, i. 100 sq. § 141; J. V. Grohmann, Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren, p. 106 § 758, p. 205 § 1421; A. Wuttke, Der deutsche Volksaberglaube,² pp. 126 sq. § 184; A. Gittée, De hand en de vingeren in het volksgeloof, pp. 31 sqq. Compare Tettau und Temme, Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und Westpreussens, p. 266.
524 Aelian, Nat. Anim. i. 38.
525 F. S. Krauss, Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven, p. 140. The custom of placing coins on the eyes of a corpse to prevent them from opening is not uncommon. Its observance in England is attested by the experienced Mrs. Gamp:—“When Gamp was summonsed to his long home, and I see him a-lying in Guy’s Hospital with a penny piece on each eye, and his wooden leg under his left arm, I thought I should have fainted away. But I bore up” (C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, ch. xix.).
526 G. B. Grinnell, Blackfoot Lodge Tales, p. 238.
527 C. Lumholtz, Unknown Mexico, i. 284.
528 Father Lambert, in Missions Catholiques, xi. (1879) p. 43; id., Mœurs et superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens (Nouméa, 1900), pp. 30 sq.
529 Hesiod, Works and Days, 750 sqq. But the lines are not free from ambiguity. See F. A. Paley’s note on the passage.
530 E. Doutté, Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord (Algiers, 1908), pp. 302 sq.
531 J. Campbell, Travels in South Africa, Second Journey (London, 1822), ii. 206; Barnabas Shaw, Memorials of South Africa (London, 1840), p. 66.
532 E. Casalis, The Basutos, pp. 271 sq.
533 E. Casalis, op. cit. p. 272.
534 Rev. James Macdonald, “Manners, Customs, Religions, and Superstitions of South African Tribes,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xx. (1891) p. 132.
535 A. Leared, Morocco and the Moors (London, 1876), p. 272.
536 Ph. Paulitschke, Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas: die geistige Cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl (Berlin, 1896), p. 27.