537 M. Merker, Rechtsverhältnisse und Sitten der Wadschagga (Gotha, 1902), p. 21 (Petermanns Mitteilungen, Ergänzungsheft, No. 138).
538 F. Boas, “The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay,” Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, xv. pt. i. (1901) p. 160.
539 H. Oldenberg, Die Religion des Veda, p. 505.
540 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xlv. (1895) p. 484.
541 H. Geurtjens, “Le Cérémonial des voyages aux Iles Keij,” Anthropos, v. (1910) p. 352.
542 H. A. Junod, Les Ba-ronga (Neuchâtel, 1898), pp. 472 sq.
543 E. Doutté, Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord (Algiers, 1908), pp. 244 sq.
544 Journal of American Folk-lore, xvii. (1904) p. 293, referring to Hesketh Pritchard, Through the Heart of Patagonia (London, 1902).
545 Fr. Boas, in Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada, p. 25 (separate reprint from Report of the British Association for 1890).
546 B. A. Hely, “Notes on Totemism, etc., among the Western Tribes,” British New Guinea: Annual Report for 1894–95, p. 56.
547 H. A. Junod, Les Ba-ronga (Neuchâtel, 1898), p. 472.
548 A. Jaussen, Coutumes arabes au pays de Moab (Paris, 1908), p. 29.
549 E. Poeppig, Reise in Chile, Peru und auf dem Amazonenstrome, ii. 323.
550 A. Thevet, Cosmographie universelle (Paris, 1575), ii. 946 (980).
551 A. Jaussen, “Coutumes arabes,” Revue Biblique, April 1903, p. 245; id., Coutumes arabes au pays de Moab, p. 36.
552 F. S. Krauss, Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven, p. 147.
553 Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 545 sq.
554 Ibid. pp. 494 sq.
555 Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, p. 344.
556 Aelian, Nat. Anim. i. 42, 43, and 48.
557 C. Lumholtz, Unknown Mexico, ii. 234.
558 C. Lumholtz, op. cit. i. 290.
559 J. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology (Washington, 1900), part i. pp. 262, 284, 285, 306, 308.
560 Id., ib. p. 262.
561 Id., ib. p. 285.
562 Id., ib. p. 266.
563 Id., ib. p. 309.
564 Id., ib. p. 309.
565 J. Crevaux, Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud (Paris, 1883), pp. 159 sq.
566 J. Mooney, op. cit. p. 308.
567 Scholiast on Plato, Theaetetus, p. 160 A.
568 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xlv. (1895) p. 483.
569 M. J. van Baarda, op. cit. p. 534.
570 E. Chavannes, Documents sur les Tou-Kiue (Turcs) Occidentaux (St. Petersburg, 1903), p. 134.
571 Aelian, Nat. anim. i. 38.
572 A. Jaussen, Coutumes arabes au pays de Moab, p. 35.
573 J. Dos Santos, Eastern Ethiopia, book i. ch. 20 (G. McCall Theal, Records of South-Eastern Africa, vii. 224).
574 One of these shells is exhibited in the Anthropological Museum at Berlin, with a label explaining its use. I do not know to what species it belongs. It appeared to me to be of a sort which may often be seen on mantelpieces in England.
575 M. J. van Baarda, op. cit. p. 468.
576 The king was Iphiclus; the wise man was Melampus. See Apollodorus, i. 9. 12; Eustathius on Homer, Od. xi. 292; Schol. on Theocritus, iii. 43. The way in which the king’s impotence was caused by the knife is clearly indicated by the scholiast, on Theocritus: συνέβη ἐπενεγκεῖν αὐτὴν [scil. τὴν μάχαιραν] τοῖς μορίοις τοῦ παιδός. In this scholium we must correct ἐκτέμνοντι . . . δένδρον into ἐκτέμνοντι . . . ζῷα. Eustathius (l.c.) quotes the scholium in this latter form. The animals were rams, according to Apollodorus.
577 A. C. Kruijt, “Het ijzer in Midden-Celebes,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, liii. (1901) pp. 157 sq., 159.
578 A. W. Nieuwenhuis, Quer durch Borneo, ii. (Leyden, 1907) p. 173.
579 Grihya-Sûtras, translated by H. Oldenberg, part ii. p. 146.
580 Grihya-Sûtras, translated by H. Oldenberg, part i. pp. 168, 282 sq., part ii. p. 188 (Sacred Books of the East, vols. xxix. and xxx.). Compare Sonnerat, Voyage aux Indes Orientales (Paris, 1782), ii. 81; E. Thurston, Ethnographic Notes in Southern India (Madras, 1906), p. 1. So among the Kookies of Northern Cachar in India the young couple at marriage place each a foot on a large stone in the middle of the village. See Lieut. R. Stewart, “Notes on Northern Cachar,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, xxiv. (1855) pp. 620 sq. In the old ruined church of Balquhidder in Perthshire there is an ancient gravestone on which people used to stand barefoot at marriages and baptisms. See The Folk-lore Journal, vi. (1888) p. 271.
581 Father Abinal, “Astrologie Malgache,” Missions Catholiques, xi. (1879) p. 482.
582 The First Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus, translated by O. Elton (London, 1894), p. 16. The original runs thus: Lecturi regem veteres affixis humo saxis insistere suffragiaque promere consueverant, subjectorum lapidum firmitate facti constantiam ominaturi (Historia Danica, lib. i. p. 22, ed. P. E. Müller).
583 Aristotle, Constitution of Athens, 7 and 55; Plutarch, Solon, 25; Pollux, viii. 86.
584 Martin, “Description of the Western Islands of Scotland,” in Pinkerton’s Voyages and Travels, iii. 657.
585 Martin, op. cit. p. 646.
586 Martin, op. cit. pp. 627 sq.
587 W. Munzinger, Sitten und Recht der Bogos (Winterthur, 1859), pp. 33 sq. For an Indian example of swearing on a stone see J. Eliot, “Observations on the Inhabitants of the Garrow Hills,” Asiatick Researches, iii. 30 sq. (8vo ed.). On the custom see further my article, “Folk-lore in the Old Testament,” in Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. Tylor (Oxford, 1907), pp. 131 sqq.
588 Pausanias, iii. 22. 1; compare id. ii. 31. 4.
589 Ptolemaeus, Nova Historia, in Photius, Bibliotheca, p. 153, ed. I. Bekker; id. in Mythographi Graeci, ed. A. Westermann, p. 198.
590 Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 253 sq.
591 Spencer and Gillen, op. cit. p. 472.
592 P. J. de Arriaga, Extirpacion de la idolatria del Piru (Lima, 1621), pp. 15, 16, 25
593 Father Lambert, in Missions Catholiques, xii. (1880) pp. 273, 287, xxv. (1893) pp. 104–106, 116–118; id., Mœurs et Superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens (Nouméa, 1900), pp. 217, 218, 222, 292–304. Compare Glaumont, “Usages, mœurs et coutumes des Néo-Calédoniens,” Revue d’Ethnographie, vii. (1889) pp. 114 sq. (whose account of the stones is borrowed from Father Lambert).
594 R. H. Codrington, The Melanesians (Oxford, 1891), pp. 181–185.
595 W. Ridgeway, The Early Age of Greece (Cambridge, 1901), i. 330 sq.; id., “The Origin of Jewellery,” Report of the British Association for 1903 (meeting at Southport), pp. 815 sq.
596 Orphica: Lithica, 230 sqq., ed. G. Hermann. Pliny mentions (Nat. Hist. xxxvii. 192) a white tree-stone (“dendritis alba”) which, if buried under a tree that was being felled, would prevent the woodman’s axe from being blunted.
597 Orphica: Lithica, 189 sqq.; compare Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxxvii. 162.
598 W. Ridgeway, The Early Age of Greece, i. 330.
599 J. G. von Hahn, Albanesische Studien, i. 158.
600 K. Freiherr von Leoprechting, Aus dem Lechrain (Munich, 1855), p. 92.
601 Orphica: Lithica, 335 sqq. This was perhaps the “dragon-stone” which was supposed to confer extraordinary sharpness of vision on its owner. See Ptolemaeus Hephaestionis, Nov. Hist. v. p. 150, in Photius, Bibliotheca, ed. I. Bekker, p. 192 of A. Westermann’s Mythographi Graeci.
602 Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxxvii. 124.
603 Orphica: Lithica, 320 sq.
604 J. G. von Hahn, Albanesische Studien, i. 158. On the magic of precious stones see also E. Doutté, Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord, pp. 82 sqq.
605 Adonis, Attis, Osiris, Second Edition, pp. 361 sqq., 369 sqq.
606 E. Doutté, Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord, pp. 131 sq.
607 The Grihya-Sûtras, translated by H. Oldenberg, part i. pp. 43, 285 sq., part ii. pp. 47 sq., 193 sqq. (Sacred Books of the East, vols. xxix. and xxx.). In the last passage the address to the star is fuller and more explicit. A part of it runs thus:—“He who knows thee (the polar star) as the firm, immovable Brahman with its children and with its grandchildren, with such a man children and grandchildren will firmly dwell, servants and pupils, garments and woollen blankets, bronze and gold, wives and kings, food, safety, long life, glory, renown, splendour, strength, holy lustre, and the enjoyment of food. May all these things firmly and immovably dwell with me!”
608 P. Sébillot, Légendes, croyances et superstitions de la mer (Paris, 1886), i. 136.
609 P. Sébillot, op. cit. i. 135.
610 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xlv. (1895) p. 499.
611 Pliny, Nat. Hist. ix. 42.
612 Ibid. ii. 220.
613 Philostratus, Vit. Apollon. v. 2.
614 P. Sébillot, Légendes, croyances et superstitions de la mer, i. 132.
615 P. Sébillot, op. cit. i. 129–132; M. E. James in Folklore, ix. (1898) p. 189.
616 Dickens, David Copperfield, chap. xxx.
617 W. Henderson, Folklore of the Northern Counties of England (London, 1879), p. 58.
618 Henry V. Act ii. Scene 3.
619 Rev. C. Harrison, “Religion and Family among the Haidas,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxi. (1892) pp. 17 sq.
620 C. Martin, “Über die Eingeborenen von Chiloe,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, ix. (1877) p. 179.
621 A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 465.
622 J. J. M. de Groot, The Religious System of China, i. 60–63. Among the hairpins provided for a woman’s burial is almost always one which is adorned with small silver figures of a stag, a tortoise, a peach, and a crane. These being emblems of longevity, it is supposed that the pin which is decorated with them will absorb some of their life-giving power and communicate it to the woman in whose hair it is ultimately to be fastened. See De Groot, op. cit. i. 55–57.
623 J. J. M. de Groot, op. cit. iii. 977.
624 J. J. M. de Groot, op. cit. iii. 1043 sq.
625 Mission Pavie, Indo-Chine, 1879–1895, Géographie et voyages, i. (Paris, 1901) pp. 35–37. The kind of optical illusion which this mock execution was intended to expiate is probably caused by a mist or exhalation rising from damp ground.
626 N. Adriani en A. C. Kruijt, “Van Posso naar Parigi, Sigi en Lindoe,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlii. (1898) p. 524.
627 J. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1891), p. 352; id. in Nineteenth Annual Report, etc., part i. (Washington, 1900) p. 295.
628 Relations des Jésuites, 1642, pp. 86 sq. (Canadian reprint).
629 W. Ellis, History of Madagascar, i. 454 sqq.; Father Abinal, “Astrologie Malgache,” Missions Catholiques, xi. (1879) pp. 432–434, 481–483. Compare J. B. Piolet, Madagascar et les Hovas (Paris, 1895), pp. 72 sq.
630 The principles of contagious magic are lucidly stated and copiously illustrated by Mr. E. S. Hartland in the second volume of his Legend of Perseus (London, 1895).
631 Meantime I may refer the reader to The Golden Bough, Second Edition, i. 367 sqq.
632 R. Parkinson, Dreissig Jähre in der Südsee (Stuttgart, 1907), pp. 118 sq.
635 F. Bonney, “On some Customs of the Aborigines of the River Darling, New South Wales,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiii. (1884) p. 128. For the practice of some Victorian tribes see above, p. 98.
636 A. W. Howitt, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiii. (1884) pp. 456 sq.; id., Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 561.
637 A. W. Howitt, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xvi. (1887) p. 55, xx. (1891) p. 81; id., Native Tribes of South-East Australia, pp. 561 sq.
638 A. W. Howitt, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xx. (1891) pp. 80 sq.; id., Native Tribes of South-East Australia, pp. 655 sq.
639 Father Porte, “Les Reminiscences d’un missionnaire du Basutoland,” Missions Catholiques, xxviii. (1896) p. 312.
640 Charlotte Latham, “West Sussex Superstitions lingering in 1868,” Folklore Record, i. (1878) p. 44.
641 A. Wuttke, Der deutsche Volksaberglaube,² p. 330, § 526; F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, ii. 307; E. Krause, in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xv. (1883) p. 79; J. Vonbun, Volkssagen aus Vorarlberg, p. 67; J. W. Wolf, Beiträge zur deutschen Mythologie, i. p. 208, §§ 37, 39; G. Lammert, Volksmedizin und medizinischer Aberglaube in Bayern, p. 128; H. Prahn, “Glaube und Brauch in der Mark Brandenburg,” Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde, i. (1891) p. 193; H. Raff, “Aberglaube in Bayern,” ibid. viii. (1898) p. 400; R. Andree, Braunschweiger Volkskunde (Brunswick, 1896), p. 213. Compare J. V. Grohmann, Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren, p. 169, § 1197.
642 F. S. Krauss, Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven, p. 546.
643 S. Weissenberg, “Kinderfreud und -leid bei den südrussischen Juden,” Globus, lxxxiii. (1903) p. 317.
644 W. Wyatt Gill, Jottings from the Pacific, pp. 222 sq. On the use of roof-thatch in superstitious ceremonies see W. Caland, Altindisches Zauberritual, pp. 82 n.² 182 sq. In the present case the virtue of the thatch clearly depends on its harbouring rats. Some Dravidian tribes forbid a menstruous woman to touch the house-thatch (W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India, Westminster, 1896, i. 269).
645 J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 176.
646 Riedel, op. cit. p. 75.
647 C. M. Pleyte, “Ethnographische Beschrijving der Kei-Eilanden,” Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweede Serie, x. (1893) p. 822.
648 F. Blumentritt, “Sitten und Bräuche der Ilocanen,” Globus, xlviii. No. 12, p. 200.
649 B. de Sahagun, Histoire générale des choses de la Nouvelle Espagne, pp. 316 sq.
650 E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben, p. 510, § 415.
651 J. V. Grohmann, Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren, p. 111, § 822.
652 A. A. Perera, “Glimpses of Cinghalese Social Life,” Indian Antiquary, xxxii. (1903) p. 435.
653 J. V. Grohmann, Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren, pp. 55 at top, p. 111, § 825. Mr. A. P. Goudy kindly translated the Czech words for me.
654 E. Krause, “Abergläubische Kuren und sonstiger Aberglaube in Berlin,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xv. (1883) p. 84.
655 J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 39.
656 J. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology (Washington, 1900), part i. p. 266.
657 G. F. Abbott, Macedonian Folklore (Cambridge, 1903), p. 20.
658 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 308.
659 J. V. Grohmann, op. cit. p. 111, § 823; A. Wuttke, Der deutsche Volksaberglaube,² p. 330, § 527.
660 Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, p. 593.
661 Rasmussen, Additamenta ad historiam Arabum ante Islamismum, p. 64.
662 L’Abbé B. Chémali, “Naissance et premier âge au Liban,” Anthropos, v. (1910) p. 745.
663 M. Abeghian, Der armenische Volksglaube (Leipsic, 1899), p. 68.
664 R. Taylor, Te Ika A Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants² (London, 1870), p. 184.
665 Elsdon Best, quoted by W. H. Goldie, “Maori Medical Lore,” Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, xxxvii. (1904) pp. 94 sq.
666 George Bennett, Wanderings in New South Wales, Batavia, Pedir Coast, Singapore and China (London, 1834), i. 128, note*. As to fenua or whenua in the sense of “placenta” and “land,” see E. Tregear, Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary (Wellington, N.Z., 1891), pp. 620 sq.
667 E. J. Eyre, Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia, ii. 323.
668 G. F. Moore, Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language in Common Use amongst the Aborigines of Western Australia, p. 9 (published along with the author’s Diary of Ten Years’ Eventful Life of an Early Settler in Western Australia, London, 1884, but paged separately).