669 Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 467.

670 Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, p. 607.

671 Spencer and Gillen, op. cit. p. 608. The writers add that the child has no special connexion with the tree in after years. We may suspect that such a connexion did exist in former times.

672 W. E. Roth, North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin No. 5 (Brisbane, 1903), p. 18. As to the mode of determining where the soul of the child has dwelt since its last incarnation, see above, pp. 99 sq.

673 K. Vetter, in Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den Bismarck-Archipel, 1897, pp. 92; M. Krieger, Neu-Guinea, p. 165.

674 The Rev. Lorimer Fison, in a letter to me dated May 29, 1901.

675 Dr. Hahl, “Mittheilungen über Sitten und rechtliche Verhältnisse auf Ponape,” Ethnologisches Notizblatt, ii. (Berlin, 1901) p. 10.

676 R. Parkinson, “Beiträge zur Ethnologie der Gilbertinsulaner,” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, ii. (1889) p. 35. In these islands the children of well-to-do parents are always adopted by other people as soon as they are weaned. See ib. p. 33.

677 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xlv. (1895) p. 461.

678 C. M. Pleyte, “Ethnographische Beschrijving der Kei-Eilanden,” Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweede Serie, x. (1893) pp. 816 sq. Compare J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 236.

679 J. G. F. Riedel, op. cit. p. 354.

680 Riedel, op. cit. p. 303.

681 Riedel, op. cit. p. 208.

682 Riedel, op. cit. pp. 23, 135, 236, 328, 391, 417, 449, 468.

683 Riedel, op. cit. p. 135.

684 Riedel, op. cit. p. 391.

685 Van Schmidt, “Aanteekeningen nopens de zeden, gewoonten en gebruiken, etc., der bevolking van de eilanden Saparoea, Haroekoe, Noessa Laut,” etc., Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië, Batavia, 1843, dl. ii. pp. 523–526. The customs and beliefs on this subject in the adjoining island of Amboyna seem to be identical. See J. G. F. Riedel, op. cit. pp. 73 sq. According to Riedel, if the pot with the afterbirth does not sink in the water, it is a sign that the wife has been unfaithful.

686 Riedel, op. cit. p. 326.

687 N. Adriani and A. C. Kruijt, “Van Posso naar Parigi, Sigi en Lindoe,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlii. (1898) pp. 434 sq. In Parigi after a birth the kindspek (?) is wrapt in a leaf and hung in a tree at some distance from the house. For the people think that if it were burned, the child would die (ibid. p. 434).

688 N. Adriani and A. C. Kruijt, “Van Posso naar Mori,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederl. Zendelinggenootschap, xliv. (1900) pp. 161 sq.

689 A. C. Kruijt, “Eenige ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe en de Tomori,” ibid. p. 218.

690 Id., ib. p. 236.

691 B. F. Matthes, Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes (The Hague, 1875), pp. 57–60.

692 G. Heijmering, “Zeden en gewoonten op het eiland Timor,” Tijdschrift voor Neêrland’s Indië, 1845, pp. 279 sq.

693 J. H. Letteboer, “Eenige aanteekeningen omtrent de gebruiken bij zwangerschap en geboorte onder de Savuneezen,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlvi. (1902) p. 47.

694 G. Heijmering, “Zeden en gewoonten op het eiland Rottie,” Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië, 1843, dl. ii. pp. 637 sq.

695 J. G. F. Riedel, The Island of Flores, p. 7 (reprinted from the Revue Coloniale Internationale).

696 Julius Jacobs, Eenigen tijd onder de Baliërs (Batavia, 1883), p. 9.

697 C. F. Winter, “Instellingen, gewoonten en gebruiken der Javanen te Soerakarta,” Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië, 1843, dl. i. pp. 695 sq.; P. J. Veth, Java, i. (Haarlem, 1875) pp. 639 sq.; C. Poensen, “Iets over de kleeding der Javanen,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xx. (1876) p. 281.

698 D. Louwerier, “Bijgeloovige gebruiken, die door de Javanen worden in acht genomen bij de verzorging en opvoeding bunner kinderen,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlix. (1905) pp. 254 sq.

699 P. J. Veth, Java, i. 231.

700 H. Ris, “De onderafdeeling klein Mandailing Oeloe en Pahantan en hare Bevolking met uitzondering van de Oeloes,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xlvi. (1896) p. 504.

701 A. L. Heyting, “Beschrijving der onderafdeeling Groot Mandeling en Batang-Natal,” Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweede Serie, xiv. (1897), p. 292.

702 J. C. van Eerde, “Een huwelijk bij de Minangkabausche Maliers,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xliv. (1901) p. 493.

703 A. L. van Hasselt, Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra (Leyden, 1882), p. 267.

704 M. Joustra, “Het leven, de zeden en gewoonten der Bataks,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlvi. (1902) pp. 407 sq. The transferable soul is in Batta tendi, in Malay sumangat. Mr. Joustra thinks that the placenta is, in the opinion of the Battas, the original seat of this soul.

705 J. H. Neumann, “De tĕndi in verband met Si Dajang,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlviii. (1904) p. 102.

706 A. H. F. J. Nusselein, “Beschrijving van het landschap Pasir,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, lviii. (1905) pp. 537 sq.

707 E. Thurston, Castes and Tribes of Southern India, iv. 370.

708 P. R. T. Gurdon, The Khasis (London, 1907), pp. 124 sq.

709 N. Annandale, “Customs of the Malayo-Siamese,” Fasciculi Malayenses, Anthropology, part ii. (a) (May 1904) p. 5.

710 J. J. M. de Groot, The Religious System of China, iv. (Leyden, 1901) pp. 396 sq.

711 H. von Siebold, Ethnologische Studien über die Aino (Berlin, 1881), p. 32.

712 Ph. Paulitschke, Ethnographie Nordost Afrikas: die materielle Cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl (Berlin, 1893), p. 192.

713 J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) pp. 33, 45, 46, 63, 76; id. “Kibuka, the War God of the Baganda,” Man, vii. (1907) pp. 164 sq. In the former of these two accounts Mr. Roscoe speaks of the placenta, not the navel-string, as the “twin” (mulongo).

714 Garcilasso de la Vega, Royal Commentaries of the Yncas, bk. ii. ch. 24, vol. i. p. 186, Markham’s translation.

715 B. de Sahagun, Histoire générale des choses de la Nouvelle Espagne, p. 310; compare pp. 240, 439, 440 (Jourdanet and Simeon’s translation).

716 Relations des Jésuites, 1639, p. 44 (Canadian reprint).

717 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” pp. 304 sq. (Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. i. part iv.).

718 Fr. Boas in Eleventh Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada, p. 5 (separate reprint from the Report of the British Association for 1896).

719 J. Mooney, “The Indian Navel Cord,” Journal of American Folk-lore, xvii. (1904) p. 197.

720 Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern, iv. 2, p. 346.

721 E. Krause, “Abergläubische Kuren und sonstiger Aberglaube in Berlin und nächster Umgebung,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xv. (1883) p. 84.

722 F. Chapiseau, Le Folk-lore de la Beauce et du Perche (Paris, 1902), ii. 16.

723 R. F. Kaindl, “Zauberglaube bei den Rutenen in der Bukowina und Galizien,” Globus, lxi. (1892) p. 282.

724 A. Kuhn, Märkische Sagen und Märchen (Berlin, 1843), pp. 379 sq.

725 J. C. Atkinson, in County Folklore, ii. (London, 1901) p. 68.

726 A. Wuttke, Der deutsche Volksaberglaube,² § 305, p. 203; H. Ploss, Das Kind,² i. 12 sqq.

727 J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,⁴ ii. 728, note 1. As to the East Indian belief see above, pp. 187 sq.

728 M. Bartels, “Islandischer Brauch und Volksglaube in Bezug auf die Nachkommenschaft,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xxxii. (1900) pp. 70 sq.

729 Aelius Lampridius, Antoninus Diadumenus, 4; J. Grimm, loc. cit.; H. Ploss, Das Kind,² i. pp. 13, 14.

730 Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 135.

731 J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,⁴ ii. 728 sq., iii. 266 sq.; M. Bartels, op. cit. p. 70. Grimm speaks as if it were only the caul which became a fylgia. I follow Dr. Bartels.

732 Meantime I may refer to The Golden Bough, Second Edition, iii. 350 sqq. For other superstitions concerning the afterbirth and navel-string see H. Ploss, Das Kind,² i. 15 sqq., ii. 198 sq. The connexion of these parts of the body with the idea of the external soul has already been indicated by Mr. E. Crawley (The Mystic Rose, London, 1902, p. 119).

733 Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxviii. 36.

734 R. H. Codrington, The Melanesians (Oxford, 1891), p. 310.

735 Fr. Boas, “The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians,” Report of the U.S. National Museum for 1895, p. 440.

736 Fr. Boas, in Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada, p. 25 (separate reprint from the Report of the British Association for 1890).

737 A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 667.

738 Francis Bacon, Natural History, cent. x. § 998. Compare J. Brand Popular Antiquities, iii. 305, quoting Werenfels. In Dryden’s play The Tempest (Act v. Scene 1) Ariel directs Prospero to anoint the sword which wounded Hippolito and to wrap it up close from the air. See Dryden’s Works, ed. Scott, vol. iii. p. 191 (first edition).

739 W. W. Groome, “Suffolk Leechcraft,” Folklore, vi. (1895) p. 126. Compare County Folklore: Suffolk, edited by Lady E. C. Gurdon, pp. 25 sq. A like belief and practice occur in Sussex (C. Latham, “West Sussex Superstitions,” Folklore Record, i. 43 sq.). See further E. S. Hartland, The Legend of Perseus, ii. 169–172.

740 “Death from Lockjaw at Norwich,” The Peoples Weekly Journal for Norfolk, July 19, 1902, p. 8.

741 F. N. Webb, in Folk-lore, xvi. (1905) p. 337.

742 C. Partridge, Cross River Natives (London, 1905), p. 295.

743 F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, ii. 305, compare 277.

744 H. Pröhle, Harzbilder (Leipsic, 1855), p. 82.

745 J. W. Wolf, Beiträge zur deutschen Mythologie, i. p. 225, § 282.

746 Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern, iv. 1, p. 223. A further recommendation is to stroke the wound or the instrument with a twig of an ash-tree and then keep the twig in a dark place.

747 Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 250.

748 F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, ii. 302; W. Kolbe, Hessische Volks- Sitten und Gebräuche im Lichte der heidnischen Vorzeit (Marburg, 1888), p. 87.

749 M. J. Erdweg, “Die Bewohner der Insel Tumleo, Berlinhafen, Deutsch-Neu-Guinea,” Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, xxxii. (1902) p. 287.

750 M. J. Erdweg, loc. cit.

751 B. Hagen, Unter den Papua’s (Wiesbaden, 1899), p. 269.

752 A. W. Howitt, “On Australian Medicine Men,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xvi. (1887) pp. 28 sq.; id., Native Tribes of South-East Australia, pp. 363–365.

753 B. T. Somerville, “Notes on some Islands of the New Hebrides,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxiii. (1894) p. 19.

754 Theocritus, Id. ii. 53 sq. Similarly the witch in Virgil (Eclog. viii. 92 sqq.) buries under her threshold certain personal relics (exuviae) which her lover had left behind.

755 Tettau und Temme, Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und Westpreussens (Berlin, 1837), pp. 283 sq. For more evidence of the same sort see E. S. Hartland, Legend of Perseus, ii. 86 sqq.

756 E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben, pp. 245 sq.; A. Kuhn, Sagen, Gebräuche und Märchen aus Westfalen, ii. 192; id., Die Herabkunft des Feuers,² pp. 200 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Die Götterwelt der deutschen und nordischen Völker, i. 203 note. Compare Montanus, Die deutsche Volksfeste, Volksbräuche und deutscher Volksglaube, p. 117.

757 Fison and Howitt, Kamilaroi and Kurnai, p. 250; A. W. Howitt, “On Australian Medicine Men,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xvi. (1887) pp. 26 sq.; id., Native Tribes of South-East Australia, pp. 366 sq. According to one account a cross should be made in the footprint with a piece of quartz, and round the footprint thus marked the bones of kangaroos should be stuck in the ground. See R. Brough Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, i. 476 sq. These and many of the following examples were cited by me in Folklore, i. (1890) pp. 157 sqq. For more instances of the same sort see E. S. Hartland, The Legend of Perseus, ii. (London, 1895) 78–83.

758 Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 541.

759 Id., Northern Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 340 sq.

760 R. Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee (Stuttgart, 1907), p. 605.

761 Elsdon Best, “Spiritual Concepts of the Maori,” Journal of the Polynesian Society, ix. (1900) p. 196.

762 Basil C. Thomson, Savage Island (London, 1902), p. 97.

763 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xlv. (1895) p. 512.

764 L. Hearn, Glimpses of unfamiliar Japan (London, 1894), ii. 604.

765 F. Mason, “On Dwellings, Works of Art, Laws, etc., of the Karens,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, xxxvii. (1868) part ii. p. 149.

766 W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), ii. 280.

767 Id., Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, ii. 221.

768 M. Bloomfield, Hymns of the Atharva-Veda, p. 295; W. Caland, Altindisches Zauberritual, pp. 162 sq.

769 A. Hillebrandt, Vedische Opfer und Zauber (Strasburg, 1897), p. 173.

770 Josaphat Hahn, “Die Ovaherero,” Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, iv. (1869) p. 503.

771 H. Schinz, Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika, pp. 313 sq.

772 A. B. Ellis, The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast, p. 94.

773 J. Teit, “The Shuswap” (Leyden and New York, 1909) p. 613 (Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. ii. part vii.).

774 E. Doutté, Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord, p. 59.

775 K. Bartsch, Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche aus Meklenburg, ii. 329 sq., §§ 1597, 1598, 1601^a.

776 J. L. M. Noguès, Les Mœurs d’autrefois en Saintonge et en Aunis (Saintes, 1891), pp. 169 sq.; C. de Mensignac, Recherches ethnographiques sur la salive et le crachat (Bordeaux, 1892), p. 45 note.

777 County Folklore: Suffolk, edited by Lady E. C. Gurdon, p. 201.

778 Josaphat Hahn, loc. cit.; K. Bartsch, op. cit. ii. 330, 334, §§ 1599, 1611^abc, compare p. 332, § 1607; R. Andree, Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche, Neue Folge (Leipsic, 1889), pp. 8, 11.

779 K. von den Steinen, Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens, p. 558.

780 J. V. Grohmann, Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren, p. 200, § 1402.

781 Tettau and Temme, Die Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und Westpreussens, p. 267; A. Bezzenberger, Litauische Forschungen (Göttingen, 1882), p. 69.

782 K. Bartsch, op. cit. ii. 330, § 1599.

783 Holzmayer, “Osiliana,” Verhandlungen der gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat, vii. (1872) p. 79.

784 F. S. Krauss, Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven, p. 165.

785 Saxo Grammaticus, Historia Danica, i. p. 40, ed. P. E. Müller (pp. 28 sq., O. Elton’s English translation).

786 Aelian, De natura animalium, i. 36.

787 Fragmenta Philosophorum Graecorum, ed. F. G. A. Mullach, i. 510.

788 A. Wuttke, Der deutsche Volksaberglaube,² p. 127, § 186.

789 J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 54.

790 Theophilus Hahn, Tsuni-Goam (London, 1881), pp. 84 sq.

791 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” p. 371 (The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. i. part iv.).

792 Peter Jones, History of the Ojebway Indians, p. 154.

793 J. Spieth, Die Ewe-Stämme (Berlin, 1906), p. 389.

794 Boecler-Kreutzwald, Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten, pp. 121 sq.

795 J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folklore (London, 1901), p. 516.

796 H. Callaway, The Religious System of the Amazulu, part iii. pp. 345 sq.

797 A. W. Howitt, “On Australian Medicine Men,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xvi. (1887) pp. 26 sq.; id., Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 366.

798 R. Brough Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, i. 475.

799 A. C. Haddon, Head-hunters (London, 1901), p. 202.

800 M. J. Erdweg, “Die Bewohner der Insel Tumleo, Berlinhafen, Deutsch-Neu-Guinea,” Mitteilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, xxxii. (1902) p. 287.