Cause.—Due to the eggs being too large, the bird too fat, or to the absence of the secretions lubricating the oviduct.
Symptoms.—The first signs are scarcely noticeable but soon the feathers appear rough, the bird becomes dull and moves slowly, making frequent efforts to expel the egg.
Treatment.—Remove the egg by injecting Sweet Oil, assisting the bird with gentle pressure. In some cases it is well to puncture the egg and collapse the shell. If the bird is very fat, reduce by careful feeding. If the bird is of normal size, the trouble is probably due to the absence of lubricating secretions of the oviduct, in which case the following tonic should be given: Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, Pulv. Gentian Root, each one dram. Mix and make into thirty powders. Give one powder two or three times a day in their feed for a week or ten days.
Cause.—Is usually due to lack of shell-building material in the food; in such case the shell of the egg is thin and easily broken and the fowl craving the lime contained in the egg shell, naturally contracts the habit.
Treatment.—Supply ground bone and oyster shells. Feed green food such as cabbage, kale, potatoes, carrots, etc.
Cause.—Deficiency of shell material; or it is possible that fright sometimes causes premature expulsion of the eggs before the shell is formed.
Treatment.—Feed ground bone, oyster shells. They contain egg shell producing material. Perhaps the best results are obtained when mixed with wheat bran. Also feed vegetables such as cabbage, potatoes and carrots.
Cause.—Irritation of the skin due to lice, mites, or to lack of exercise and improper food.
Treatment.—Feed meat, ground bones and vegetables. Place the food where the fowls are compelled to scratch and work to obtain it. Dust the fowls with Powdered Aloes.
If due to lice, treat the same as recommended under the heading of Lice.
Cause.—A red, parasitic worm, the male measuring about one-fifth of an inch and the female one-half an inch in length. Fowls become infected by eating worms containing this parasite or its eggs, and by coming in contact with other birds suffering from the disease.
Symptoms.—The most noticeable symptom is frequent gaping; the Gapeworms attach themselves by their mouths to the walls of the windpipe where they suck the blood which nourishes them; they cause irritation and inflammation of the windpipe, bronchial tubes and lungs; breathing is difficult and the bird loses strength rapidly; windpipe eventually becomes totally obstructed and the bird dies from suffocation and exhaustion. Young, weak chickens are more susceptible to this disease than strong ones.
Treatment.—Separate the sick birds from the healthy ones. Clean and disinfect the coops and runs. Burn all manure. Remove the worms from the windpipe by the use of a feather, from which the fan has been stripped, leaving only a small brush at the end. Dip the feather into Oil of Turpentine or Coal Oil, removing the surplus liquid by drawing the feather between the fingers. Now insert the feather into the windpipe of the bird and by turning gently you will dislodge the worms from their attachments. Repeat this treatment once a day for two or three days. Disinfect coops and runs with undiluted Crude Carbolic Acid. Feed good nutritious food as wheat bran mashes, etc.
Cause.—Result of insanitary conditions and lack of care. Communicated by direct contact with infected birds, or by infected coops or brooders.
Symptoms.—The head soon becomes denuded of feathers, and also sore by being constantly scratched with the feet. If not properly treated the chicks weaken and die.
Treatment.—An ointment made of one part Sulphur and four parts Lard well mixed and applied two to three times will exterminate the lice. If the fowl is run down in condition, feed good nutritious food as wheat bran mashes.
Withhold all food for at least eighteen hours; then feed stale bread moistened with boiled milk every three hours. When they are three or four days old, feed rolled oats, ground corn moistened with pure water, finely chopped meat and boiled vegetables. Feed them often and you will be well repaid by their rapid growth, strength, and the low death rate. After they reach the age of one week or ten days, watch them closely and regulate their feed to their apparent needs.
Cause.—Irritation of the oviduct; improper secretion of albumen or internal egg-producing material.
Treatment.—Careful feeding will overcome this condition. Warm wheat bran mashes, ground bone, beef scraps, all tend to allay the irritations of the oviduct and stimulate the secretions of albumen.
Cause.—Obstruction of the bile duct, due to rich, nitrogenous food and insufficient exercise.
Symptoms.—Disease is not easily detected. The yellow color of the wattles and comb is the first symptom; the appetite is variable, the feathers appear rough and dry, the head is retracted, and the bird finally dies owing to the absorption of bile in the blood.
Treatment.—Change food. Feed upon a vegetable diet, also give one grain of Calomel, which is particularly useful in a case of sluggish liver in poultry. Also give one grain of Pulv. Gentian Root and one grain of Bicarbonate of Soda, twice daily in feed.
Cause.—Due to a parasite that resembles the mite.
Symptoms.—When the affected bird is closely examined large quantities of scales or scabs are found in the soft feathers. The appetite is poor; the bird walks slowly about showing signs of uneasiness. If the disease is allowed to run its course, the bird grows weak and eventually dies. The disease is easily transmitted from one bird to another and should be treated without delay.
Treatment.—Disinfect roost, coops and pens with undiluted Crude Carbolic Acid. Apply to the irritations that present themselves on the body of the birds: Sulphur Ointment twice a week and feed good nourishing food as wheat bran mashes and vegetables.
Cause.—Irritations, injuries, or micro-organisms. It is sometimes caused by nothing more than a dry condition of the mucous membrane due to the bird breathing through the mouth when suffering from respiratory diseases.
Symptoms.—Dryness of the mucous membrane of the mouth; especially the part covering the tongue, which becomes hard and ragged, forming rough edges along its sides. These dried portions become loose and partially detached from the tongue, interfering with its movements and causing more or less pain and annoyance.
Treatment.—Do not forcibly detach these pieces, but assist nature to remove them. This can be accomplished by mixing Glycerine and Water, equal parts, and dropping into the mouth with an ordinary syringe or dropper. It is advisable to add Boracic Acid, one teaspoonful to every gallon of drinking water, which will prevent the entrance of parasites into the blood.
Cause.—These grow spontaneously in favorable surroundings, as the interior of poultry houses and brooders containing numerous cracks and crevices.
Symptoms.—This mite is a blood-sucker; irritates the skin and sometimes causes sores to form on the body of the chick. The birds grow stupid and weak and die rapidly if not properly treated. Older fowls withstand the irritation of mites much longer, but do not thrive, or lay regularly, and will finally die if the insects become too numerous. The insect may be transmitted to horses, cattle, and even to man.
Treatment.—Paint the roosts and spray the interior of the coops and runs with Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted, being very careful that the solution reaches the bottoms of the cracks and crevices. Also paint the interior of brooders with the same solution.
Cause.—Damp coops and pens, lack of ventilation and improper food.
Symptoms.—Fowl refuses to stand or walk, and on examination, the legs are found to be swollen and painful, especially about the joints. In some cases suppuration of the joints takes place and they become open running sores. The bone finally becomes diseased and the fowl dies.
Treatment.—Preventive measures are first to be considered. See that the coops and pens are clean and dry. Avoid drafts. Feed vegetables, also wheat bran mashes. Give internally Salicylic Acid, one-half grain, twice daily. When the legs are swollen and sore apply Zinc Ointment once or twice daily.
Cause.—Due to a mite that burrows under the scales of the leg.
Symptoms.—White, scaly-looking scabs form about the upper part of the foot. The feet and legs become swollen and painful as the disease progresses and if not checked will result in lameness, inflammation of the joints, and the toes may slough off. Great care is necessary as the disease is very easily transmitted from one bird to another.
Treatment.—Use boiling water or Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted, on the perches. Wash the feet and legs with warm water and soft soap. Dry well and apply Carbolated Ointment. Repeat the above treatment every other day for a week.
Cause.—A vegetable parasite called Oidium Albicans.
Symptoms.—Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the mouth, throat, gullet and crop, which finally terminates in white ulcerations. Other symptoms are swelling of the head, poor appetite and a rapid loss in weight and strength.
Treatment.—Isolate the sick from the healthy fowls. Give as much sunlight as possible, feed nourishing food, such as warm oatmeal mashes, kale, potatoes, etc. Add one grain each of Chlorate of Potash and Boracic Acid to a tablespoonful of water and give three or four times a day or oftener if they will drink it. A good disinfectant must be used to prevent the disease from spreading and I would recommend the use of undiluted Crude Carbolic Acid about the coops and poultry runs.
Cause.—This dreaded disease is caused by the Bacillus of Tuberculosis. Damp, ill-ventilated, and poorly-lighted coops are favorable to the development of the disease.
Symptoms.—Except in advanced stages, this disease is not easily detected as it affects various organs, and considerable experience in post-mortems and a skillful use of the microscope is required to successfully diagnose a case.
Treatment.—Preventive measures should be practiced as the disease is incurable. Do not expose the fowls to cold wet weather. See that the coops are well ventilated and lighted and feed no contaminated food.
Cause.—Constipation is perhaps the most common cause, the hard droppings causing irritation of the vent which is followed by inflammation and suppuration of the membranes lining the rectum and oviduct.
Symptoms.—Frequent straining due to irritation. As the disease progresses a pus-like discharge is noticed. The disease may extend into the rectum or oviduct. The bird appears stupid, the plumage rough, the comb pale, and if not properly treated, dies a lingering death.
Treatment.—Preventive treatment is the best. Feed green food occasionally and warm bran mashes. This prevents constipation. When the bird strains frequently and a discharge is present the following solution should be injected: Sugar of Lead, two drams; Zinc Sulphate, one dram. Mix with two quarts of water. Inject about one ounce with a syringe twice daily until the discharge has ceased.
Cause.—Germ (Bacilli of Fowl Cholera) gaining entrance to the body through the bowels, lungs or wounds of the skin. Death results from toxic material produced while the germs are multiplying.
Symptoms.—All poultry, cage or wild birds are subject to this disease. The first symptoms are loss of appetite; diarrhoea is present and the discharge is almost white in color and tinged with transparent mucus. The affected bird becomes separated from the flock, seems weak and stupid and appears to be asleep; feathers are rough, the wings droop and the head is drawn in toward the body; crop is generally full, owing to improper digestion. The comb is pale and bloodless, the temperature raised from three to five degrees above normal and the bird loses weight rapidly; it may die with convulsions and cries, or without a sound or struggle.
Treatment.—To grown fowls, give Zinc Sulphocarbolates in one-half grain doses three times a day in their food or drinking water. To chicks, dissolve thirty grains of Zinc Sulphocarbolates in two quarts of water. Saturate feed, as stale bread, etc., and give three times a day. Zinc Sulphocarbolates is an antiseptic especially prepared for septic conditions of the intestines, and very useful in treatment of White Diarrhoea and Fowl Cholera. In severe cases of diarrhoea, give Bismuth Salicylate, one grain, three times daily in feed or make into a pill with dough. When the fowls will eat, feed them clean, nitrogenous food that they can digest easily, as oatmeal mashes. It is also necessary to give them pure water to drink at all times. Disinfection of the premises is another essential factor in the treatment of this disease, and undiluted Crude Carbolic Acid is a disinfectant that we can rely upon at all times.
I cannot recommend vaccination as the serum is very difficult and expensive to produce and different breeds of birds require varying doses, therefore, vaccinating poultry for White Diarrhoea or Fowl Cholera is not attended with any great degree of success.
Cause.—Few fowls are entirely free from worms. The soil over which the chicks are permitted to run may be infected, or the food may contain the eggs or embryos of worms.
Symptoms.—The presence of worms in fowls may not be at once detected, since only a close observer would notice them in the droppings. If the birds eat well but remain poor, and the feathers appear rough and the comb and wattles pale, there is reason to suspect the existence of worms.
Treatment.—Preventive treatment is the best. Sprinkle the runs and coops regularly with Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted. Give two drops of Turpentine in twice this quantity of Sweet or Olive Oil. This dose should be repeated in from six to eight days so as to insure the expulsion of the newly hatched worms or those that may have survived the first treatment.
DISEASES OF THE
DOG
CAUSE, SYMPTOMS AND
TREATMENT
LOCATION OF PARTS OF DOG.
Location of Parts of Dog
In offering this chapter for the consideration of the Students as well as to the Veterinary Profession and others who are interested in the study of diseases of the dog I feel it will suffice to say that I have endeavored to the best of my ability to render the matter contained in the following chapter of as great practical value as possible, to present in the most plain and yet concise manner the nature, causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of each disease in the form in which it most frequently occurs.
I wish to express a hope that this chapter will be favorably received by all Students of Veterinary Science and the Veterinary Profession.
Charles J. Korinek, V. S.
Cause.—Irritations or injuries to the ear. Washing dogs with irritating soap and not properly drying them causes dogs to have an itchy sensation which they constantly aggravate by scratching the ear with the paw and shaking the head and flopping the ears violently, resulting in this disease.
Symptoms.—The dog will be noticed carrying the head to one side and shaking it frequently in a violent manner. It will also scratch the ear with the paw involuntarily. When the inner surface of the ear is carefully examined it will be found extremely swollen and have an abnormal appearance, will be stiff and extend out from the head. Great heat and pain will be evinced when pressure is applied. The puffy swelling inside the ear will contain a serous fluid which is very offensive in odor.
Treatment.—With a clean, sharp knife open the abscess and allow the bloody fluid to escape. Then dress the wound twice a day with clean cotton and a solution made from Tincture of Iodine, one dram, to one-half ounce of water. To prevent the dog from scratching and flopping the ears, which would cause further irritation, bind the ears to the head by means of a bandage or hood. Feed clean, wholesome, laxative food and compel him to exercise, as good physical condition and clean surroundings assist materially in healing wounds of the flesh.
Cause.—Congestion or rupture of the blood vessels of the brain, which causes a sudden arrest of sense and motion, the dog lying as if in a deep sleep. It seldom attacks young, but occurs frequently in fat dogs, especially if aged and not accustomed to exercise.
Symptoms.—They are very hard to detect, as the dog generally becomes unconscious before any violent symptoms are noticed, but there is generally unsteadiness in the walk, dizziness, deafness, blindness, constipation, etc., preceding an attack, but only a careful observer will notice them.
Treatment.—As this is a very dangerous disease, no time should be lost. The first thing is to relieve the head from the accumulation of blood to prevent further congestion and avoid inflammatory action. To accomplish this place the head well up and apply cold to the head by means of pounded ice in a cloth bag. Loosen the collar around the neck and apply hot packs to the feet to induce the flow of blood to the lower extremities. Also give a physic consisting of one to two grains of Calomel. After the dog recovers from the fit great care will be required to prevent a second attack. The diet should be light and nutritious. Always avoid feeding too large a quantity at one time, to prevent overloading of the stomach. Also avoid excitement or excessive exercise on a hot day. A cathartic as Calomel should be administered when a dog shows any signs of constipation.
Cause.—In some instances I believe it is hereditary, although in others no influence of this nature can be discovered. This affection frequently follows organic diseases of the chest. The spasms of difficult breathing may be directly due to irritants inspired into the lungs, such as smoke, gas, or dust and cold air containing infectious matter. Overfeeding frequently produces this condition, as an abnormal distention of the stomach presses against the lungs and causes them to become inactive and spasmodic contraction of the muscular fibers of the bronchial tubes follows. Dogs with narrow chest cavities are predisposed to asthma, which condition is hereditary.
Symptoms.—This disease is attended with difficulty of breathing and a sensation of constriction of the chest, giving rise to wheezing, coughing and general nervousness. The animal becomes emaciated, the hair has a rough, faded appearance, although it will continue to eat well. Constipation is generally associated with this disease.
Treatment.—Place the animal in clean, comfortable surroundings, exercise carefully as violent exercise would tend to aggravate the disease. Feed sparingly on nitrogenous food that is easily digested; also administer Fowler’s Solution of Arsenic, four drops, twice daily. This can be placed on the food, as the dog will take it readily. If the bowels are constipated, give one to two tablespoonfuls of Castor Oil. Good care and careful feeding play a very important part in the treatment of asthma.
Cause.—Either the extreme of overfeeding and insufficient exercise or of overworking and insufficient supply of food. Contraction of the neck of the womb or atrophy of the ovaries may produce barrenness. There are also other conditions that produce failure to breed, such as inflammation or growths in the womb or ovaries, leucorrhea, etc.
Symptoms.—If due to Leucorrhea there will be a white, glary discharge from the vagina, which looks like curdled milk. It sometimes accumulates in the uterus and comes away in large quantities and there is a fetid smell. The animal generally becomes debilitated. In other cases, where there is a contraction of the womb or atrophy of the ovaries, no abnormal conditions will be noticed except that the animal fails to conceive when bred.
Treatment.—Use both local and constitutional treatment. Feed sparingly on nitrogenous food that is easily digested. Allow to exercise moderately and the bitch may become fertile, if no morbid conditions are present. If the animal is constipated administer one to two ounces of Castor Oil and if in a run-down, debilitated condition give Pulv. Nux Vomica, Pulv. Ginger Root, Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, each one dram. Make into thirty-two capsules and give one capsule three times daily.
Cause.—Sudden change of temperature, etc., choking, drenching, inhalations of irritating material as certain vapors, dust, etc., containing infectious material; accumulations of gas in the stomach containing particles of food may be regurgitated up into the esophagus frequently producing bronchitis.
Symptoms.—The chief symptoms consist of fever, hurried breathing with a sense of tightness about the chest, but not always acute pain. The cough is severe and dry at first, but later expectoration commences. The discharge that is raised from the bronchial tubes at first is a clear, thin mucus, but afterwards it becomes thicker, more abundant and purulent. It is difficult for persons not accustomed to examining the chest to always distinguish the disease from pneumonia, if the case is one of severity. In mild cases the symptoms need not usually occasion much alarm.
Treatment.—This disease may be prevented frequently by giving five to ten grains of Dover’s Powder as soon as it is discovered that the dog has taken a cold. It is best given in the evening then placing the dog in a warm bed; also give some warm stimulants to drink as Tincture of Capsicum, five to fifteen drops in a teaspoonful of luke warm water. In the morning, give one to two grains of Calomel. If the above does not cut the disease short, then keep the dog confined to warm quarters and give inhalations of steam from hot water and Turpentine. For the cough, which is usually troublesome, give the following mixture: Potassium Chlorate, one dram; Liquor Ammonia Acetate, three ounces; Vini Ipecac, two drams; Tincture of Camph. Co., one-half ounce; Aqua Chloroform, quantity sufficient to make four ounces. Give one to two teaspoonfuls three or four times daily. Also feed nutritious food that is easily digested and permit the animal to have access to pure cold water.
There is considerable difference in the extent of injury from the burns produced by hot vapors, fluids, etc. In some cases, which are only superficial, there will be slight inflammation or redness produced, while in others the burn may be of severity and cause the death of the skin, followed by sloughing.
Treatment.—For Burns and Scalds of ordinary severity, I have derived excellent results from equal parts of Raw Linseed Oil and Lime Water, as it removes the soreness and restores the part to its normal condition. In cases where the skin is sloughed off, in addition to the above recommended, dust with Boracic Acid, two ounces; Corn Starch, two ounces; Tannic Acid, one-half ounce; Iodoform, two drams. Mix and powder finely. Place in sifter top can and apply two or three times daily to the moist, sloughing surface.
Cause.—Filth and dust, especially in long-eared hunting dogs, as the inner surface of the ear becomes dirty and damp from wading streams and running through tall, wet grass. This condition is not serious at first, but it will irritate the dog so as to cause him to shake his head and scratch the ear with his paw. Permit no filth to enter the ear as this will assist to develop a Canker, which becomes very painful.
Symptoms.—The dog shakes the head violently and scratches the ears with the paw and even howls from the severe pain produced. The ears will be moist and have a poked-out appearance, due to the swelling. As the disease progresses, there will be a very disagreeable discharge from the ear that can be very easily detected some distance from the animal. Ulceration eventually follows, affecting the internal structure of the ear, which condition is very difficult to treat.
Treatment.—Remove the cause, if possible. Then inject ten to fifteen drops of the following solution: Mild Chloride of Mercury, fifteen grains; Lime Water, four ounces. Shake well and apply to the ear as above mentioned two to three times a day. Place a small piece of cotton in the ear after each injection. Also place a hood over the ears or bandage them down with a cloth.
Cause.—The most common, perhaps, is exposure, especially after a dog has been used to warm closed quarters. Dogs used for hunting purposes, when in a poor condition, with their system weakened, are often victims of Catarrh.
Symptoms.—Slight dullness. May not take food very well, hair standing to some extent, pulse not much affected, throat becomes sore. After the congestion passes off, exudation takes place, followed by discharge and it may be very profuse, but it need not alarm you. There is generally impaired secretion of urine, but breathing not much affected in most cases. We also have a discharge from the nose in other diseases, such as Distemper, Bronchitis, Pneumonia, etc.
Treatment.—The treatment should be constitutional as well as local. Place the animal in clean, well-ventilated quarters; feed good nourishing food, which is quite important. The following prescription is very beneficial in suppressing the secretion from the nostrils: Ferri Hypophosphitis, five grains; Quinine Sulphate, three grains; Pulv. Nux Vomica, two drams; Arsenous Acid, one-half grain. Make into twelve capsules and give one capsule two or three times a day. Give inhalations of steam from hot water and Oil of Eucalyptus for one-half hour twice daily. Permit the dog to exercise if the weather is favorable. If constipated give rectal injections and feed laxative food. Avoid giving physics in Catarrh, especially if there is fever present.
Cause.—Due to an irritation of the nervous system. It is especially associated with debility, although it may follow constitutional diseases, such as Distemper, etc. It is sometimes caused by a direct injury to the brain or spinal cord.
Symptoms.—A continuous twitching of the muscles which is noticeable even though the animal sleeps. The muscles of the head may be affected, or those of one or both fore limbs or of a hind limb. An animal affected with Chorea will show an unsteady gait when walking and usually becomes very poor, although it will have a very good appetite at all times.
Treatment.—In severe cases the dog will not, as a rule, respond to treatment. In milder cases, if taken in hand early, improvement may be brought about, but seldom a complete recovery. Many drugs have been tried in the treatment of Chorea, but the superiority of one medicine over another has not been practically demonstrated. Fowler’s Solution of Arsenic given in from two to eight drop doses has been tried in a large number of cases and in my experience it has given the best results. The drug should be given at first in small doses and gradually increased as tolerance is established. If the physiological action of the Arsenic becomes manifested it should be discontinued for a few days. In severe cases, Sedatives are indicated. Of these, either Bromide of Potassi or Sodii should be given in ten to twenty grain doses, prepared in gelatin capsules and administered three or four times a day. Attention to the digestive organs and to the diet is necessary during the treatment. If the dog is constipated one or two tablespoonfuls of Castor Oil should be administered. Feed nitrogenous food that is easily digested and provide comfortable sleeping quarters.
Cause.—Worms, indigestible or decomposed irritating food, compaction or obstruction, calculus, strictures of the intestines or it may be due to liver complication and animals swallowing sharp bones, etc. Several forms of poisoning may produce Colic.
Symptoms.—The dog evinces severe abdominal pain, usually with constipation and often vomiting. As a rule, there is no fever or quickness of the pulse. The pain, which is spasmodic, is relieved on pressure as the dog prefers to lie on his abdomen in many instances. The dog frequently eats green grass as this causes him to vomit, which is nature’s method of relieving the digestive tract of irritating material.
Treatment.—In cases which are not very severe, the application of hot cloths to the abdomen frequently affords relief. Ginger, ten to twenty grains, dissolved in a teaspoonful of water may relieve a mild attack, but when the above treatment fails the following is recommended: Fluid Extract of Cannabis Indica, one dram; Chloroform, one dram; Tincture of Capsicum, ten drops; Oil of Peppermint, ten drops; Morphine, three grains; water, quantity sufficient to make one fluid ounce. Give ten to fifteen drops every hour, if necessary. A physic is indicated in the majority of cases of Colic for the purpose of removing irritants or obstructions from the intestines. Calomel, one to two grains, is a very efficient drug, while Castor Oil is given with great difficulty and it should be administered only where diarrhoea is a complication of Colic. Rectal injections of warm water is very beneficial in the treatment of intestinal obstructions. It is good practice to give a dog some vermifuge after an attack of Colic, as worms frequently produce it.
Cause.—Insufficient exercise, overfeeding or feeding decomposed or irritating foods. Dogs are predisposed to indigestion as they frequently swallow a large quantity of indigestible food without masticating it. Poor care and exposure to cold also frequently produce Constipation.
Symptoms.—Constipation is often a complication of other diseases, the feces is dry-looking and may be more or less covered with a mucus. A prominent symptom is straining, attempts to defecate, the appetite is greatly impaired, the dog acts dull and stands with the head down or goes off to some quiet place and lies down. Protrusion of the rectum or piles may occur, especially if the animal has eaten freely of dry, indigestible food. Colicky pains are sometimes manifested. Constipation occurring from causes other than a complication of diseases seldom takes on a serious form.
Treatment.—When a dog becomes constipated, all dry, indigestible food should be withheld. A soft, easily digested diet should be fed sparingly and a liberal supply of water allowed. In some cases it is well to exercise the dog. A physic of two to four ounces of Castor Oil should be given, but overdosing with physics avoided. The action of the physic should be assisted by injecting into the rectum warm, soapy water. Tonics which assist digestion by stimulating secretions of the bowels, should be administered, as Ferri Sulphate, one-half dram; Quinine, one-half dram; Pulv. Nux Vomica, one-half dram; Gentian Root, one dram. Mix and make into twelve capsules and give one capsule three or four times a day.
The above treatment must be persisted in until the constipated condition is relieved.
Cause.—Among the common causes of Diarrhoea and Dysentery can be mentioned irritating foods, sudden change in feed, decomposed matter, irritation from intestinal worms, imperfect mastication of food and its imperfect preparation for digestion, eating more food than the digestive organs can well digest, debilitated condition and irritation from indigestible food. The immediate cause is perhaps the irritated condition of the mucous membranes lining the intestines and a profuse secretion from the intestinal glands, nature’s own method of removing poisonous or infectious matter from the digestive canal.
Symptoms.—Undue amount of liquid feces, the dog weakly and sickly, the coat staring and perhaps a sort of curdled fluid passes with the feces. If the fecal matter is tinged with blood, then it is called Dysentery, and this is more serious than common Diarrhoea. These conditions are generally associated with other diseases and should be examined very carefully for complications.
Treatment.—Treatment consists of keeping the dog as quiet as possible, feed sparingly on clean, easily digested food, as raw eggs, etc. It may be necessary to give a dose of physic, as Castor Oil in two to four ounce doses which is an excellent remedy for expelling irritants from the bowels without griping. After the cause or irritant from within the intestines is removed administer Protan, one-half ounce; Gum Catechu, one-half ounce; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, two grains. Make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule every four hours. This dose is prepared for a dog weighing forty pounds. To larger dogs or puppies give the same medicine in doses proportionate to their weight.
Cause.—Is due to a specific bacteria that is developed spontaneously, although I am of the opinion that insanitary surroundings, as dark, damp, ill-ventilated quarters play a very active part in its causation as well as food that is decomposed, contaminated or deficient in nitrogenous matter, or any condition that has a tendency to weaken the dog’s constitution.
Symptoms.—The first symptom revealed is a bad cold. The dog chills, the eyes become inflamed and a thin watery discharge oozes from them as well as from the nostrils, and, as the disease progresses, this thin watery discharge takes on a pus-like character, becomes thick, yellow, tinged with blood, sticky and very offensive in smell. The dog vomits and has a dry, husky cough, the temperature rises from two to four degrees above normal, the pulse considerably weakened, breathing hurried and labored and the dog walks around in a staggering stupor and may even go into convulsions. There is also a twitching of the muscles in many cases, as in Chorea, and this disease generally follows Distemper. In other cases, the dog will lie flat on the side, breathe with great difficulty, in a half-unconscious manner. This is a very unfavorable symptom, as lung complications have developed. Constipation or diarrhoea and even dysentery that is foul in odor may accompany this disease. The dog grows very poor, weak, the legs, nose and ears grow cold and clammy, and death follows. When the above described symptoms are present, the dog generally dies in from two to four days. If he lives through this stage, chances are that he will develop Chorea and be of practically no value.
Treatment.—As this disease runs its course in about eighteen days, good sanitary surroundings are very beneficial. Pure, fresh air, light, clean and comfortable place to lie upon are also necessary. Feed albuminous food, as raw eggs, milk, etc. Beef broth is very beneficial in many cases; also permit the dog to have free access to pure water at all times.
If vomiting accompanies the disease, the following prescription should be administered: Diluted Prussic Acid, nine drops; Morphine Hydrochlorate, ten grains; Bismuth Nitrate, one dram; water, quantity sufficient to make three ounces. Give one tablespoonful not oftener than six hours. This should be given a dog weighing forty pounds. Smaller or larger dogs should receive the same medicine in doses proportionate to their weight. When constipation is present, give two to four ounces of Castor Oil. The general medical treatment for Dog Distemper consists of the following: Quinine Sulphate, two drams; Potassi Nitrate, three drams; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, two drams. Mix well and make into twenty-four capsules and give one capsule every two or three hours. This dose should be proportionately increased in dogs weighing over forty pounds, or decreased for dogs weighing less than forty pounds. Of course a difference of five pounds should not be considered. Bathe the nose and eyes several times daily in a five per cent solution of Boracic Acid. When complications, as Chorea or Pneumonia develop, use the treatments as described under their respective headings.
Cause.—Derangements of the digestive canal, dogs recovering from distemper, or a bitch after whelping, is predisposed to Eczema. Dogs exposed to a sudden chilling of the surface of the body, when heated, frequently develop Surfeit. Sometimes dogs confined to poorly ventilated, damp kennels develop Eczema, or Surfeit. In fact, any condition that tends to cause a sluggishness of the circulation produces impure blood, and eruptions of the skin naturally follow as a result.
Symptoms.—This disease generally affects the neck, back, inside the thighs, arms and the abdomen. The skin becomes red, painful to the touch, small pimples form and serum oozes from them. This gradually spreads and the skin becomes raw and ulcerated. The dog will continue to scratch and bite himself violently, producing further irritation, if not properly treated.
Treatment.—Internal treatment is just as essential as applications to the skin. Digestive and blood disorders must be eradicated before the outer surface of the body will yield to a treatment. Internally, give Fowler’s Solution of Arsenic, two to eight drops, three times daily in the food. The drug should be given at first in small doses and gradually increased as tolerance is established. If the bowels are sluggish, give one to three grains of Calomel. This will relieve any irritant in the alimentary canal. Feed food that is easily digested, as vegetables, Cod Liver Oil, etc. Beef Broth is beneficial, but a heavy meat diet should be discontinued. To the irritated surface of the skin, the following is soothing as well as healing: Zinc Oxide, one ounce; Pisis Liquid, one ounce; Mercurial Ointment, one ounce. Mix and apply sparingly once a day. Poisons are readily absorbed through the skin, therefore, be very careful when using powerful antiseptics over a large surface of the body.
Cause.—Direct or indirect injuries, as a blow from a whip, dust, sand or chaff in the eye, or may be due to extreme cold, or heat, or foul air.
Symptoms.—An inflammation of the superficial structures of the eye, with a partial or complete closure, and a watery discharge due to the overstimulation of the lachrymal glands, the fluid being secreted so abundantly that it is impossible for the tear duct to carry it away, hence there will be a continuous flow of tears running down the side of the dog’s face. The formation of a film or a scum over the eyes need not cause alarm if the eyeball shows no sign of being lacerated or punctured.
Treatment.—Examine the eye carefully and remove any foreign body with a clean cloth or feather, and use a solution made from distilled water containing three per cent Boric Acid, and apply ten or twelve drops to the eye by the use of an ordinary eye-dropper. Keep the animal in a clean, dark room, as it hastens recovery and avoids other serious eye complications.
Cause.—Usually arises from excessive nervous irritation, induced by disturbances of the stomach and bowels from the presence of worms, indigestible food, etc., or it may arise occasionally from a hereditary predisposition, sexual excess, urine irritation, or from other causes inducing extreme nervousness, irritability, etc. Dogs affected with this disease are usually troubled with dyspepsia and constipation.
Symptoms.—The leading symptoms of the disease are sudden loss of consciousness, with spasms of muscles, followed by exhaustion and drowsiness. After a certain length of time has passed, the attack returns. About five or ten per cent of the cases give some warning for a short time before the fits come on, but in most cases the fit comes on suddenly, the dog whines, and at once falls to the ground senseless with convulsions. The eyes are partly open, the eyeballs rolling, and a gnawing of the teeth, foaming at the mouth; the tongue is usually extended out, and many times badly bitten. The nose is usually cold and clammy and breathing laborious. The fit usually lasts from a few minutes to one-half hour, but in some cases continues for longer time.
Treatment.—The dog should be placed on a blanket to prevent inhalations of dust, etc., remove the collar from around the neck, and apply cold applications of ice to the head. The remedy most to be relied upon is Bromide of Potassium, and should be given to a dog weighing forty pounds in doses of twenty grains three times a day. The dose to larger or smaller dogs should be given in proportion to their weight. If necessary, the dose may be increased one-third for a short time. Also give Castor Oil, one to two ounces. To puppies give in proportion to their weight. Pay strict attention to the organs of digestion, and see that the nourishment taken is sufficient to nourish the body well, but be careful not to have an over-amount at one time. Also regulate the feed so as to always have five or six hours elapse between feeds. It is advisable to give a vermifuge in all cases of fits, as worms are frequently producers of the malady.
Cause.—There are several different varieties of fractures, but for convenience sake I will divide them into four varieties:
1. Simple fracture is one in which a bone is broken and the muscles and skin are not severely injured.
2. Compound fracture is one in which the sharp ends of the broken bone penetrate and perhaps pass through the skin. This is considered a rather severe fracture.
3. Comminuted fracture is one in which a broken bone is badly shattered.
4. Complicated fracture is one in which important articular joints and large arteries are injured.
Some people imagine that the bones of the dog will not unite as quickly as the bones of man, but I am of the opinion that they will unite quicker if the bones are properly placed and the animal kept quiet. I will admit that fractures are somewhat troublesome to treat in some cases, although I have seen dogs with severe fractures make good recoveries without any assistance other than that of nature. In treating a fracture where the bones penetrate the skin, cut the hair from around the surface and wash with a five per cent solution of Carbolic Acid. Place the broken bones in position, wrap the surface with a thin layer of cotton and retain the bones in position with splints and bandages. Keep the animal as quiet as possible and feed on soft laxative good. If bowels become constipated, give two to four ounces of Castor Oil. If severe swelling follows in a few days, and the dog shows signs of great pain, remove the bandage and wash clean with an antiseptic. Then place fresh cotton around the part and bandage the same as before.
Cause.—Generally associated with a debilitated condition of a heavy pregnant bitch that is poorly fed, and exposed to various temperatures. The offspring of such a bitch are very often victims of Goiter. When the puppies are born the mother’s milk lacks sufficient nitrogenous properties; they are consequently deprived of mineral matter and develop Goiter. Some writers hold that this is hereditary, because one or more puppies become affected at the same time. I believe that it is due to debility, starvation, and what produces it in one dog will produce it in another. Although full-grown dogs are often victims of Goiters, it is due to some debilitated condition drawing on their systems. Even though the dog looks well, and appears to be in good condition, his food may be deficient in mineral properties.
Symptoms.—Enlargement of the Thyroid bodies of the ductless gland situated on the under surface of the neck. It may vary from the size of a pigeon’s egg to the size of a man’s two fists. It is very easily detected, and does not often interfere with the animal’s breathing unless it becomes abnormally large and causes pressure on the windpipe, jugular vein and esophagus. A dog affected with Goiter does not thrive, his hair looks faded, dusty and rough.
Treatment.—Administer Adrenolin twice daily in five to ten grain doses half an hour before feeding, and two to five grains of Potassium Iodide two times daily shortly after feeding. The Potassium Iodide should be discontinued when the skin scales, or when an abnormal watery discharge from the eyes is present. To the enlargement apply Tincture of Iodine once a day with a camelhair brush. If the dog has long hair, clip it off from over the enlargement. Feed the dog on nitrogenous foods, as raw eggs, Cod Liver Oil, Beef Broth, and also supply him with soft bones to chew. Where the bowels are constipated, give one to two ounces of Castor Oil. The above medicines prescribed are prescribed for dogs weighing forty pounds, and should be increased when given to larger, or decreased when given to smaller dogs proportionately to their weight. See that the dog has clean, light and well ventilated quarters to sleep in.
Cause.—Intestinal worms, indigestible and unnutritious food, foreign bodies in the stomach, eating too large a quantity or, in many cases, eating too fast, torpidity of the liver, derangements of the teeth, as the accumulations of tartar cause the gums to become soft and sore, resulting in the dog not taking sufficient time to chew food properly; excessive or inexcessive exercise, or improper attention to the hygienic surroundings often derange the digestive system.
Symptoms.—The appetite is depraved, the dog eats grass freely, and vomits often; colicky pains, persistent constipation and bloating, causing the dog serious inconvenience. He is irritable, dull and evidently out of sorts; his coat looks faded and feels rough; the temperature and pulse are not much affected; as a rule the breath is foul, the tongue covered with a whitish fur, loss of flesh occurs, and paleness of the skin.
Treatment.—Good hygiene, careful feeding of nitrogenous foods and regular exercise plays a very important part in the treatment of indigestion. First, endeavor to clean out the Alimentary Canal by the careful use of physics, as Calomel in one to three grain doses. Feed raw eggs, sweet milk, boiled vegetables, fresh raw beef finely chopped. Also give one tablespoonful of Cod Liver Oil two or three times a day. I have derived good results in the treatment of Indigestion by using the following gastric tonic: Pepsin, two ounces; Syrup of Orange, two ounces; Tincture of Columbia, five drams; Tincture Nux Vomica, one dram; Tincture Gentian, one dram; water, quantity sufficient to make six ounces. Mix and give one or two teaspoonfuls three times daily before feeding. In cases where there is great difficulty in the dog passing the feces, give rectal injections of soap and warm water.
Cause.—A sluggishness of the liver, or by the bile duct becoming obstructed by a Calculi (Gall Stone). Either condition suppresses the flow of bile into the bowels, hence the bile is taken up by the blood and causes the visible mucous membranes of the eyes and mouth to become yellowish in color. The predisposing causes are improper and overfeeding, combined with lack of exercise in house dogs, or excessive exercise in hunting dogs, exposure to damp, ill-ventilated sleeping quarters, producing debility, and liver complications are likely to follow.
Symptoms.—Appetite varied, thirst great, vomiting occasionally, the dog shows signs of dullness and sleepiness. Then there may be alternate diarrhoea and constipation, the tongue coated and foul in smell, the eyes, mouth, inside of the ears, and the skin inside the thighs and fore legs become very yellow and dry, temperature and pulse not much affected, the dog passes small quantities of dark amber colored urine frequently, due to the bile it contains. In severe cases, the dog loses strength and flesh readily and soon becomes a mere skeleton. Jaundice is often a complication of other diseases, as distemper, indigestion, colic, constipation, etc.
Treatment.—Endeavor to make the dog as comfortable as possible by placing him in quiet, clean, light and well ventilated quarters. If he is in great pain, apply hot applications over the seat of pain and administer Calomel, one-half grain; Podophyllin, two grains; Powdered Jalap, one dram; Powdered Rhubarb, one dram. Make into six capsules and give one capsule once daily to a dog weighing forty pounds; to smaller or larger dogs regulate the dose in proportion to their weight. The above prescription stimulates the flow of bile from the liver into the bowels, which is very important in the treatment of Jaundice. Tonics are also necessary, and I have found the following very beneficial in treating convalescing diseases, especially where the appetite is poor: Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, one dram; Quinine Sulphate, one dram; Pulv. Nux Vomica, one dram; Pulv. Gentian Root, two drams. Mix and make into twenty-four capsules and give one capsule three times daily just before feeding. This dose should be given to a dog weighing about forty pounds. Smaller or larger dogs should receive the same medicine in doses proportionate to their weight. Feed raw eggs, pure sweet milk, fresh beef finely chopped, cooked vegetables, beef broth, etc. Do not feed too large a quantity at any one time.
Cause.—Frequently occurs when dogs are accustomed to warm, comfortable quarters, then exposed to cold, drafty kennels during cold weather. In fact, any sudden chilling of the body is a common cause of lung disorders. Giving fat dogs too much exercise when they are not accustomed to it is frequently the cause of engorgement and inflammation of the soft spongy tissue of the lungs. Excessive exercise or running during the hot summer months is apt to cause congestion of the lung tissue as well as heat stroke. Washing or dipping dogs during cold weather may chill the outer surface of the body and result in Congestion of the Lungs.
Symptoms.—Lung Fever follows as a result of a bad cold, and is preceded by the symptoms of the primary disease. If due to severe exercise, the animal appears greatly exhausted, and the congestion of the lung substance is marked and may occur at this stage of the disease. Lung Fever usually begins with a chill, and is followed by a high fever. The dog lies down most of the time, and eats nothing, or very little. The breathing is hurried and fast, but when the lung becomes badly involved it is labored. The character of the pulse beat varies, depending on the extent of the inflammation and the stage of the disease. In most cases the pulse beats are full and quick during the first stage, but later, as the condition of the dog improves, more nearly normal. A very weak pulse is present in severe and fatal lung inflammation. The visible mucous membranes of the eyes and mouth have a congested appearance, and there may be a slight discharge from the nostrils, reddish in color. The expression of the face is distressed and anxious, and in severe cases, rigors and chilling of the body occur. The respiratory sounds become more or less changed from normal. The cough is at first deep and dry, later loose and moist. It may be accompanied by a hemorrhage of the lungs during the first stages of the disease. Other respiratory sounds are revealed by placing the ear to the side of the chest wall and listening. In the very early stages of lung fever, a crepitating, or crackling sound can be heard in the diseased parts; and louder sounds than normal in the healthy areas. Later, when the engorgement of the lung substance occurs, and the air cells become filled by the inflammatory exudation, the respiratory sounds are deadened. On returning to the normal, rattling sounds occur. These signs aid greatly in determining the dog’s condition. The chance for recovery depends on the extent and acuteness of the disease. Careless handling, exercise, etc., lessens the chance for a favorable termination in this disease, and good nursing helps more in bringing about a recovery than the medical treatment. The chances are more unfavorable in fat dogs than in lean ones, as the inflammation is usually more severe in the former. The course of the disease is from one to three weeks, and it may become chronic if the irritation is kept up. In such cases, unthriftiness is a prominent sign.
Treatment.—Preventive treatment in Lung Fever must not be overlooked. Briefly, it consists in avoiding such conditions as may predispose the dog to the disease, or act in any way as an exciting cause. Careful nursing is a very important part of the treatment. The dog should be given a clean, comfortable, well ventilated kennel, and kept as quiet as possible. To keep the bowels from becoming constipated, give one-half to one ounce of Castor Oil daily. Feed raw eggs, pure fresh milk, beef broth, etc. In severe cold weather, the dog must not be permitted to chill or take more cold. Cover him with a blanket, or use artificial heat. As one attack predisposes a dog to the second, he should be protected from severe cold, or the other extreme, heat, for a few weeks after making a complete recovery. It is advisable to apply strong stimulating liniments over the lungs, as Aqua Ammonia Fort., one ounce; Oil of Turpentine, one ounce; Sweet Oil, two ounces. Shake well and apply once daily.
I have found the following prescription very beneficial in the treatment of Lung Fever, as it regulates the heart action, lowers the temperature and stimulates the body in general: Tincture Digitalis, one dram; Tincture Nux Vomica, one dram; Nitrous Ether, two drams; Liq. Ammonia Acet., four drams; water, quantity sufficient to make four ounces. Give one teaspoonful every two or three hours.
All drugs prescribed in the above treatment are based on a dog weighing forty pounds. Larger or smaller dogs should receive the same medicine but in doses proportionate to their weight.
Cause.—Inflammation of the Udder commonly occurs in heavy milkers, and is caused by all the milk not being removed. Sometimes it occurs as the result of the milk accumulating in the udder when the bitch has lost part of her litter. Other causes are obstructed teats, injuries to the glandular tissues, and infection from germs. Congestion and inflammation of the udder frequently follow difficult birth.
Treatment.—Milk the bitch three or four times a day. This will usually relieve the congestion. A physic of Castor Oil, one or two ounces, should be given and the animal fed on easily digested food, as boiled vegetables, fresh raw beef finely chopped, pure sweet milk, etc. The udder should be massaged gently with the fingers, and the following ointment applied: Gum Camphor, one dram; Fluid Extracts of Belladonna, one dram; Lanolin, three ounces. Mix and apply two or three times daily. Fomentations of hot water are beneficial in the majority of cases. If the appetite is deprived, administer Nitrate of Potash, two drams; Pulv. Nux Vomica, one dram; Pulv. Gentian Root, one dram. Mix and make into twenty-four capsules and give one capsule three times daily before feeding. This dose is based on a dog weighing forty pounds. Smaller or larger dogs should receive the same medicine, but in doses proportionate to their weight.
Cause.—This skin eruption is produced by the Sarcoptes Scabi. There are two other forms of parasites that produce Mange, but they are so rarely found that we need not mention them. Insanitary conditions favor their production. A dog in a poor condition, with a dirty skin, etc., is more liable to be attacked than dogs in good condition and with clean skins. It may be communicated in various ways, through kennels, brushes, collars, etc.
Symptoms.—Are generally very plain. It usually attacks the back, about the root of the tail, and extends to the head and neck, spreading quickly. The scabs do not pile up as they do on other large animals, because the dogs, on account of the intense itching, continually rub and scratch themselves so that only thin scabs can form. The affected skin becomes denude of hair, the dog becomes thin, emaciated, etc. The parasites can be seen with an ordinary magnifying glass, or if the small scabs be scraped off and placed on a dark paper in the warm sun, you can readily see small, white objects moving about. Eczema usually attacks the belly, etc., while true Sarcoptic Mange attacks the back and then spreads.
Treatment.—Feed soft, laxative food and give one to two ounces of Castor Oil; also provide clean, dry sleeping quarters. I have found the following remedy very successful in the treatment of Mange: Oil of Tar, one-half ounce; Vinice Turpentine, two ounces; Sublime Sulphur, one pound; Crude Petrolatum, one quart. Apply once a day. A few applications are generally sufficient to effect a cure. Great care should be exercised, as this disease is very contagious, and communicated to other dogs.
Cause.—The common cause, perhaps, is a sudden chilling of the body; cold, damp, chilly weather and damp, drafty kennels are favorable conditions to cause chilling of the body and the rheumatic form of Pleurisy. Germs may also produce it. It is commonly met with in specific diseases, as Distemper, etc.
Symptoms.—Chilling and high temperature, two to four degrees above normal, the dog generally refuses to eat, and acts dull. Pain is a noticeable sign, and when the sides of the chest are pressed with the hand the dog will flinch; this is very noticeable during the early stage of the inflammation, and may cause a dog to act restless. When breathing the ribs are always held rigid. The breathing movements are mostly in the muscles of the flanks, the dog getting his breath in short jerks. Later, when fluids collect in the chest cavity, the breathing is more labored, and all of the abdominal muscles are used. On absorption of this fluid, the movements of the lungs may again become jerky in case the inflammation becomes chronic. The character of the pulse beats varies, and in some cases is very weak. In the early stage of the disease, friction sounds, caused by the dry inflamed membranes rubbing against each other, are detected on placing the ear against the chest walls. Later, the collection of fluids around the lungs may deaden all lung sounds, especially towards the lower part of the chest. In a mild case of Pleurisy, the inflammation is localized to just part of the lungs, or pleura. A lameness in both front limbs and stiffness in moving about are the most noticeable signs in this form of disease. In Chronic Pleurisy a dog is usually very weak and depressed. He is seen frequently lying on his side, and shows great difficulty in walking. The course of Acute Pleurisy is from six to eighteen days; the chronic form may run a course of two or three months, or longer. This form is unsatisfactorily treated, and the dog eventually dies.
Treatment.—Place the dog in clean, warm, comfortable surroundings; fresh air is very beneficial, but omit any drafts. Internally, administer the following: Quinine Sulphate, two drams; Potassium Iodide, two drams; Carbonate of Ammonia, one dram; Potassium Nitrate, four drams. Mix and make into thirty-two capsules. Give one capsule every three or four hours. This dose is based on a dog weighing forty pounds; to smaller or larger dogs give the same medicine, but in doses proportionate to their weight. Feed the dog raw eggs, pure fresh milk, cooked vegetables, finely chopped beef or beef broth, and in some cases I believe it is very beneficial to give the dog small doses of brandy. Over the lungs apply the following liniment: Aqua Ammonia Fort., one ounce; Oil of Turpentine, one ounce; Sweet Oil, two ounces. Shake well and apply like a shampoo once daily.