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1. B.S.A. vii. p. 94; viii. pp. 74, 77; ix. p. 56; x. p. 41. R. M. Burrows, Discoveries in Crete, Pl. i.
2. The ταυροκαθαψία proper is a feat rather of the hunting-field than of the circus, and should be connected rather with the bull-snaring scenes on the Vaphio cups, vide E. Gardner, Greek Sculpture, p. 61, or with the feat known as βοῦς αἴρεσθαι depicted in Tischbein ii. 3, and referred to in inscriptions relative to the Epheboi. The only representation that I know of this sport is on a late relief from Smyrna in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, No. 219. The performers are represented pursuing bulls on horseback, leaping on to their backs, and seizing their horns, by twisting which they throw them on to the ground. The Greek bull was clearly a small animal, but must still have been a formidable opponent. The records of the gladiatorial shows afford abundant proof that man could by the aid of skill triumph over the strongest animal. The principles of jiu-jitsu could be applied against animals as easily as against men.
3. B.S.A. vii. p. 95, Fig. 31; ix. p. 57, Fig. 35.
4. Od. iv. 626, xvii. 168, 174; Il. ii. 774.
5. Od. viii. 153 sq. (Butcher and Lang’s translation).
6. Od. viii. 147.
7. Od. viii. 100.
8. Il. xi. 697, xxiii. 630.
9. Od. iv. 341 sq.
10. Od. xviii. 15 sq.
11. Il. ii. 774.
12. Murray, Sarcophagi in British Museum, Pl. ii., iii.
13. Athenaeus, pp. 153, 154. The true Hoplomachia, as described in Homer and practised apparently by the Mantineans and Cyrenaeans, must not be confounded with the later so-called Hoplomachia, competitions in which were held at the Athenian Thesea between boys of all ages as well as men, and which was regularly taught in the gymnasia by officials known as Hoplomachoi. The latter was merely a military training in the use of arms, and the competitions therein were probably as harmless as modern fencing competitions. The Spartans at all events regarded the Hoplomachia as unpractical and useless for a nation of soldiers, and Plato, though he recommends the armed combat between men in heavy or light armour as preferable to the pankration for his ideal state, yet has no great regard for the fashionable exponents and teachers of the art in his time. Plato, Laches 182, Gorg. 456, Leg. 834. Cp. Dar.-Sagl, s.v. “Hoplomachia.”
14. Od. xxi. 4, 61.
15. Il. xi. 385.
16. Od. viii. 186 sq.
17. Il. v. 302.
18. Il. xii. 445.
19. Il. xvi. 774. In Professor Furtwängler’s reconstruction of the Aegina pediment one of the fallen warriors holds a stone which he is about to hurl. Stone-throwing by hand and with the sling is mentioned as part of the peltast’s training by Plato, Leg. 834 A.
20. Il. xxiii. 431; but cp. Od. viii. 189; Il. xxiii. 840.
21. For this interpretation of καλαῦροψ, and for the discussion of the terms diskos and solos, vide infra, p. 313.
22. Il. xxiii. 431, 529; xvi. 589.
23. Od. vi. 100, viii. 370.
24. Il. xviii. 605 (= Od. iv. 18).
25. Il. xvi. 742, 750.
26. Il. xv. 679.
27. Frazer, Pausanias, i. 44, 8; Rouse, Greek Votive Offerings, pp. 4, 10; Körte, “Die Entstehung der Olympionikenliste,” Hermes, xxxix., 1904, pp. 224 ff.; Krause, Die Pythien, Nemeen, und Isthmien, pp. 9, 112, 171.
28. Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, 2nd Ed. i. 374; ii. 323, 330.
29. Frazer, loc. cit.
30. P. W. Joyce, Social History of Ireland, ii. pp. 435 ff.
31. C.I.G. 1969, ἀγὼν ἐπιτάφιος θεματικός.
32. Berl. Vas. 1665. Mon. d. I. X. Pl. iv., v.
33. Arch. Zeit., 1885, Pl. viii. The vase is now at Copenhagen. The silver cup referred to below is in the Uffizi Palace, and is reproduced in Schreiber’s Atlas, xiii. 6, and Inghirami, Mon. Etr. iii. 19, 20.
34. B.M. Vases, B. 124.
35. Hesiod, Op. 654.
36. Paus. viii. 4, 5.
37. Pindar, Ol. vii. 77-80.