336. A list of victors in the Pythian games is given in Krause, Pythien, Nemeen und Isthmien, pp. 85 ff. Details of the stadium and gymnasium at Delphi will be found below, pp. 257, 483.
337. B.C.H. xxx., 1906, pp. 191-328.
338. Plut. Quaest. Symp. ii. 5; Sophocles, El. 698.
339. Strabo viii. 6, 20; Aristid. Isthm. 45; Dion of Prusa, Διογ. ἡ Ἵσθμ. etc.
340. Unger, Philologus, xxxvii. p. 1.
341. xxxiii. 32.
342. Lucian, Nero, 1.
343. Krause, op. cit. p. 209.
344. A full account of this inscription is given in Jebb’s Bacchylides, pp. 187 ff.
345. Pindar, O. xiii. 98; N. ii. 22.
346. Pax, 880. In this play the personified Theoria comes back to earth in the train of Eirene, but Theoria is not confined to the Isthmian theoria.
347. Thucyd. viii. 9.
348. Xen. Hell. iv. 5.
349. Polyb. ii. 13.
350. Paus. ii. 2, 2.
351. Gaz. Arch., 1884, 1885.
352. Lucian, Nero.
353. B.C.H. xii. 510-528.
356. Julian, Epist. 35.
357. I.G. iv. 203.
358. Xen. Hell. iv. 5.
359. Bacchylides i., ii.
360. Ib. ix.
361. Pindar, I. i., ii.
362. Paus. vi. 1, 7; 2, 2.
363. Paus. vi. 13, 10.
364. I.G. ii. 1367.
365. Hyginus, Fab. 165, 173.
366. Plut. Quaest. Symp. ii. 4, v. 2, viii. 4.
367. H.N. xxxv. 58.
368. Krause, op. cit. p. 197.
369. B.M. Cat., Coins of Corinth, 509-512, 564, 602, 624; cp. I.G. ii. 1320, where we find Ἴσθμια enclosed in a wreath of pine leaves.
370. The cup, which forms part of the Bernay treasure, is in the Cabinet des médailles at the Bibliothèque Nationale. Le Prevost, Mém. sur la collection des vases de Bernay, Pls. viii., ix.; Schreiber, Atlas, xxv. 1, 2.
371. Xen. Hell. iv. 7, 2; v. 1, 29.
372. Plutarch, Aratus, 17.
373. Plutarch, Philopoemen, 11.
374. Livy xxvii. 30, xxxiv. 41.
375. Paus. v. 16, 4.
376. Frazer, Pausanias, iii. 91.
377. Pindar, N. v., vii.; Bacchylides, i. xii.
378. Phil. Gym. 7; Paus. vi. 16, 4.
379. The athletic character of the Nemea is emphasized in Bacchylides’ Twelfth Ode, in which the origin of the pankration is traced to the victory of Heracles over the Nemean lion.
380. Krause, op. cit. p. 147.
381. The following section is taken chiefly from A. Mommsen’s Feste der Stadt Athen.
382. O. ix. 89, xiii. 110; I. viii. 79.
383. O. ix.; I. 1.
384. Athen. 495 F.
385. Vide p. 296.
386. I.G. ii. 466, 468, 470, 471.
387. I.G. iii. 1160.
388. N. ii. 23.
389. Op. cit. p. 153.
390. e.g. Priene, Priene Inschriften, 5; a decree of the people of Priene not later than 326 B.C. for the sending of two Theoroi to Athens with a panoplia. Similarly Colophon 306 B.C., I.G. ii. 164, ii. 5.
391. Suidas, ii. 2, p. 1691.
392. Pericles, 13.
393. Schol. to Pindar, P. xii.
394. B.M. Vases, B. 139, 141; cp. Berl. Vas. 1873.
395. iii. 56.
396. I.G. ii. 965.
397. I.G. ii. 2758.
398. Pollux, iv. 83.
399. Plato, Rep. 398-399; Aristotle, Pol. 1341 a.
400. I.G. ii. 965; cp. 966-970.
401. Plato, Leg. 833 A.
402. Mommsen, p. 83.
403. Etym. M., ἐν Ἐχελιδῶν.
404. B.M., B. 130.
405. ἀδηφάγος, “eating its full,” appears to be a fanciful synonym for τέλειος, perhaps with a special reference to the cost of breeding race-horses. To those familiar with the ordinary type of horse existing in Greece to-day, there is a peculiar appropriateness about the word. In the Thesean inscription, I.G. ii. 445, λαμπρός has a similar meaning.
406. I.G. ii. 968, 969.
407. Mommsen, op. cit. p. 89.
408. Bekker, Anecd. 426.
409. B.M. Guide to Parthenon, p. 109.
410. vii. 73.
411. Op. cit. pp. 102 ff., 121.
412. I.G. ii. 1291, 5, 1305b; Xen. Hipparch. 3, 11.
413. Lys. 21. 1, 4.
414. Beulé, L’Acropole d’Athènes, ii. pl. 4; Schreiber, Atlas, xx. 8, 9.
415. Xenoph. Quaest. Symp. iv. 17; Athen. p. 565 F.
416. Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1862, Pl. xxix.
417. 1-1/2 kotylai for each tree. These details are mostly derived from Aristotle, Ἀθ. πολιτ. 60.
418. Pindar, N. x. 36.
419. B.M. Vases, B. 130.
420. B.M. B. 603; American Journal of Archaeology, ii. p. 332, xii. p. 48.
421. Cecil Smith in B.S.A. iii. 194 ff.
422. Sikelos, 5th cent., Kittos, 4th cent., B.M. B. 604.
423. Mon. d. I. X. 48, g. 11.
424. B. 145; Salzmann, Nécropole de Camiros, lvii.
425. Hdt. vi. 129.
426. On either side of Athene is a diminutive figure of a man, a most unorthodox addition. The inscription is wanting on most of the smaller vases.
427. Cecil Smith in B.S.A. iii. 183 ff.
428. Ib. Pl. xvi.
429. Stuart and Revett, Antiquities of Athens, iii. 3, p. 20; Schreiber, Atlas, xxv. 9.
430. Mommsen, op cit. p. 278 ff.
431. I.G. ii. 444-450.
432. Only four foreigners’ names appear, Mommsen, op. cit. p. 295, n. 1; F. Mie in Ath. Mitth. xxxiv. p. 1. Mie distinguishes the term in ἐκ πάντων, which occurs in athletic and equestrian events, and denotes competitions open to all comers, and the term διὰ πάντων, which occurs only in musical competitions, and appears to denote a final competition in which all the competitors in different musical events took part.
433. Krause, Gym. pp. 131 ff.; J.H.S. xxiii. pp. 261 ff.
434. Paus. ii. 27. 5. The stadium of Epidaurus is στάδιον οἷα Ἕλλησι τὰ πολλὰ γῆς χῶμα. Cp. viii. 47. 4, ix. 23. 1, of the stadia of Tegea and Thebes. That at Corinth in contrast is described as λίθου λευκοῦ, ii. 1. 7; cp. Delphi x. 32. 1, and infra.
435. Ol. Text. ii. 63 ff.; Frazer, Pausanias, iv. 78.
436. Paus. vi. 20, 8.
437. The stadium of Pergamum was, however, 210 m. according to Dörpfeld, the standard settled by Philetaerus being higher than that on the mainland. Ath. Mitth. xxxiii. 341.
438. Πρακτικά. 1902, pp. 78-92, Pl. A-D; Frazer, Pausanius, v. 576.
439. Ditt. Syll. 2nd Ed., ii. 688.
440. A drawing from the Codex Ursinianus in the Vatican, published in Röm. Mitth. 1890, p. 156, Taf. vii., represents runners standing behind a wooden barrier.
441. B.C.H., 1899, pp. 601-615.
442. Pindar, Pyth. viii. 19-20, x. 15, xi. 21.
444. Pausanias, x. 32, 1.
445. B.C.H., 1899, pp. 564, 613.
446. Frazer, Pausanias, ii. 205; Politis in The Olympic Games in 1896, pp. 31 ff.
447. Hipparch. ch. 3.
448. One may be seen in the museum at Athens, another has been re-erected in the stadium.
449. Wiegand u. Schrader, Priene, pp. 258 ff.
450. Schreiber, Atlas, xxvi. 1; Blouet, Expéd. de Morée, ii. Pl. xxxix. The stadium is stated to belong to the third century B.C.
451. Krause, Gym. Pl. iv. 5.
452. Ionian Antiquities of the Dilettanti, iii. Pl. xxi.
453. Ib. ii. Pl. lxxxiv. Durm, Baukunst der Griechen, gives in his “Register” numerous references to accounts by early travellers of stadia at Aezani, Aphrodisias, Ephesus, Laodicea, Messene, Perga, Pessinus.
454. Electra, 680 ff.
455. On earlier black-figured vases the finish is represented by tripods or vases set as prizes (Gerh. A. V. 257), or by the seats of the judges as on the Amphiaraus vase (Fig. 3).
456. Krause, Gym. p. 348.
457. Bacchylides, ix. τετραέλικτον ἐπεὶ κάμψεν δρόμον; Eurip. Electra, 825; Pausanias, vi. 16, 4; Ditt. Syll. 2nd Ed., 676.
458. Leg. viii. 833, C, D.
459. Pausanias, v. 16, 2.
460. Ol. Inschr. 56.
461. Pausanias, vi. 14, 1.
462. Ib. 15, 1.
463. Ib. 2, 10.
464. Mie, Quaestiones Agonisticae, p. 48; Ditt. Syll. 2nd. Ed., 677, 678.
465. Roberts and Gardner, Greek Epigraphy, ii. p. 166.
466. C.I.G. 1590.
467. Ditt. Syll. 2nd Ed., 524.
468. I.G. ii. 444.
469. Pausanias, v. 16, 2.
470. In J.H.S. xxiii. p. 266 I have myself made the mistake.
471. These figures are drawn up from the tables given in Hyde’s De Olympionicarum Statuis.
473. Mr. R. E. Macnaghten, in a very suggestive paper in the Classical Review, xxi. p. 13, attributes to the Athenians the degradation in meaning of all words denoting toil, among which he cites ἄθλιος.
474. Bacchylides, ix.
475. Krause, Gym. p. 362.
476. Pomtow, Poetae Lyrici Graeci Minores, ii. p. 154 βαλβῖδι ποδῶν θέντες πόδα παρ πόδα. Julian, 318.
477. Aristophanes, Eq. 1161.
478. Sophocles, El. 711.
479. Hdt. viii. 59.
480. The only vase which could possibly represent this position is a r.-f. skyphos reproduced in J.H.S. xxiii. p. 283. It represents a hoplitodromos leaning forward, his right hand resting on the ground. But it will be remarked that his feet are in the usual position, level with the pillar where the starting lines should be. Opposite stands an official in the attitude shown in Fig. 47, and I am now inclined to think that the runner in practising a start has overbalanced himself, and that the official is telling him to get back to his mark.
481. J.H.S. xxiii. pp. 269 ff.
482. Jahrb. 1886, Pl. ix. Cp. Dr. Hauser in Jahrb. 1887 and 1895; M. A. de Ridder in B.C.H., 1897; criticisms on the same in J.H.S. l.c.
483. Bull. Nap. nouv. sér. vi. 7; J.H.S. l.c. p. 270, Fig. 1.
484. The passages relating to the ὕσπληξ are collected by me in J.H.S. xxiii. p. 263. To these may be added, Bekker, Anecd. 220, 31 βαλβίς. Ξῦλα δύο τῶν δρομέων ἀφ’ ὧν σχοινίον τί διατέταται, ὃ καλεῖται βαλβίς, ἵνα ἐνεῦθεν ἐκδράμωσιν οἱ ἀγωνιζόμενοι; Fränckel, Antiq. Pergam. viii. 1, p. 8, 10, epigram on the victory of Attalus in the chariot-race; Schol. to Aristoph. Eq. 1159 βαλβίς· ἡ ὑπὸ τὴν ὕσπληγα γενομένη γράμμη.
485. Lysist. 1000.
486. Ditt. Syll. 2nd Ed., 688; Ἐφ. Ἀρχ., 1884, 169.
487. Lycophron 13 βαλβῖδα μηρίνθου σχάσας.
488. J.H.S. l.c. p. 264.
489. Anth. Pal. ix. 557.
490. Schol. to Aristoph. Eq. 1159 βαλβὶς δὲ καλεῖται τὸ ἐν τῇ ἄρχῃ τοῦ δρόμου κείμενον ἐγκαρσίως ξῦλον, ὃ καὶ ἀφετήριον καλεῖται, ὅπερ μετὰ τὸ ἐτοιμασθῆναι τοὺς δρομέας εἰς τὸ δραμεῖν ἀφαιρούμενοι ἀφίεσαν τρέχειν.
491. This is the method for drawing the ties for wrestling and boxing described by Lucian, Hermotim, 40.
492. Pausanias, vi. 13, 2. The text of the passage is unfortunately corrupt.
493. Strabo, vi. 12.
494. Out of fifteen such vases, one has two runners, three have three, three have five, and eight have four. The number four is more usual also in representations of the longer races.
495. Krause, Gym. p. 363. J.H.S. l.c. p. 262. In Vergil Nisus trips Salius, Aen. v. 335; in Statius, vi. 616, Idas seizes Parthenopaeus by the hair. More important is a passage in Lucian, Calumn. non temere cred. 12 ἄναθλος ἀνταγωνιστὴς ἀπογνοὺς τὴν ἐκ τοῦ τάχους ἐλπίδα ἐπὶ τὴν κακοτεχνίαν ἐτράπετο καὶ τοῦτο μόνον ἐξ ἅπαντος σκοπεῖ ὅπως τὸν τρέχοντα ἐπιοχὼν ἣ ἐμποδίσας ἐπιστομιεῖ. Cp. Cicero, de Officiis, iii. 10.
496. It is unnecessary to repeat here the arguments on which these conclusions are based. They are stated fully in J.H.S. xxiii. p. 267.