497. Gym. 32 οἷον πτερούμενοι ὑπὸ τῶν χειρῶν. Winged figures are very frequent in early Greek art: a very beautiful later representation of a winged runner occurs on a r.-f. vase published in B.C.H., 1899, p. 158.
498. Practical Track and Field Athletics, by John Graham and Ellery H. Clark (D. Nutt), p. 24. A photograph of two runners (Pl. vi.) taken in an actual race bears a striking resemblance to the pictures on Greek vases.
499. C.R., 1876, Pl. i.
500. National Museum, 761.
501. Mon. d. I. X. 48 h, 15.
502. Tusc. Disp. ii. 23.
503. Anacharsis 27.
504. Krause, Gym. p. 379.
505. Xen. Anab. iv. 8, 27. The Damonon inscription records the successes of Damonon and his son in local festivals. Damonon won many victories in the stade and diaulos; his son twice won the stade, the diaulos and the long race on the same day. The inscription is a good proof of the athletic ability of the Spartans in the fifth century; specialization in athletics found no favour at Sparta, B.S.A. xiii. 179.
506. Anth. Plan. iv. 54; Pausanias, iii. 21.
507. Philostr. Gym. 23.
508. Diodor. Sic. xiv. 11.
509. Jul. Africanus, Ol. 113; I.G. iv. 1349.
510. Artemidor. i. 63; Plutarch, Quaest. Symp. ii. 5; Pausanias, iii. 14, 3; Philostr. Gym. 7; Heliodor. Aeth. iv.
511. For a full discussion of the armed race vide J.H.S. xxiii. p. 280 ff. On vases this race is frequently connected with boxing and the pankration, the events which probably preceded it in the programme. Vide Figs. 54, 151.
512. Phil. Gym. 8, 24. I have already pointed out that Philostratus is somewhat credulous, and too much inclined to accept without investigation the tales poured into his ears by the authorities at Elis and elsewhere. It was the fashion in his time to exaggerate the Spartan severity of Greek athletics.
513. For Nemea vide Philostratus, l.c.; for Olympia, Paus. ii. 11, 8; for Athens Aristoph. Av. 291, and Scholiast.
514. Paus. v. 12, 8; vi. 10, 4.
515. Hauser, Jahrb., 1895, p. 199.
516. B.M. Vases, E. 22; Gerh. A. V. 258, 1.
517. Theb. vi. 587.
518. Av. 291.
519. J.H.S. l.c. pp. 284-287.
520. J.H.S. l.c. pp. 282-284. The argument which I drew from the use of the epithet ποικίλοι in the passage of Philostratus must be abandoned. Dr. Jüthner’s recent edition of the Gymnastik proves that there is no authority for this reading; he himself suggests πάλαιοι. The general conclusions drawn in my article are not really affected by the change.
522. Aristophanes, Ran. 1087; Lysistr. 1002.
523. I.G. ii. 444, 446.
524. Vesp. 1203.
525. I.G. 444.
526. Ditt. Syll. 2nd Ed., 680.
527. De Gressu Animal. p. 709.
528. Arrian, iii. 22.
529. Gym. 11.
530. Pliny, H. N. xxvi. 13, 83; xxviii. 19, 78. The spleen was supposed to cause stitch; Plautus, Merc. i. 2, 14.
531. J.H.S. xxiii. p. 60; Paus. v. 27, 8; vi. 3, 10.
532. Anacharsis, 4.
533. Ep. xv.
534. Lysistrata, 82; cp. Krause, Gym. p. 398, n. 11.
535. Aristoph. Plut. 1129; Plato, Symp. 190 D; cp. Krause, Gym. p. 399.
536. Vide J.H.S. xxiv. pp. 74 ff.
537. J.H.S. xxiv. pp. 70 ff., where I have shown that there is no distinction between σκάμμα and τὰ ἐσκαμμένα.
538. Theocrit. iv. 10.
539. Gym. 55 οὐ γὰρ συγχωροῦσι διαμετρεῖν τὸ πήδημα ἢν μὴ ἀρτίως ἔχῃ τοῦ ἔχνους.
540. All the evidence about Phaÿllus is collected and discussed in J.H.S. xxiv. l.c.
541. Fig. 65; cp. J.H.S. xxiv. p. 186.
542. This is clear from the proverb κέκρουκα τὸν βατῆρα.
543. The bater is perhaps represented on a vase reproduced by Krause, Gym. ix. 23, as a small raised platform. We may remark that in this case the jump is a standing one and without halteres.
544. Pollux, iii. 151. The so-called measuring ropes and compasses have been shown by Jüthner to be merely boxing thongs and amenta.
545. Ἐφ. Ἀρχ., 1883, 190. Roberts and Gardner, ii. 391, give the inscription Ἁλ(λ)όμενος νίκησεν Ἐπαίνετος οὕνεκα τοῦδε ἁ.
547. Gym. 55. Dr. Jüthner in his Antike Turngeräthe, p. 11, identifies them, wrongly as I think, with the two early types. It is hard to see how either of these types could exercise the fingers.
548. “They lighten the jump, serving as a guide to the hands, and enabling the jumper to land firmly and evenly.”
549. Caelius Aurelianus, De morb. acut. et chron. v. 2, 38. Such sufferers are to be given “wax to mould, or manipuli, which athletes call halteres, to hold, and to move, either of wax or of wood, at first with only a little lead, afterwards gradually increased in weight.”
550. Plutarch, De musica, 1140; Paus. v. 17, 10.
551. For vase paintings representing jumpers in various positions vide J.H.S. xxiv. pp. 184 ff.
552. Inghirami, Mus. Chius. cxxv.; Krause, ix. c. 25.
553. J.H.S. xxiv. p. 187.
554. J.H.S. xxvii. p. 260.
555. J.H.S. xxiii. p. 288, Fig. 15.
556. Mr. George Rowdon, who formerly held the championship for the high jump, once gave me the following description of the method of using weights in the high jump: “The jumper starts about 14 yards from the posts, taking two-thirds of the distance with short, quick steps, scarcely swinging the weights at all, after which he takes one or two comparatively long, slow strides, swinging the bells together twice, and on the second swing taking off from the ground as the bells come to the front.” The weights used are usually 5 lb. dumb-bells or even heavier. The run for the long jump with such weights would be very similar, the chief difference being that while in the high jump the weights are thrown away at the moment of jumping, in the long jump they are retained.
557. J.H.S. xxiv. pp. 193, 194.
558. Anth. Pal. App. 297—
The argument in the following passage is stated more fully in J.H.S. xxiv. pp. 77 ff., where the reader will find full references.
559. ἄλλεσθαι ὑπὲρ τὸ σκάμμα. J.H.S. l.c. p. 71.
560. In Oribasius, vi. 14. 34, the passages from Antyllus and Galen are quoted. The chapter of Oribasius on exercises contains a variety of interesting quotations from earlier medical writers.
561. On this subject vide Ernst Brücke, The Human Figure, translated by William Anderson, pp. 115 ff.
562. For this chapter vide J.H.S. xxvii. 1-36, where full references will be found; and Jüthner’s Antike Turngeräthe, pp. 18 ff.
563. References collected by Jüthner, pp. 19-21.
564. Dodwell, Tour through Greece, 1819, ii. p. 39.
565. Ol. x. 72; Isthm. i. 23.
566. Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum, 70, 72; Kavvadias Ἰλυπτὰ τοῦ Ἐθνικοῦ Μους. 93; Salzmann, Nécropole de Camiros, Pl. viii.
568. Ἐχσοίδα(ς) μ’ ἀνέθηκε ΔιϜὸς Φο(ύ)ροιν μεγάλοιο χάλκεον ᾦ νίκασε Κεφαλ(λ)ᾶνας μεγαθύμους.
569. Jüthner, pp. 28, 29; Figs. 21, 22, 23.
570. Paus. i. 35, 3.
571. Paus. vi. 19, 3.
572. Philostratus, Heroic. p. 291.
573. l.c.
574. Theb. vi. 675.
575. Im. i. 24 (Benndorf and Schenkl). Fully discussed in J.H.S. xxvii. 9; cp. Jüthner in Eranos Vindob. p. 317; Pernice in Jahrb., 1908, p. 95.
576. Cp. G. S. Robertson, “On throwing the Discos,” in Official Handbook of the Olympic Games, 1908, pp. 79-85.
577. vide p. 261.
578. This is the obvious meaning of μὴ τέρμα προβάς in Pindar, Nem. vii. 70.
579. In Jahrb., 1908, pp. 95 ff., he enumerates Gerh. A. V. 22, Naples 3084, B.M. Vases, E. 256. On the B.M. vase we see a familiar type of a youth preparing to throw a javelin; the vase in Gerh. represents the same type, but left-handed, whether by accident or intention; the Naples vase is equally inconclusive.
580. Theb. vi. 679-712.
581. Vide Kietz, Diskoswurf, Munich, 1892. Six in Gaz. Archéolog. 1888, 291. Jüthner l.c. Chryssaphis, Bulletin du Comité des Jeux Olympiques 1906, p. 57. Criticisms of these schemes will be found in J.H.S. l.c.
582. A full list of the vases and bronzes representing these two types is given in J.H.S. l.c. pp. 14-24.
583. J.H.S. l.c. p. 18.
584. No. 561.
585. No. 7412. Cp. r.-f. amphora, Munich, 374, published in Hoppin’s Euthymidês.
586. Philopseud. 18.
587. Dr. Jüthner deduces from these vases his theory of the Kreisschwung, an impossible method of throwing the diskos by whirling the arm right round, for a criticism of which vide J.H.S. l.c. p. 33.
588. Gerh. A. V. 260, Naples 3084, B. M. Vases, B. 361 (Fig. 77), and a lekythos in Boulogne (J.H.S. l.c. Fig. 22).
589. C.I.G. i. 2076.
590. Carm. i. 8, 10.
591. Anacharsis, 27.
592. Krause, Gym. p. 464, n. 9.
593. Jüthner, Antike Turngeräthe, p. 37; J.H.S. xxvii. pp. 249-273.
594. De re equestri, viii. 10.
597. Lucian, Anacharsis, 32.
598. Jüthner, l.c., Figs. 34, 35, 36. Jüthner proves conclusively that the objects represented on the Panaetius kylix and elsewhere (Fig. 17) are not compasses, but amenta misdrawn.
599. Schliemann-Schuchardt (Eng. Trans.), Figs. 284, 285.
600. Anab. v. 2, 12.
601. Ditt. Syll. 2nd Ed., ii. 520, 521, 522, 523.
602. For fuller details vide J.H.S. xxvii. p. 255.
603. Gym. 31, and Jüthner’s note, p. 249.
604. The lightness of the Greek javelin is illustrated by Xenophon. In the passage of the Ten Thousand through the mountainous territory of the Carduchi, the Greeks picked up the long arrows of the enemy, and, fitting thongs to them (ἐναγκυλῶντες), used them as javelins. By means of a thong it is possible to throw a dart too light to be thrown effectively by hand alone. Anab. iv. 2, 28.
605. Berlin Vas., 1805.
606. Ol. x. 71.
607. Vasen von d. Acrop. 590, Pl. xxvii.
608. Ceos, Sestos, Samos, Tralles, Larisa. Vide J.H.S. l.c. notes 21 and 53.
609. Ditt. Syll. 2nd Ed., ii. 670, 671.
610. Nem. vii. 70; Isthm. ii. 35; Pyth. i. 44.
611. Lucian, Anacharsis, 27.
612. Meno 93 D; Leg. 834 D.
613. Hipparch. i. 6; De re equest. viii. 10.
614. Collignon, 1478; Millin, i. 45. Both vases are reproduced by P. Wolters, Zu griechischen Agonen (Würzburg Programm, 1901).
615. Epigram of Simonides on Diophon—
Epigram quoted by Eustathius, Il. Ψ 621, p. 1320—
cp. Epigram of Lucilius, Anth. Pal. xi. 84; Philostratus, Gym. 3, 11, 31, 55; Artemidorus, Oneir. i. 55; and numerous scholia.
616. E.g. of the games at the court of Alcinous. No argument can be based on the accidental occurrence on vases of boxing together with some of the events of the pentathlon, e.g. Fig. 150.
617. Isthm. i. 26.
618. Three events, B.M. B. 134. Arch. Zeit., 1881, ix.; diskos and javelin, B.M. B. 142, Mus. Greg. xliii. 2 b; jump and javelin, Munich, 656; diskos, B.M. B. 136, 602, etc.; javelin, B.M. 605, etc.
619. J.H.S. xxiii. p. 60.
620. Aristot. Rhet. i. 5; cp. Plato, Amatores 135 D, E.
621. Phil. Gym. 3.
622. To the works enumerated by me in J.H.S. xxiii. pp. 55 ff., I may add K. E. Heinrich, Über das Pentathlon d. Gr., Würzburg, 1892; C. A. M. Fennell in Pindar: Isthm. and Nem. Odes, 1883; Ph. E. Legrand in Dar.-Sagl. s.c. “Quinquertium,” 1907.
623. Bacch. ix. 30-36 τελευταίας ἀμάρυγμα πάλας; Hdt. ix. 33; Xen. Hellen. vii. 4. 29.
624. Vide p. 120.
625. The following are the orders given in the various lists:—
| 1. Simonides | jump, race, diskos, javelin, wrestling. |
| 2. Epigram quoted by Eustathius | jump, diskos, javelin, race, wrestling. |
| 3. Schol. Pind. Isthm. i. 26 | |
| 4. Schol. Soph. El. 631 | |
| 5. Artemidorus, Oneirocrit. i. 55 | race, diskos, jump, javelin, wrestling. |
| 6. Schol. Plato, Amat. 135 E | race, diskos, jump, javelin, wrestling. |
| (reversed) | |
| 7. Phil. Gym. 3 (reversed) | race, jump, javelin, diskos, wrestling. |
| 8. Schol. Aristid. Pan. p. 112 | race, wrestling, diskos, javelin, jump. |
| 9. Epigram Anth. Pal. xi. 84 | wrestling, race, diskos, jump, javelin. |
In 6 and 7 the order of the text is obviously reversed, and I have therefore reversed again. No. 9 is of very little value and may be disregarded.
626. Bacch. ix. 30-36; Pind. Nem. v. 72; Isthm. ii. 30. Little value can be attached to these passages or to the vases.
627. The system adopted by Böckh, Hermann and Dissen.
628. This interpretation is, I am glad to find, adopted by Dr. Jüthner in his recent edition of Philostratus.
629. Schol. Aristid. Pan. p. 112 οὐκ ὅτι πάντως οἱ πένταθλοι πάντα νικῶσιν· ἀρκεῖ γὰρ αὑτοῖς γ’ τῶν έ πρὸς νίκην. Plut. Symp. ix. 2 διὸ τοῖς τρισὶν ὥσπερ οἱ πένταθλοι περίεστι καὶ νικᾷ.
630. Bacchylides, l.c.
631. For a fuller treatment of this point vide J.H.S. xxiii. p. 63, and Jüthner, Philostratus, p. 207. The passage quoted by me from Philostratus on p. 65 n. 47, γυμνάζεταί τι τῶν τριῶν, appears to be corrupt and cannot be used as evidence for speaking of τριαγμός as applied to the three events of the pentathlon which secured victory, or the three events peculiar to the pentathlon, and Jüthner seems to me correct in his criticism that this use of the word is “mehr als unsicher.”
632. In J.H.S. xxiii. p. 65 I was mistaken in rejecting this conclusion. I cannot, however, accept as proved either Holwerda’s or Heinrich’s application of it. Holwerda in particular, like many of the Germans, attaches an altogether undue importance to wrestling, which was certainly not the most important of the five events.
633. Schol. Pindar, Nem. v. 49.
634. Aelian, Var. Hist. ii. 4. Cp. J.H.S. xxv. p. 19, n. 27.
635. vi. 4, 2.
636. J.H.S. l.c. p. 15. Freeman, Schools of Hellas, p. 130.
637. Ox. Pap. iii. 466. For a full discussion of it vide Jüthner, Philostratus, p. 26. With the papyrus may be compared a curious passage in Lucian’s Asinus, c. 9, and an epigram in Anth. Pal. xii. 206. The latter, like the passage in Lucian, is probably erotic. Such a metaphorical use of wrestling terms is common. Cp. Aristoph. Pax 895, Av. 442, and the expressions ἀνακλινοπάλη, κλινοπάλη.