638. Ol. Ins. 225, 226, 54; Paus. vi. 1, 2.
639. Hermotim. 40.
640. Ol. viii. 68; Pyth. viii. 81.
641. Ol. Ins. 164, 174.
642. Ib. 225, 226.
643. Anth. Pal. xi. 316.
644. Paus. vi. 11, 4.
645. Ol. Ins. 153.
646. Gym. 11; vide Jüthner’s note, p. 206.
647. Aethiop. iv. 2.
648. Philostrat. Vit. Soph. 225, perhaps a mistake for σταδαία.
649. Vide Jüthner, Philostratus, p. 212.
650. Ib. pp. 206, 297. This place was called ἁλινδήθρα, Aristoph. Ran. 904. Cp. Lucian, Anacharsis, 2, 28, 29.
651. Euripides, Bacchae, 455.
652. Krause, Gym. p. 541, n. 6.
653. J.H.S. xxv. 21. Cp. Jüthner, Philostratus, p. 212.
654. Anth. Plan. iii. 25; Anth. Pal. ix. 588. Cp. Aristoph. Eq. 571; Aeschylus, Suppl. 90.
655. Anth. Pal. xi. 316.
656. Agamemnon 63; Persae 914; Anth. Plan. iii. 24.
657. Collected in my article on the Pentathlon, J.H.S. xxiii. p. 63; cp. xxv. p. 26. Jüthner, Philostratus, 207.
658. “Luctator ter abjectus perdidit palmam.” Cp. Sophocles, Fr. 678.
659. J.H.S. xxv. 29. where I have somewhat understated the evidence for tripping.
660. 796 A, B, discussed more fully op. cit. p. 27.
661. l. 26, σύ κατὰ τῶν δύο πλέον, for the interpretation of which see Jüthner, p. 28.
662. Mus. Greg. i. 103.
663. Heliodorus, Aethiop. x. 31.
664. Homer, Il. xxiii. 712; Lucian, Anacharsis, 1; Philostrat. Vit. Soph. 225.
665. Plutarch, Symp. ii. 4, enumerates as wrestling terms συστάσεις, παραθέσεις, ἐμβολαί, παρεμβολαί. Jüthner in his interesting account of the Oxyrhynchus Papyrus appears to deny this interpretation, but suggests no satisfactory alternative.
666. On the interior of this kylix the same group is repeated, but the moment is not quite the same. Cercyon appears to be trying to draw back.
667. Homolle, Fouilles de Delphes, iv. 76.
668. Anacharsis, 24.
669. A small ivory statuette of two boys wrestling, recently acquired by the British Museum, perhaps represents the moment of the turn.
670. Dar.-Sagl. 4624.
671. Phil. Gym. 35; Xen. Lac. Rep. 5, 9; Aristoph. Eq. 491.
672. Athenaeus xiii. p. 566.
673. Munich, 3; Gerh. A. V. 114. In J.H.S. xxv. I have dealt more fully with the fights of Heracles.
674. Schreiber, Atlas, xxiv. 10.
675. J.H.S. xxv. p. 280, διαλαμβάνειν, μεσοφέρδειν, μεσοφέρδην, μέσον ἔχειν; διαλαμβάνειν means to clasp both hands round an opponent’s waist; περιτιθέναι means rather to put one arm round an opponent as in taking a grip for the heave, but does not necessarily imply that the hands are clasped. Vide Jüthner, Philostratus, p. 28.
676. Vide J. H. S. xxv. pp. 281 ff., and Figs. 18, 19, 20.
677. For references see J.H.S. p. 283, n. 76.
678. Quintus iv. 215; Nonnus xxxvii. 553-601. For a brief account of these vide J.H.S. xxv. p. 25.
679. l. 25 σὺ αὐτον μεταβὰς πλέξον· σὺ μεταβαλοῦ.
680. xxiv. 111.
681. Char. xxvii.
682. Fouilles de Delphes, iv. 46, 47.
683. Collection Philip, Paris, 1905, No. 484; de Ridder, Collection de Clercy, Paris, 1905, iii. 253, Pl. xli. 3.
684. Ocypus, 60.
685. Equites, 261-3; Demosthenes in Cononem, 8. For a full discussion of this passage and of the bronzes vide J.H.S. xxv. pp. 289-293.
686. Krause, Gym. 428.
687. Aelian, Var. Hist. xi.
688. Eustathius, Il. ii. p. 331, 18, 39.
689. Epigram on a Spartan by Damagetus, Anth. Plan. i. 1.
690. Quaest. Symp. ii. 5, 2.
691. For mythological references vide Krause, pp. 498 ff.
692. Philostr. Gym. 9, 12.
693. For a fuller account of this subject the reader is referred to the admirable chapter in Dr. Jüthner’s Antike Turngeräthe, pp. 66-95, where he will find full references both literary and monumental.
694. Paus. vi. 23, 4; viii. 40, 3. Plato, Leg. viii. 830 B.
695. Ant. Turn. p. 67.
696. Plato, Theaet. 27. Krause, p. 323, distinguishes two games, one described as διελκυστίνδα or διὰ γραμμῆς παίζειν, a tug-of-war between teams, the other called σκάπερδα or ἑλκυστίνδα, a game in which two youths tried to lift one another off the ground by means of a rope passed through a hole in a pillar. Roulez was the first to suggest this explanation of the thongs shown on vases. His explanation is adopted in a recent article on a fine r.-f. kylix representing wrestling and boxing scenes, Pl. xxxv. in the Transactions of the University of Pennsylvania, 1907, p. 140.
697. Op. cit. p. 69.
698. Gym. 10 ὥπλιστο δὲ ἡ ἀρχαία πυγμὴ τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον· ἐς στρόφιον οἱ τέτταρες τῶν δακτύλων ἐνεβιβάζοντο καὶ ὑπερέβαλλον τοῦ στροφίου τοσοῦτον ὅσον, εἰ συνάγοιντο, πὺξ εἶναι, συνείχοντο δὲ ὑπὸ σειρᾶς ἣν καθάπερ ἔρεισμα ἐβέβληντο ἐκ τοῦ πήχεος. Cp. Paus. viii. 40, 3.
699. Sometimes the thongs are drawn only on the hand, sometimes only on the wrist, sometimes they are completely wanting. This is probably due to nothing but carelessness, but in some cases these lines, which were usually painted in after the rest of the figure was finished, may have simply worn off.
700. Jüthner, Fig. 59.
701. Jüthner, Fig. 66.
702. Jüthner, p. 79, Figs. 62-64.
703. Gym. 10.
704. Plutarch, Mor. 825 E.
705. Jüthner, Fig. 68. Helbig, 619.
706. Cp. Inschr. v. Priene, 112, l. 91, where mention is made of boxing ἐν εἴμασι.
707. The word μύρμηκες, which is used by the epigrammatists (Anth. Pal. xi. 78), appears to be merely a humorous designation of these weapons, but to have no special significance.
708. Jüthner, pp. 87 ff., Figs. 69-74; cp. Hans Lucas, Jahrbuch, 1904, pp. 127-136.
709. Jüthner, Fig. 61, pp. 75, 76.
710. R. M. Burrows, Discoveries in Crete, p. 35. As far as the athletic argument is concerned, the connexion which Professor Burrows suggests between Crete and Central Europe and Etruria appears to me entirely without foundation.
711. Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, passim.
712. Tunis, ii. 30.
713. Mon. d. I. XI. Pl. 25.
714. Athenaeus quotes Poseidonius as saying that the Celts were addicted to fights with arms, wounding and even killing one another. ἐν γὰρ τοῖς ὅπλοις ἀγερθέντες σκιαμαχοῦσι καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀκροχειρίζονται, Athen. 154 A.
715. Rambles in Greece, 2nd Ed., p. 314. There is no foundation at all for his description of the meilichai as weights held in the hand and fastened by thongs.
716. xxii. 93.
717. Dion Chrysostom, Orat. 29.
718. Jüthner, p. 71.
720. Paus. viii. 40, 3.
721. Gym. 10, 23.
722. Benndorf, Gr. Sic. Vasenb. xxxi. 2; Gerhard, A.V. 177 (= Munich 584); Le Musée, ii. p. 276, Fig. 24 (b.-f. vase at Boulogne). Other examples of a blow with the left hand are: a Fragment in the Louvre (Hartwig, Meisterschalen, Fig. 31); Mus. Greg. ii. 17 (very similar to B.M. B. 271); Krause, Gym. xviii. d. 66 f.; Brussels 336. In the Benndorf vase and some others the blow seems to be somewhat downward, which is probably due to the fact that the opponent is in the act of falling.
723. Gorgias, 516 A; Protag. 342 B; cp. Theocritus xxii. 45. For full references vide Krause, Gym. pp. 516, 517, and J.H.S. xxvi. p. 13.
724. Philostratus, Heroic. 180 τὰ δὰ ὧτα κατεαγὼς ἤν οὐκ ὑπὸ πάλης.
725. Theb. vi. 731-825.
726. Gym. 34 προσβῆναι ταῖς τῶν ἀντιπάλων κνήμαις ἄργοι καὶ εὐάλωτοι τῷ προσβάντι. Cp. c. 11 ὁ πύκτης τρωθήσεται καὶ τρώσει καὶ προσβήσεται ταῖς κνήμαις. To προσβῆναι I have given the somewhat wider sense of “advancing” or “lunging” which is undoubtedly implied in the following words, ὁρμητικώτερον τὸ σχῆμα τοῦ πυκτεύοντος ἢν μὴ συμβαίνωσιν οἱ μηροί. The addition of the words ταῖς τῶν ἀντιπάλων κνήμαις is a difficulty. There can be no question of “kicking” which was certainly not allowed in boxing, nor are any of the vases quoted by Jüthner in his note on the passage appropriate. The words can only mean “advancing against an opponent’s shins.” Shoving an opponent backwards in this way may occur in “in-fighting,” in which case his only remedy is “slipping.” But the tactics are not particularly effective, and shoving is not allowed in modern boxing. I have a suspicion that Philostratus was very vague in his ideas about boxing. As Jüthner has shown in his recent edition, Philostratus was a rhetorician, not a practical athlete, and he owed his athletic knowledge to some technical treatise on gymnastics, which he did not always quite understand.
727. Bacchylides i.
728. Dion. Orat. xxix.; cp. Eustath. Il. Ψ 1322, 1324. Eusebius, Histor. Syn. p. 350, quoted in Krause, p. 510.
729. ii. 25-97.
730. Symp. ii. 4.
732. Pausanias viii. 40.
733. Paus. vi. 9, 6; Pindar, Ol. v. 34 Schol.
734. Krause, p. 517.
735. Fabretti, De Columna Trajani, p. 267. The evidence for these lappets is all late, but the caps belong to the fifth century B.C.
736. Aristotle, Nic. Eth. iii. 1; Plato, I. Alcib. 107 E. For further references vide Krause, p. 510, and J.H.S. xxvi. p. 14.
737. Plato, Legg. viii. 830 C.
738. Paus. vi. 10, 1.
740. Theocritus, iv. 10.
741. J.H.S. xxvi. pp. 4-22.
742. Im. ii. 6.
743. Heracles, according to Bacchylides, xiii., first employed the art of the pankration against the Nemean lion; according to another tradition, Theseus employed it against the Minotaur.
744. Paus. vi. 6, 5; 15, 5; Artemidor. Oneir. i. 64.
745. Im. ii. 6.
746. Aves, 442; Pax, 899.
747. J.H.S. xxvi. p. 14.
748. Phil. Gym. 36. I do not agree with Jüthner’s division of the text. He makes the account of οἱ ἐν μικρῷ μεγάλοι the beginning of the classification of athletic types which follows. Kayser rightly connected it with the account of wrestling and the pankration which preceded.
749. Anacharsis, 1.
750. J.H.S. xxv. pp. 283 ff., Figs. 19, 20.
751. Gym. 36.
752. Heroic. 53, 54. The word πτερνίζειν is used in the LXX. of Jacob supplanting Esau (Gen. xxvii. 36, cp. xxv. 26). J.H.S. xxvi. 20.
753. lxxi. 7.
754. Alc. 2; Apophthegm. Lac. 234 D, 44.
755. xxii. 66.
756. Προτρεπτ. ἐπὶ τέχνας, 36.
757. Lucian, Anachars. 9; Aristoph. Eq. 273, 454; Pollux, iii. 150.
758. Paus. vi. 4, 2.
759. J.H.S. xxvi. 15.
760. Lucian, Anachars. 31.
761. From Lucian’s Asinus we gather that knee wrestling (τὰ ἀπὸ γονάτων) was systematically taught in the palaestra. Cp. Aristoph. Pax, 895.
762. Legg. 795, 834.
763. Nem. iii. 29; Isthm. v. 60.
764. J.H.S. xxv. 30, xxvi. 19.
765. Aeth. x. 31, 32.
766. Phil. Im. ii. 6; Paus. viii. 40, 2.
767. Many of them are discussed in my articles in the J.H.S. xxv., xxvi. Cp. Grasberger, 349-374; Krause, 400-438, 534-556.
768. B.S.A. xiii. pp. 174 ff.
769. The four-horse chariot occurs on coins of Agrigentum, Camarina, Catana, Eryx, Gela, Himera, Leontini, Panormus, Segesta, Syracuse; the two-horse chariot on coins of Messana; the mule car on coins of Rhegium and Messana; numerous riding types on coins of Tarentum. In the early coinage of Syracuse the tetradrachm bears a four-horse chariot, the didrachm a horseman leading another horse, the drachma a horseman, and the obol a chariot-wheel. Vide Hill, Coins of Sicily, pp. 43-46 and passim.
770. Gerh. A.V. 267.
771. Mus. Greg. ii. xxii. 1 A.
772. In Roman times both stadium and hippodrome merge into the circus. The hippodrome at Constantinople is a purely Roman structure and does not concern us; so is the hippodrome at Pessinus (Texier, Asie Mineure, Pl. lxii.).
773. Paus. viii. 38, 5; Expédition en Morée, ii. p. 37, Pls. xxxiii.
774. Paus. vi. 16, 4; Plut. Sol. 23; Photius, p. 296.
775. Paus. vi. 20. Many of the details are much disputed. I have followed in the main the account given by A. Martin in Dar.-Sagl. s.v. “Hippodrome.”
776. Quoted in Dar.-Sagl., s.v. “Olympia,” p. 177, n. 5; cp. Frazer, Pausanias, v. p. 616, and Schoene in Jahrb. xii. p. 150. Schoene’s conclusions as to the distances of the races seem to me quite impossibly long.
777. Martin’s statement that the part of the aphesis near the base was open, and the apex covered in, is hardly warranted by the words of Pausanias, and seems improbable.
778. Alcibiades on one occasion entered no less than seven chariots of his own. Thuc. vi. 16, 2.
779. Ervinus Pollack, Hippodromika. Leipsic, 1890.
780. It can hardly have been as fair; for the outside chariots had the enormous advantage of a flying start. I conjecture, however, that the chariots did not really start racing till they were all in line, and that the object of the aphesis was partly to facilitate the getting them into line, no easy matter with a large field.
781. Sophocles, El. 709.
782. Pindar, Ol. ii. 50, iii. 33, vi. 75; Pyth. v. 30. The passages referring to the measurements are collected by Pollack, op. cit. pp. 103 ff.
783. Paus. vi. 13, 9.
784. J.H.S. xix. p. 8. B.M. Guide to Greek and Roman Life, p. 200.
785. In the catalogue this instrument is described as a καλαῦροψ, but I can find no authority for this use of the word.
786. Paus. v. 5, 2.
787. Munich, 805; Schreiber, Atlas, xxiv. 9.
788. The Horsemen of Tarentum, passim.
789. Paus. vi. 2, 1.