The Project Gutenberg eBook of Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals, by E. Norman Gardiner

802. E.g. Taureas (Plato, Charm. 153), Timagetus (Theocrit. ii. 8), Sibyrtius (Plut. Alcib. 3), Hippocrates (Plut. Vit. dec. or. 837), Timeas and Antigonus in second century (I.G. ii. 444, 445, 446). Cp. Staseas at Delos (B.C.H., 1891, p. 255).

803. M. Fougères (Dar.-Sagl., s.v. “Gymnasium”) considers the earliest gymnasium to be that of Messene, which he identifies with the colonnade surrounding the sphendone of what is usually considered to be the stadium. The identification and the date of the building must be regarded as very doubtful in the absence of more systematic excavation.

805. Plato, Euthydemus.

806. Phaedr. 227 A.

807. Theaetet. 144 C; Aristoph. Nub. 1005.

808. Gerh. A. V. 272, and supra, Figs. 63, 64.

809. Gerh. A. V. 272, 294.

810. Hartwig, Meisterschal. liii.; Freeman, Schools of Hellas, Pl. x.

811. The hare was frequently offered as a present. Gerh. A. V. 275, 276, 280, 290.

812. Demosth. in Timocr. 114.

813. Plato, Theaet. 144 C.

814. Mus. Greg. i. 37: Schreiber, Atlas, xxiii. 9.

815. Helbig, Führer, p. 388.

816. Hdt. iv. 75; Aristoph. Eq. 1060; Nub. 835, 991, 1045.

817. Plato, Legg. vi. 761.

818. Roulez, Vases peints du Musée de Leyde, Pl. 19. A similar scene in a woman’s bath occurs on a b.-f. amphora in Berlin 1843. Vide Schreiber, Atlas, xxi. 9, lvii. 4.

819. Aristoph. Ran. 710.

820. Tischbein, i. 58; Schreiber, Atlas, xxiii. 3.

821. Dar.-Sagl., Fig. 747; Schreiber, Atlas, lvii. 5.

822. Homolle, B.C.H., 1899, pp. 560 ff.

823. The purchase of a pick (σκαφεῖον) and rollers (τροχιλείαι) for the palaestra is mentioned in the Delian accounts for 279 B.C., B.C.H., 1890, p. 397, ll. 98, 99; cp. p. 488 note 2, for similar purchases in other years.

824. Similarly in Ath. Mitth. v. 232 τὸ πυριατήριον καὶ τὸ κόνισμα; Lebas Waddington, Inscr. As. Min. 1112 λουτρῶνα καί κόνισμα. The open court for exercise was an essential part of every bath. The κόνισμα must not be confused with the konisterion or powdering-room of Vitruvius.

825. Plato, Theaet. 146 A, and Schol. on the same. The game of bouncing the ball on the ground was called ἀπόρραξις.

826. Char. xxi. αὐλίδιον παλαιστριαῖον κόνιν ἔχον καὶ σφαιριστήριον. This palaestra he lends to philosophers, sophists, fencing-masters (ὁπλόμαχοι) and musicians for their displays, at which he will himself appear on the scene rather late in order that the spectators may say one to another, “This is the owner of the palaestra.”

827. Athen. i. 34, p. 19 A.

828. Ol. Text. ii. pp. 113, 127.

829. Overbeck, Pompeii, 4th Ed., p. 219.

830. For the sake of uniformity I have kept the Greek spelling of the names of different rooms instead of the Latin forms actually used in Vitruvius.

831. For references to the numerous inscriptions connected with the provision of oil vide Dar.-Sagl., s.vv. “Gymnasiarchia,” p. 1682, “Gymnasium,” p. 1689.

832. In inscriptions we find mention of a special room called ἀλειπτήριον, which is sometimes used as synonymous with palaestra or gymnasium, just as οἱ ἀλειφόμεινοι is equivalent to οἱ γυμναζόμενοι. Vide Hermes, vii. 42; C.I.G. 2782, l. 25; B.C.H. xii. p. 326.

833. Phil. Gym. 58. I am pleased to find the explanation of ξηραλοιφεῖν given above, which had occurred to me independently, anticipated and confirmed by Jüthner in his recent edition of Philostratus. The word occurs in a decree of Solon quoted by Aeschines. Galen defines it as rubbing with pure oil as opposed to χυτλοῦσθαι, rubbing with oil mixed with water. But this distinction can hardly be ascribed to Solon or to the Spartans. The latter appear to have used a primitive kind of sweating-bath in the open air (Strabo, iii. 3, 6), and the rubbing connected with such a bath might well be described as ξηραλοιφεῖν in contrast with the rubbing usual in other parts of Greece, which was associated with bathing or washing in water. Jüthner, pp. 181, 182.

834. Lucian, Anachars. 2, 29.

835. Philostr. Gym. 56.

836. Priene, pp. 265 ff.

837. Priene Inschriften, 112. The authors date the inscription after 84 B.C.

838. Ath. Mitth. xxix. pp. 121 ff., xxxii. pp. 190 ff., xxxiii. pp. 327 ff.

839. Op. cit. xxix. p. 158.

840. Op. cit. xxxii. p. 273, 10.

841. Op. cit. xxxii. p. 257, 8.

842. For the Gymnasiarchia vide the article by G. Glotz in Dar.-Sagl., where a full bibliography of the subject and copious references to inscriptions are given. For the Gymnasiarchia at Athens vide also Freeman’s Schools of Hellas, p. 155.

843. Ditt. Syll. 2nd Ed., 522.

844. I. G. xiv. 256.

845. Ditt. Syll. 2nd Ed., 523.

846. Th. Reinach, Rec. des études gr. vi. p. 164, n.

847. I. G. xiv. 422?

848. Aeschines in Timarch. 10; Aristoph. Nub. 973; Eq. 1238.

850. Antiphon. Tetr. ii.

851. Ditt. Syll. 2nd Ed., 523.

852. Isocr. Περὶ ἀντιδόσεως, 181-185.

853. Plato, Rep. 406.

854. Philostr. Gym. 14; Galen, De San. ii. 86, 90.

855. The word first occurs in Xenophon, Mem. ii. 1, 20. But the fact that it does not occur in literature earlier is no proof that it was not in use; for the cognate words γυμνάζομαι and γυμνάσιον were in use at a much earlier date.

856. Pindar, Ol. viii.; Nem. iv., vi.

857. Pindar, Nem. v.

858. Xenophon, Mem. l.c.; Aristotle, Pol. 1338 b.

860. Plato, Protag. 313 E.

861. Plato, De virtute, 378 E.; Amator. 134 E.

863. The account of the paidotribes and gymnastes was written before I had read Jüthner’s learned discussion of the subject in the introduction to his Philostratus, but I see no reason to alter my views. Jüthner regards the gymnastes as from the first “the professor of physical culture,” but himself inadvertently applies the term to Pindar’s Melesias (p. 22), who was merely a teacher of boxing. Further Jüthner seems to me vastly to overrate the value of the medical gymnastics and the science of health based on the teaching of Herodicus of Selymbria.

864. Nic. Eth. ii. 6, 7.

865. Bacch. iii. 3, 24.

866. Isocrates, l.c.

868. Supra, p. 374.

870. Plato, Legg. 689 D.

871. Paus. ii. 35, 1.

872. Vide three papers in the J.H.S. by Prof. Percy Gardner, vol. ii. p. 90 and p. 315, vol. xi. p. 146.

873. De San. Tu. ii. 8-11. Oribasius, vi. 14.

Transcriber’s Notes:
- Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected.
- Typographical errors were silently corrected.
- Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book.
- Footnotes have been collected at the end of the text, and are linked for ease of reference.