259 Pflüger, Die sensorischen Functionen des Rückenmarks der Wirbelthiere.
260 Except Auerbach, who repeated and varied the experiments; and Funke, who partially adopted the conclusions in his systematic treatise on Physiology.
261 Schiff, Lehrbuch der Physiologie, 208.
262 Landry, Traité des Paralysies, 1859, maintains that the cord is a centre of sensation, and that there is in it a faculty analogous to the perception and judgment of the brain. Compare pp. 163 et sq. and 305. He also cites an essay by Dr. Paton of Edinburgh (Edinburgh Medical Journal, 1846), in which the sensational and volitional claims of the spinal cord are advanced.
263 Goltz, Beiträge zur Lehre von den Functionen der Nervencentren des Froeches, 1869.
264 Pflüger’s Archiv, Bd. XIV. p. 158.
266 “Il y a donc une mémoire par le cerveau et une mémoire par l’automate. Tous les organes ont une mémoire propre, c’est à dire une tendance à reproduire les séries d’actes qu’ils ont plusieurs fois executés.”—Gratiolet, Anat. du Système Nerveux, 1857, p. 464.
267 To obviate misunderstanding let me say that, unless the contrary is specified, I use the term Brain throughout this argument as equivalent to the cerebral hemispheres, because it is in these that sensation, volition, and consciousness are localized by the generality of writers, many of whom, indeed, regard the cells of the gray matter of the convolutions as the exclusive seat of these phenomena, dividing these cells into sensational, emotional, and intellectual. There are physiologists who extend sensation to the cerebral ganglia and gray masses of the medulla oblongata; but the medulla spinalis is so clearly continuous with the medulla oblongata that there is a glaring inconsistency in excluding sensation from the one if it is accorded to the other; and the grounds on which sensitive phenomena are admitted in the absence of the hemispheres, force us to admit analogous phenomena in the absence of the ganglia and medulla oblongata: in each case the phenomena are less complex and varied as the mechanisms become less complex.
268 Compare Lussana e Lemoigne, Fisiologia dei centri encefalici, 1871, II. 239, 240, 330.
269 See a very interesting case of this special loss of memory in a priest who still occupied himself reading classic authors and performing his official duties many months after an injury to the brain. Lussana e Lemoigne, Fisiologia dei centri encefalici, I. 201.
270 Bouillaud, Recherches Expérimentales sur les Fonctions du Cerveau en général, 1830, p. 5, sq.
271 Longet, Traité de Physiologie, II. 240.
272 Dalton, Human Physiology, Philadelphia, 1859, p. 362.
273 Dalton, p. 362.
274 Dalton, p. 363.
275 Flourens, p. 89.
276 Leyden in the Berliner klinische Wochenschrift, 1867, No. 7. Meissner, Jahresbericht über Physiol., 1867, p. 410.
277 Voit in the Sitzungsberichte der Münchener Academie, 1868, p. 105. Comp. also Goltz in Pflüger’s Archiv, Bd. XIV. 435.
278 Vulpian, Système Nerveux, 542–48.
279 For other examples see Gintrac, Pathologie Interne, 1868, VI. 51–57.
280 If the water is perfectly still the fish sinks to the bottom and remains motionless until the water be stirred. Mere contact does not suffice; there must be intermittent pulses from the moving water.
281 Lussana e Lemoigne, Op. cit., I. 15.
282 Archives de Physiologie, 1869, p. 539.
283 Brücke, Physiologie, II. p. 53. While these sheets are passing through the press, Goltz has published his second series of experiments on the brain. The following detail is a good illustration of what is said in the text: A dog deprived of a portion of both hemispheres displayed a marked imperfection in the execution of ordinary instincts. Although sight was impaired he could see, and recognize men and certain objects: the sight of a whip made him cower, but the sight of meat did not suffice to set the feeding mechanism in action. When meat was suspended above his head, the scent caused him to sniff about in search, but he failed to find it, and even when he was so placed that he could see the suspended meat, the unusual impression failed to guide him. If the meat were held towards him, or placed before him in a dish, he took it at once—this being the customary stimulation. So also, if the hand were held up, in the usual way when dogs are made to leap for food, this dog sprang vigorously up and caught the food; but he would spring up in the same way when the hand was held empty, and continue fruitlessly springing, whereas an uninjured dog ceases to spring when he sees the hand is empty.—Pflüger’s Archiv, Bd. XIV. p. 419.
284 Gratiolet, Anat. Comparée du Système Nerveux, 1857, p. 459.
285 Lussana e Lemoigne, Op. cit., I. 363.
286 Virchow’s Archiv, Bd. LX. pp. 130–33. Yet there are many physiologists who persist in placing the motorium commune in the corpora strata! And they place the sensorium commune in the optic thalami, although, not to mention the ambiguous evidence of Pathology, the experiments of Nothengel and Veyssière show that destruction of the thalami does not destroy sensation. See Veyssière, Recherches sur l’hémianesthésie de cause cérébrale, 1874, pp. 83, 84. I may observe, in passing, that the notion of the corpora striata being the necessary channel for volitional impulses, and the optic thalami for reflex actions, is utterly disproved by the experimental evidence recorded in the text, as well as in § 66.
287 Pflüger’s Archiv, Bde. VIII. and IX.