100. S. Gason, “The Dieyerie Tribe,” Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 280; A. W. Howitt, “The Dieri and other kindred Tribes of Central Australia,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xx. (1891) p. 89.
101. F. Blumentritt, “Der Ahnencultus und die religiöse Anschauungen der Malaien des Philippinen-Archipels,” Mittheilungen der Wiener Geogr. Gesellschaft (1882), pp. 159 sq.; id., Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen (Gotha, 1882), pp. 13, 29 (Petermann’s Mittheilungen, Ergänzungsheft, No. 67); J. Mallat, Les Philippines (Paris, 1846), i. 63 sq.
102. A. Schadenberg, “Beiträge zur Kenntnis der im Innern Nordluzons lebenden Stämme,” Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte (1888), p. 40.
103. F. Grabowsky, “Der Tod, etc., bei den Dajaken,” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, ii. (1889) p. 181.
104. H. Low, Sarawak (London, 1848), p. 264.
105. Mrs. Bishop, Korea and her Neighbours (London, 1898), i. 106 sq.
106. J. J. M. de Groot, Religious System of China, ii. 462 sqq., iv. 277 sq.
107. La Mission lyonnaise d’exploration commerciale en Chine 1895-1897 (Lyons, 1898), p. 361.
108. “Der Muata Cazembe und die Völkerstämme der Maravis, Chevas, Muembas, Lundas und andere von Süd-Afrika,” Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde, vi. (1856) p. 273.
109. Major A. G. Leonard, The Lower Niger and its Tribes (London, 1906), pp. 298 sqq.
110. Ch. Partridge, Cross River Natives (London, 1905), pp. 272 sq.
111. Ch. Partridge, op. cit. pp. 5, 194, 205 sq.
112. F. S. A. de Clercq, “De Westen Noordkust van Nederlandsch Nieuw-Guinea,” Tijdschrift van het kon. Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweede Serie, x. (1893) p. 199.
113. “Shamanism in Siberia and European Russia,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxiv. (1895) p. 136.
114. Fr. Boas, in Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada, p. 28 (separate reprint from the Report of the British Association for 1890).
115. F. S. Krauss, Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven, p. 36.
116. F. S. Krauss, loc. cit.
117. Aeneid, iii. 22 sqq.
118. Philostratus, Imagines, ii. 29.
119. A. Landes, “Contes et légendes annamites,” No. 9, in Cochinchine française: excursions et reconnaissances, No. 20 (Saigon, 1885), p. 310.
120. A. B. Ellis, The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa, pp. 134-136.
121. B. C. A. J. van Dinter, “Eenige geographische en ethnographische aanteekeningen betreffende het eiland Siaoe,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xli. (1899) pp. 379 sq.
122. E. Modigliani, Un Viaggio a Nías (Milan, 1890), p. 629.
123. O. Baumann, Usambara und seine Nachbargebiete (Berlin, 1891), pp. 57 sq.
124. Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 162, 330 sq.
125. Ph. Paulitschke, Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas: Die geistige Cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl (Berlin, 1896), pp. 34 sq. On the Galla worship of trees, see further Mgr. Massaja, in Annales de la Propagation de la Foi, xxx. (1858) p. 50; Coulbeaux, “Au pays de Menelik,” Missions Catholiques, xxx. (1898) p. 418.
126. J. Kubary, “Die Religion der Pelauer,” in A. Bastian’s Allerlei aus Volks- und Menschenkunde, i. 52; id., Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Karolinen Archipels, iii. (Leyden, 1895) p. 228.
127. A. B. Ellis, The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast, p. 115.
128. A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xl. (1896) pp. 28 sq.
129. A. C. Kruijt, “Eenige ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe en de Tomori,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xliv. (1900) pp. 220 sq.
130. A. C. Kruijt, op. cit. p. 242.
131. J. Habbema, “Bijgeloof in de Preanger-Regentschappen,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xli. (1900) pp. 113, 115.
132. G. Heijmering, “Zeden en Gewoonten op het eiland Rottie,” Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië (1844), dl. i. p. 358.
133. C. Snouck Hurgronje, Het Gajōland en zijne Bewoners (Batavia, 1903), p. 351.
134. Th. A. L. Heyting, “Beschrijving der onder-afdeeling Groot-mandeling en Batang-natal,” Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweede Serie, xiv. (1897) pp. 289 sq.
135. F. Blumentritt, Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen (Gotha, 1882), p. 13 (Petermanns Mittheilungen, Ergänzungheft, No. 67). See above, pp. 18 sq.
136. Crossland, quoted by H. Ling Roth, The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo, i. 286; compare Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxi. (1892) p. 114.
137. “Lettre du curé de Santiago Tepehuacan à son évêque,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), IIme. Série, ii. (1834) pp. 182 sq.
138. J. T. Bent, The Cyclades, p. 37.
139. A. L. Van Hasselt, Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra (Leyden, 1882), p. 156.
140. W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), ii. 87.
141. I. M. van Baarda, “Île de Halma-heira,” Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, iv. (1893) p. 547.
142. L. Sternberg, “Die Religion der Gilyak,” Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, viii. (1905) p. 246.
143. W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 83.
144. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vii. (1843) p. 29.
145. A. Bastian, Indonesien, i. 17.
146. J. Perham, “Sea Dyak Religion,” Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 10 (Dec. 1882), p. 217; H. Ling Roth, The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo, i. 184.
147. W. Kükenthal, Forschungsreise in den Molukken und in Borneo (Frankfort, 1896), pp. 265 sq.
148. Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxv. (1896) p. 170.
149. E. T. Dalton, Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, pp. 186, 188; compare A. Bastian, Völkerstämme am Brahmaputra, p. 9.
150. E. T. Dalton, op. cit. p. 33; A. Bastian, op. cit. p. 16. Compare L. A. Waddell, “The Tribes of the Brahmaputra Valley,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, lxix. (1901) Part III. p. 16; W. Robertson Smith, The Religion of the Semites, 2nd Ed., pp. 132 sq.
151. E. T. Dalton, op. cit. p. 25; A. Bastian, op. cit. p. 37.
152. A. C. Kruijt, “Het koppensnellen der Toradja’s van Midden-Celebes en zijne beteekenis,” Verslagen en Mededeelingen der konink. Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Letterkunde, IV. Reeks, iii. (1899) p. 195.
153. A. W. Niewenhuis, In Centraal-Borneo (Leyden, 1900), i. 146; id., Quer durch Borneo, i. (Leyden, 1904) p. 107.
154. Id., “Tweede Reis van Pontianak naar Samarinda,” Tijdschrift van het konink. Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, II. Serie, xvii. (1900) p. 427.
155. J. Perham, “Sea Dyak Religion,” Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 10 (December 1882), p. 217; H. Ling Roth, The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo, i. 184.
156. B. Hagen, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Battareligion,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxviii. 530, note.
157. W. W. Skeat, Malay Magic, p. 202.
158. E. Young, The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe (Westminster, 1898), pp. 192 sq.
159. J. G. Scott and J. P. Hardiman, Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, Part I. vol. i. (Rangoon, 1900) pp. 518 sq.
160. Captain Macpherson, in North Indian Notes and Queries, ii. 112 § 428.
161. W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), ii. 91.
162. A. Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, i. 134. The authority quoted by Bastian calls the people Curka Coles. As to the Larka Kols, see E. T. Dalton, Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, pp. 177 sqq.
163. W. Crooke, Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, iv. 130.
164. S. Mateer, The Land of Charity (London, 1871), p. 206.
165. B. A. Hely, in Annual Report on British New Guinea for 1894-95, p. 57.
166. T. J. Hutchinson, Impressions of Western Africa (London, 1858), pp. 130 sq.
167. Gallieni, “Mission dans le Haut Niger et à Ségou,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), viiime Série, v. (1883) pp. 577 sq.
168. Ch. M. Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta (Cambridge, 1888), i. 365.
169. Th. Bent, “The Yourouks of Asia Minor,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xx. (1891) p. 275.
170. Erasmus Stella, “De Borussiae antiquitatibus,” in Simon Grynaeus’s Novus Orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum (Paris, 1532), p. 510; J. Lasicius (Lasiczki), “De diis Samagitarum caeterorumque Sarmatarum,” in Respublica sive Status regni Poloniae, Lituaniae, Prussiae, Livoniae, etc. (Leyden, 1627), pp. 299 sq.; M. C. Hartknoch, Alt und neues Preussen (Frankfort and Leipsic, 1684), p. 120. Lasiczki’s work has been reprinted by W. Mannhardt, in Magazin herausgegeben von der lettisch-lite-rärischen Gesellschaft, xiv. 82 sqq. (Mitau, 1868).
171. Mathias Michov, in Simon Grynaeus’s Novus Orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum (Paris, 1532), p. 457.
172. J. G. Kohl, Die deutsch-russischen Ostseeprovinzen (Dresden and Leipsic, 1841), ii. 277.
173. Capt. E. C. Luard, in Census of India, 1901, xix. (Lucknow, 1902) p. 76.
174. J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, 4th ed., i. 497; compare id. ii. 540, 541.
175. Max Buch, Die Wotjäken (Stuttgart, 1882), p. 124.
176. P. v. Stenin, “Ein neuer Beitrag zur Ethnographie der Tscheremissen,” Globus, lviii. (1890) p. 204.
177. J. G. Dalyell, Darker Superstitions of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1834), p. 400.
178. J. G. Dalyell, loc. cit.
179. J. Biddulph, Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh, p. 116.
180. H. R. Tate, “Further Notes on the Kikuyu Tribe of British East Africa,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxiv. (1904) p. 263; id. “The Native Law of the Southern Gikuyu of British East Africa,” Journal of the African Society, No. 35 (April 1910), pp. 242 sq.
181. On the representations of Silvanus, the Roman wood-god, see H. Jordan in L. Preller’s Römische Mythologie, 3rd Ed., i. 393 note; A. Baumeister, Denkmäler des classischen Altertums, iii. 1665 sq. A good representation of Silvanus bearing a pine branch is given in the Sale Catalogue of H. Hoffmann, Paris, 1888, pt. ii.
182. Aeneas Sylvius, Opera (Bâle, 1571), p. 418 [wrongly numbered 420]; compare Erasmus Stella, “De Borussiae antiquitatibus,” in Novus Orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum, p. 510.
183. E. T. Dalton, Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, p. 186.
184. J. G. Scott and J. P. Hardiman, Gazetteer of Upper Burmah and the Shan States, Part II. vol. iii. (Rangoon, 1901), pp. 63 sq.
185. E. Aymonier, in Cochinchine française: excursions et reconnaissances, No. 16 (Saigon, 1883), pp. 175 sq.
186. L. Decle, Three Years in Savage Africa (London, 1898), p. 489.
187. H. Schinz, Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika, pp. 295 sq.
188. See above, vol. i. pp. 248, 250, 309.
189. Above, vol. i. p. 284.
190. W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus (Berlin, 1875), pp. 158, 159, 170, 197, 214, 351, 514.
191. E. T. Dalton, Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, p. 188.
192. Villault, Relation des costes appellées Guinée (Paris, 1669), pp. 266 sq.; Labat, Voyage du chevalier des Marchais en Guinée, isles voisines, et à Cayenne (Paris, 1730), i. 338.
193. O. Baumann, Usambara und seine Nachbargebiete (Berlin, 1891), p. 142.
194. C. E. X. Rochet d’Hericourt, Voyage sur la côte orientale de la Mer Rouge dans le pays d’Adel et le royaume de Choa (Paris, 1841), pp. 166 sq.
195. L. Lloyd, Peasant Life in Sweden (London, 1870), p. 266.
196. W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, pp. 190 sqq.
197. W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte (Berlin, 1877), pp. 212 sqq.
198. H. Low, Sarawak, p. 274; id., in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxv. (1896) p. 111.
199. T. H. Lewin, Wild Races of South-Eastern India (London, 1870), p. 270.
200. J. Mackenzie, Ten Years North of the Orange River (Edinburgh, 1871), p. 385.
201. J. Campbell, Travels in South Africa, Second Journey (London, 1822), ii. 203.
202. Rev. J. Macdonald, MS. notes; compare id., Light in Africa, p. 210; id., in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xx. (1891) p. 140. The Nubas will not cut shoots of the nabac (a thorn-tree) during the rainy season (Missions Catholiques, xiv. (1882) p. 460). Among some of the hill-tribes of the Punjaub no one is allowed to cut grass or any green thing with an iron sickle till the festival of the ripening grain has been celebrated; otherwise the field-god would be angry and send frost to destroy or injure the harvest (D. C. J. Ibbetson, Outlines of Panjab Ethnography, p. 121).
203. “Ueber die Religion der heidnischen Tscheremissen im Gouvernement Kasan,” Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde, N. F. iii. (1857) p. 150.
204. J. Biddulph, Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh, pp. 103 sq.
205. J. Biddulph, op. cit. pp. 106 sq.
206. W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), ii. 102. See also Sir H. M. Elliot, Memoirs on the History, Folk-lore, and Distribution of the Races of the North-Western Provinces of India, edited by J. Beames, ii. 217, where, however, the object of the prayers is said to be the fruitfulness of the tree itself, not the fruitfulness of women, animals, and cattle.
207. W. Crooke, op. cit. ii. 106.
208. Th. J. Hutchinson, Impressions of Western Africa, p. 128.
209. W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 161; E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben, p. 397; A. Peter, Volksthümliches aus Österreichisch-Schlesien, ii. 286.
210. W. Camden, Britannia, ed. R. Gough (London, 1779), iii. 659. Camden’s authority is Good, a writer of the sixteenth century.
211. County Folk-lore: Suffolk, collected and edited by Lady Eveline Camilla Gurdon (London, 1893), p. 117.
212. Mr. E. F. Benson, in a letter to the author dated December 15, 1892.
213. Memoirs of Samuel Pepys, Esq., edited by Lord Braybrooke, Second Edition (London, 1828), ii. 209, under May 1st, 1667.
214. Lady Wilde, Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland (London, 1887), i. 196 sq. If an Irish housewife puts a ring of rowan-tree or quicken, as it is also called, on the handle of the churn-dash when she is churning, no witch can steal her butter (P. W. Joyce, Social History of Ancient Ireland (London, 1903), i. 236 sq.).
215. W. Camden, loc. cit.
216. W. Gregor, Folk-lore of the North-east of Scotland (London, 1881), p. 188.
217. J. G. Campbell, Witchcraft and Second Sight in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, p. 270, compare ib., pp. 7 sqq.
218. J. G. Campbell, op. cit. pp. 11 sq. In Germany also the rowan-tree is a charm against witchcraft (A. Wuttke, Der deutsche Volksaberglaube, 2nd Ed., p. 106, § 145).
219. Sir John Rhys, “The Coligny Calendar,” Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. iv. pp. 55 sq. of the offprint.
220. A. Kuhn, Herabkunft des Feuers 2nd Ed., (Gütersloh, 1886), pp. 178 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Germanische Mythen (Berlin, 1858), pp. 17 sq.
221. J. D. H. Temme, Die Volkssagen der Altmark (Berlin, 1839), p. 85; E. Sommer, Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche aus Sachsen und Thüringen (Halle, 1846), p. 149; A. Kuhn, Sagen, Gebräuche und Märchen aus Westfalen, ii. p. 154, § 432, p. 155, § 436; A. Schleicher, Volkstümliches aus Sonnenberg (Weimar, 1858), p. 139; A. Peter, Volksthümliches aus Österreichisch-Schlesien (Troppau, 1865-67), ii. 252; R. Eisel, Sagenbuch des Voigtlandes (Gera, 1871), p. 210; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 210; P. Drechsler, Sitte, Brauch und Volksglaube in Schlesien, i. (Leipsic, 1903) p. 109.
222. A. Kuhn, Herabkunft des Feuers, 2nd Ed., p. 166.
223. P. Drechsler, op. cit. i. 109 sq. Compare A. Peter, loc. cit.
224. W. Müller, Beiträge zur Volkskunde der Deutschen in Mähren (Vienna and Olmütz, 1893), p. 324.
225. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 210.
226. W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 174.
227. J. B. Holzmayer, “Osiliana,” Verhandlungen der gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat, vii. No. 2 (Dorpat, 1872), pp. 10 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, pp. 407 sq.
228. Potocki, Voyage dans les steps d’Astrakhan et du Caucase (Paris, 1829), i. 309.
229. W. Foy, in Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, x. (1907) p. 551. For details of the evidence see W. H. Goldie, M.D., “Maori Medical Lore,” Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, xxxvii. (1904) pp. 93-95.
230. W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, pp. 163 sqq. To his authorities add for France, A. Meyrac, Traditions, coutumes, légendes et contes des Ardennes, pp. 84 sqq.; L. F. Sauvé, Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges, pp. 131 sq.; Bérenger-Féraud, Superstitions et survivances, v. 309 sq.; Ch. Beauquier, Les Mois en Franche-Comté (Paris, 1900), pp. 69-72; F. Chapiseau, Le Folk-lore de la Beauce et du Perche (Paris, 1902), ii. 109-111; for Silesia, F. Tetzner, “Die Tschechen und Mährer in Schlesien,” Globus, lxxviii. (1900) p. 340; P. Drechsler, Sitte, Brauch und Volksglaube in Schlesien, i. 112 sq.; for Moravia, W. Müller, Beiträge zur Volkskunde der Deutschen in Mähren, p. 26; for Sardinia, R. Tennant, Sardinia and its Resources (Rome and London, 1885), pp. 185 sq. In Brunswick the custom is observed at Whitsuntide (R. Andree, Braunschweiger Volkskunde, p. 248).
231. Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern, i. 373.
232. F. S. Krauss, Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven, p. 35.
233. W. Radloff, Proben der Volkslitteratur der nördlichen Türkischen Stämme, v. 2 (St. Petersburg, 1885).
234. E. T. Dalton, Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, p. 194; a similar custom is practised among the Kurmis, ibid., p. 319. Among the Mundas the custom seems now to have fallen into disuse (H. H. Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary, ii. 102).