---

CONTENTS.

ENGLAND BEFORE THE CONQUEST.  449-1066.
		PAGE
	Departure of the Romans,	1
	Settlement of the various English tribes,	1
449	The Jutes,	1
477	The Saxons,	2
520	The Angles,	2
597	Conversion to Christianity,	3
	Struggle for supremacy among the Saxon kingdoms,	3
	Supremacy of Northumbria,	3
716-819 Supremacy of Mercia,		4
800	Ecgberht,	5
	Supremacy of the West Saxons,	5
	Period of Danish Invasion,	5
836	Æthelwulf,	6
858	Æthelbald,	6
860	Æthelberht,	6
866	Æthelred,	6
870	Danish Conquest of East Anglia,	7
871	Alfred,	7
	Appreciation of Alfred’s character,	8
	Continued superiority of Wessex,	10
901	Eadward the Elder,	10
925	Æthelstan,	11
940	Eadmund,	11
946	Eadred,	11
	Rise of Dunstan,	12
955	Edwy,	13
957	Eadgar,	13
	Dunstan’s government,	13
	Division of Northumbria,	14
975	Eadward the Martyr,	15
	Fall of Dunstan,	15
979	Æthelred the Unready,	15
	Third Period of Danish Invasion,	15
991	Battle of Maldon,	16
994	First Danegelt,	16
	Æthelred’s Marriage with Emma,	17
1002	Massacre of St. Brice,	17
	Pernicious influence of Eadric Streona,	17
1008	Thurkill’s invasion,	17
1013	Swegen’s Great Invasion,	18
	England submits to Swegen,	18
1014	Restoration of Æthelred,	18
1016	Edmund Ironside,	19
	Five great battles,	19
	Division of the Kingdom,	19
1017	Cnut King of all England,	19
	His patriotic government,	20
	Disputed succession,	21
	Importance of Earl Godwine,	21
1037	Harold,	21
1040	Harthacnut,	21
	Restoration of the English Line,	21
1042	Eadward the Confessor,	21
	Rivalry of Godwine and the French Party,	22
1051	Godwine banished,	22
1052	His return and death,	23
1053	Harold succeeds to his influence,	23
	He subdues Wales,	24
1066	Harold made King,	24
	Claims of his rivals, Tostig and William of Normandy,	24
	William’s preparations,	25
	Tostig’s invasion,	26
	William lands,	26
	Battle of Hastings or Senlac,	26
	Death of Harold,	27
	——————————
	State of Society at the Conquest.
	——————————

THE CONQUEST.
WILLIAM I. 1066-1087.
1066	Intended resistance of the English,	40
	Election of Eadgar,	41
	William marches to London,	41
	William is crowned,	41
	His position as King,	42
	Transfer of Property,	43
	The form of Law retained,	43
	Castles built,	43
	Appointment of Earls,	43
1067	William revisits Normandy,	44
	Misgovernment by his Viceroys,	44
	Consequent rebellion,	44
	Insurrections call him home,	44
1068	His position in the North and West,	45
1096	His devastations in Yorkshire,	47
1070	Complete subjugation of the North,	47
	William’s legislation,	48
	His reform of the Church,	48
	Appointment of foreign Bishops,	48
	Stigand deposed,	48
	Lanfranc Archbishop,	49
	His Legislation,	49
	He connects the Church with Rome,	49
	But William still Head of the Church,	49
1071	Final Struggle of the English under Hereward,	50
	Wales held in check by the Counts Palatine,	51
	Savage invasions from Scotland,	51
1072	Malcolm swears fealty,	52
1075	Troubles in Normandy,	52
1076	Conspiracy of Norman nobles suppressed,	52
	Waltheof executed,	53
	Quarrel between William and his Sons,	53
1079	Reconciliation at Gerberoi,	54
	Odo’s oppressive government,	54
1084	Cnut’s threatened invasion,	54
1085	The Domesday Book,	55
1087	William’s death and burial,	55

CONQUEST OF NORMANDY AND ORGANIZATION OF ENGLAND.
WILLIAM II. 1087-1100.
1087	William crowned by Lanfranc,	56
	Appeases the English,	56
	Checks Norman opposition,	57
1089	Lanfranc dies,	57
	Flambard succeeds him,	57
1090	William’s quarrels with his Brothers,	57
1091	War with Scotland,	58
1094	Continued War with Wales,	59
	Troubles in Normandy,	59
1095	Conspiracy of Mowbray,	59
1100	Size of his Dominions at his death,	60
	Causes of his inferiority to his Father,	60
1089	Disputes with the Church,	61
	Bishoprics left vacant,	61
1093	Anselm made Archbishop,	61
	William opposes his reforms,	62

HENRY I. 1100-1135.
1100	Henry secures the crown,	63
	Conciliates all classes,	63
	His policy,	64
	His opponents,	65
1101	Robert seeks the crown,	65
	Withdraws without bloodshed,	65
	Henry attacks his partisans,	65
1102	Defeat of Belesme and Norman Barons,	66
	Establishment of royal power,	66
	Belesme received in Normandy,	66
1105	Consequent invasion of the Duchy,	66
1106	Battle of Tenchebray, defeat of Robert,	66
1107	War with France,	67
	Louis supports William Clito,	67
	End of the War,	67
1113	Treaty of Gisors,	67
	Prince William acknowledged heir,	68
1115	Renewed War with France and Anjou,	68
1119	Battle of Brenneville,	68
	Complete prosperity,	68
1120	Death of Prince William, and its consequences,	68
1124	War with Anjou,	69
1128	Death of William Clito,	69
	Attempt to secure the succession to Matilda,	69
1135	Death of Henry,	70
	Wales held in check by colonies of Flemings,	70
	Constant insurrections,	70
	Henry’s Church policy,	70
1100	Anselm refuses fealty,	71
	He has to leave England,	71
1106	Unsupported by the Pope,	71
	Makes a compromise at Bec,	71
1102	Synod of Westminster,	71
	Frequent bad Church appointments,	72
	Henry corrects them when possible,	72
	Wretched condition of the People,	72
	Their chief complaints,	73
	Baronial tyranny,	73
	Heavy taxation,	73
	Henry cures what evils he can,	74
	His strict Police,	74
	Administrative machinery,	74
	Local Courts,	75
	Curia Regis,	75
	Its political effect,	76
	The National Assembly,	76

FEUDAL OUTBREAK.
STEPHEN. 1135-1154.
1135	Strange character of the Reign,	77
	Great power of the Church,	78
	Stephen’s Charter,	78
	Affairs in Wales,	78
	Early signs of disturbance,	79
1137	War with Scotland,	79
	Last national effort of the English,	79
1138	Battle of the Standard,	80
	Growth of Anarchy in England,	80
	Creation of Earldoms and castles,	80
	Robert of Gloucester renounces his fealty,	81
	Stephen’s mercenaries,	81
	Jealousy between the old and new Administrations,	81
	Stephen’s quarrel with the Church,	82
1139	Consequent arrival of Matilda,	82
	Civil War,	82
	Continued quarrel with the Church,	82
1141	Robert of Gloucester, to bring matters to a crisis, fights the Battle of Lincoln,	83
	Matilda seeks help from the Church and becomes Queen,	83
	Importance of the Londoners,	83
	Matilda offends both Church and Londoners,	84
	Consequent revolution of affairs,	84
1142	Gloucester taken prisoner and exchanged for Stephen,	84
1146	Renewal of the old anarchy,	84
1147	Appearance of Prince Henry,	84
1148	Death of Robert of Gloucester,	85
1152	Henry’s marriage and increased power,	85
	The Church sides with him,	85
1153	Meeting of the armies at Wallingford,	85
	The Church mediates a Compromise,	86
1154	Death of Stephen,	86
	Quotations from Chroniclers showing the miseries of the Reign,	86

RECONSTITUTION OF THE MONARCHY—FORMATION OF THE NATION.
HENRY II. 1154-1189.
1154	Main Objects of Henry’s Reign,	89
	He restores order in the State,	90
	Friendship with Adrian IV.,	90
1157	Master of England, Henry attacks Wales,	91
	Rise of Thomas à Becket,	92
1158	He is employed in foreign negotiations,	92
1159	Nevertheless there is war with France,	92
	Interesting points in it,	92
	The Scotch King serves Henry,	93
	Introduction of Scutage,	93
	Having reduced the State to order, Henry turns to the Church,	93
	General friendship of England and France with the Pope,	94
1161	Election of Becket to Archbishopric,	95
	He upholds the Encroachments of the Church,	95
1164	Quarrel with Becket, and Constitutions of Clarendon,	95
	Becket refuses them,	96
	Lukewarmness of Alexander III.,	96
	The quarrel takes a legal form,	97
	Comes before the Council,	97
	Henry presses him with charges,	97
	Becket leaves the Court before judgment is given,	98
1165	He is received by the Pope,	98
	But Henry refuses to oppose Alexander,	99
1166	Meanwhile he attacks Wales, and secures Brittany,	99
	Becket excommunicates his enemies,	99
1167	The Pope temporizes,	99
	Critical position of Henry,	100
1170	Coronation of young Henry,	100
	Finding this step unpopular,	101
	Henry submits,	101
	Becket ventures to return to England,	101
	Becket’s death,	101
	Henry retires to the Invasion of Ireland,	102
	Condition of Ireland,	102
1169	Invasion by Strongbow,	102
1171	Henry himself invades Ireland,	102
	Irish Church adopts Romish discipline,	102
	Henry’s reconciliation with Rome,	103
1174	Great Insurrection,	103
	Crisis of the danger,	104
	Henry’s penance at Canterbury,	104
	Capture of the Scotch King at Alnwick,	104
	Henry’s complete success,	105
	Small diminution of Henry’s power, either temporal or ecclesiastical,	105
	Henry’s Judicial and Constitutional changes,	106
	The Curia Regis,	106
	Itinerant Justices,	106
	Origin of the Jury,	108
	Assize of Arms, Scutage,	109
	Closing troubles with his Sons and with France,	109
	The causes of these troubles,	109
1183	First War, against Young Henry,	110
1184	Second War, against Richard,	111
1187	Third War,	111
1188	Saladin Tax,	111
1189	Last War, with Richard and Philip,	112
	Henry’s ill success,	112
	Disastrous Peace and Death,	112
	Importance of the Reign,	113