RICHARD I. 1189-1199.
1189Persecution of the Jews,115
All Offices put up for sale,116
1190Richard starts for the Crusade,110
Leaving England to Longchamp,116
Richard quarrels with Philip in Sicily,117
1191He conquers Cyprus,118
Miserable condition of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,119
1187Jerusalem taken by Saladin,119
1189 Acre besieged,119
1191Arrival of the Crusaders,119
Richard saves Acre,120
Philip goes home,120
Richard quarrels with Austria,120
1192Truce with Saladin,121
1191John’s Behaviour in England,121
Return of Philip,122
Need of Richard’s return,122
1192His imprisonment in Germany,122
John and Philip combine against him,122
England ransoms him,123
1194Richard’s return, John’s defeat,123
War with France,123
1199Richard’s death at Chaluz,124
Development of the Administrative System,124
STRUGGLE BETWEEN THE CROWN AND THE NATION.
JOHN. 1199-1216.
1199John secures the crown,126
His strong position,127
1200His danger from France,127
Peace with Philip, and marriage treaty,127
Marriage with Isabella de la Marche,128
1201Homage of Scotland,128
Outbreak in Poitou,128
1202John’s French Provinces forfeited,128
1203Death of Arthur,129
1205Loss of Normandy,129
1206Peace with Philip,129
1205Election of the Archbishop of Canterbury,130
Stephen Langton,131
1207Consecration at Viterbo, and John’s violence,131
1208Interdict and flight of Bishops,131
1209Excommunication,131
1210Attack on Scotland, Ireland and Wales,132
Disaffection of the Northern Barons,133
The King’s rapacity,133
1211European crisis,133
League with Northern Princes,133
1213John’s deposition,133
Surrender of the Crown to the Pope,134
John’s improved position,134
1214Renewed difficulties with Stephen Langton,135
1215John hopes to secure his position by victory in France,135
1214Battle of Bouvines,136
1215Insurrection in England on his return,136
Meeting at Brackley,136
Capture of London,137
Runnymede,137
Political position of England,137
Terms of Magna Charta,138
John attempts to break loose from it,139
1216Louis is summoned,139
John’s death,140
HENRY III. 1216-1272.
1216Henry’s authority gradually established,141
Difficulties at his accession,142
Pembroke’s measures of conciliation,142
1217Fair of Lincoln,112
Louis leaves England,142
Renewal of the Charter,142
1218Papal attempt to govern by Legates,143
Pandulf’s government,143
1221His fall,143
Triumph of national party under Hubert de Burgh,143
Parties in England,144
1223Opposition Barons at Leicester,144
Resumption of royal castles,145
1224Destruction of Faukes de Breauté,145
Danger from France,145
1223Death of Philip,145
1226Death of Louis VIII.,145
English neglect this opportunity,146
Poitou remains French,146
1227Hubert’s continued power,146
Langton supports his policy,146
Change of Popes—increased exactions,147
1228Death of Langton,147
Quarrel of Henry and De Burgh,147
1229Henry’s false foreign policy,147
1231Return of Des Roches,148
1232Twenge’s riots,148
Fall of De Burgh,148
1233Revolution under Des Roches,149
Earl of Pembroke upholds De Burgh,149
1234Edmund of Canterbury causes Des Roches’ fall,150
1235Henry becomes his own minister,151
1236Henry’s marriage,151
1237Influence of the Queen’s uncles,151
1238Formation of a national party under Simon de Montfort,152
Revival in the Church,152
Grostête,153
1243Loss of Poitou,153
Prince Richard joins the foreign party,154
1244Exactions in Church and State,154
1247Inroad of Poitevin favourites,155
1248Discontent of the Barons,155
Continued misgovernment,155
1249Tallages on the cities,155
1250Diversion of the Crusade,156
De Montfort’s government of Gascony,156
His quarrel with the King,156
1253By his aid Gascony is saved,156
The King’s money difficulties,157
1254The Pope offers Edmund the Kingdom of Sicily,157
Henry accepts it on ruinous terms,157
1256Consequent exactions,158
1257Terrible famine,158
Parliament at length roused to resistance,158
Parliament at Westminster,158
1258The “Mad Parliament,”159
Provisions of Oxford,159
Opposition to the surrender of Castles,160
Exile of aliens,160
Proclamation of the Provisions,160
Government of the Barons,160
1259Final treaty with France,161
Henry thinks of breaking the Provisions,161
1261The Pope’s absolution arrives,161
Quarrel between De Clare and De Montfort,161
1262Return of De Montfort,162
1263Outbreak of hostilities,162
1264The Award of Amiens fails,163
War—Battle of Lewes,163
The Mise of Lewes,163
Appointment of revolutionary government,163
The exiles assemble at Damme,164
De Montfort desires final settlement,164
Royalist movements on the Welsh Marches,164
1265Parliament assembles,165
Conditions of Prince Edward’s liberation,165
De Clare forsakes the Barons,166
He joins the Marchers,166
Escape of Edward,166
Leicester opposes Edward in Wales,166
Defeat at Kenilworth,166
Battle of Evesham,167
1266Dictum of Kenilworth,168
1267De Clare compels more moderate government,168
Constitutional end of the reign,168
Views of the people on the war,168
SETTLEMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION.
EDWARD I. 1272-1307.
1272Edward’s accession and character,171
The first English King,172
His political views,173
His legal mind,173
His success,173
His enforced concessions,174
1275His first Parliament,174
Statute of Westminster,174
Establishment of Customs,174
1278Edward’s restorative measures,174
New coinage,175
1279Statute of Mortmain,175
Affairs in Wales,175
1275Llewellyn’s suspicious conduct,175
1277War breaks out,176
Llewellyn submits, and is mercifully treated,176
1282Second rising in Wales,176
Death of Llewellyn,176
1288Execution of David,176
1284Statute of Wales,177
Annexation of Wales,177
1282Foreign affairs call Edward abroad,177
1284The Sicilian Vespers,177
1286Edward acts as mediator between France and Aragon,178
1288 His award is repudiated,178
1289Disturbances in England during his absence,178
He returns, punishes corrupt judges, banishes the Jews,179
Second period of the reign,179
Relations with Scotland,180
1290Extinction of the Scotch royal family,181
Proposed marriage of the Maid and Prince Edward,181
Invitation to Edward to settle the Succession,182
Death of the Maid,182
1291Meeting at Norham,182
Edward’s supremacy allowed,182
The claimants to the Scotch throne,182
1292Edward gives a just verdict,183
Balliol accepts the throne as a vassal,183
1293Scotland appeals therefore to the English Courts,183
The appeals not pressed to extremities,184
Quarrel with France,184
Edward is outwitted, Gascony occupied,184
Balliol in alliance with France,184
1295First True Parliament,183
1296Edward marches into Scotland,185
Defeat of the Scotch at Dunbar,185
Submission of Balliol and Scotland,186
Constitutional opposition of Clergy and Barons,186
1296Refusal of the Clergy to grant subsidies,186
1297The Clergy outlawed,187
The Barons refuse to assist Edward,187
Compromise with the Clergy,187
Edward secures an illegal grant,187
The Earls demand the confirmation of the Charters,188
They are granted with reservations,188
Scotch insurrection under Wallace,189
1299English Treaty with France,189
Edward invades Scotland,190
Defeats Wallace at Falkirk,190
Comyn’s Regency,190
1301Parliament of Lincoln,190
The Pope’s claims rejected,191
1303Third invasion and conquest of Scotland,191
1306Bruce murders Comyn and rebels,192
Preparations for a fourth invasion,192
1307Edward’s death near Carlisle,192
Constitutional importance of the reign,193

RENEWAL OF THE STRUGGLE OF THE NATION AGAINST THE CROWN.
EDWARD II. 1307-1327.
1307Edward’s friendship for Gaveston,198
1308The Barons demand his dismissal,198
1309Gaveston’s return,199
General discontent,199
Statute of Stamford,200
1310Appointment of the Lords Ordainers,200
1311Useless assault on Scotland,200
The Ordinances published,201
Policy of the Opposition,201
Gaveston banished,201
1312He reappears with the King,202
He is beheaded at Warwick,202
1314Renewal of the War with Scotland,203
Battle of Bannockburn,203
Edward refuses to treat,204
Consequent disasters,204
1315Wars in Wales and Ireland,204
Bruce’s invasion of Ireland,204
1316He is crowned King,205
1318He is killed at Dundalk,205
1316Distress in England,205
Lancaster temporary Minister,205
Power of the Despensers,205
1318Temporary reconciliation,206
1320Truce with Scotland,206
The Welsh Marchers quarrel with the Despensers,206
Edward supports his favourites,206
1321Hereford and Lancaster combine,206
The Despensers are banished,206
An insult to the Queen rouses the King to energy,207
Edward recalls the Despensers,207
1322Pacifies the Marches,207
Attacks Lancaster,207
Battle of Boroughbridge,207
Lancaster worshipped as a Saint,207
Triumph of the Despensers,208
Renewal of war with Scotland,208
1323Peace for thirteen years with Scotland,208
Dangers surrounding the King,208
1324Difficulties with France,209
1325 The Queen and Prince in France,209
1326She lands in England,210
Her party gathers strength,210
The King is taken,210
1327The Prince of Wales made King,210
Murder of Edward,211