Seals Pinnipedia
Sea elephant Macrorhinus leoninus
Sea-leopard Stenorhynchus leptonyax
Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddelli
Crab-eater seal Lobodon carcinophagus
Ross seal Ommatophoca rossi
Whales and Dolphins Cetacea
Rorqual, finner, or blue whale Balaenoptera sibbaldi
Killer whale Orca gladiator
APPENDIX V
Medical Reports
Western Base (Queen Mary Land)
by S. E. Jones, M.B., CH.M.
There was a very marked absence of serious illness during the whole
period of our stay at the Base. After the 'Aurora' left Adelie Land
on January 19, 1912, for her western cruise, an epidemic of influenza
broke out. It should be noted that one case occurred on the voyage
south from Hobart, and then an interval of almost a month occurred
before the infection spread. An interesting feature of the outbreak
was the fact that the recovery of those who were convalescing, when
we arrived at Queen Mary Land, was much more rapid than was the case
with those whose convalescence occurred on the Ship.
By the careful use of snow-goggles during the summer, snow-blindness
was practically prevented, and such cases as occurred yielded quickly
when zinc and cocaine tablets were used and the eyes obtained rest.
An undoubted factor in the causation of snow-blindness is the strain
caused by the continual efforts at visual accommodation made
necessary on dull days when the sun is obscured, and there is a
complete absence of all light-and-shade contrast.
Although frostbites were frequent during the winter months, immediate
attention to the restoration of circulation prevented the occurrence
of after-effects, so that no one suffered the loss of any more tissue
than the superficial epithelium. The nose, ears, fingers and toes
were the parts which suffered first.
Our supplies of food were excellent in point of view of variety. Some
tinned onions were responsible for several mild attacks of poisoning,
but these were not used after our first experience. There was no sign
of scurvy in any form.
Hoadley, on one occasion, had an unpleasant experience. He was alone
in the hut sleeping one night when he awoke to find the room filled
with smoke. On going outside he found that the chimney had become
blocked with snow; as the fire was banked, the hut was filled with the
gases from the imperfect combustion of the coal. It was three or four
days before Hoadley recovered from his experience, having marked
symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
On my return from the Western Depot journey I found that Wild was
suffering from an attack of herpes zoster. The illness came on while
he was out sledging, and he suffered severely from the pain and
irritation.
Beyond a few cases of minor illness, and one or two accidents, there
was nothing of serious moment to report.
Main Base (Adelie Land)
by A. L. McLean, M.B., CH.M., B.A.
Throughout the whole period of the Expedition—from December 2, 1911,
to February 26, 1914—the health of the expedition was remarkably
good. Undoubtedly Antarctica has a salubrious climate, and it is
simply because one returns in a measure to the primitive that such an
ideal result is obtained.
The first thing to resist is the cold, and additional clothing is the
first and adequate means to such an end. No one needs to be specially
inured to a rigorous climate. If he has a normal circulation he
immediately reacts to a new set of temperature conditions, and in a
few weeks may claim to be acclimatized. Most of the members of the
expedition were Australians, so that the change of latitudes was
rather abrupt but none the less stimulating and healthful.
Appetite for food had suddenly a new piquancy, hard manual work was
a pleasure in a novel and wonderful environment, the intellect and
imagination were quickened and the whole man embodied the mens sana
in corpore sano. That is why illness was practically unknown for more
than two years; and, further, it may be said with partial truth that
in the high sense of physical and mental fitness he possessed for a
time, lies the explanation of the proverbial desire of an explorer
to return to the ice-lands.
Regular monthly examinations of the blood were made from the date of
leaving Hobart in December 1911 until October 1912, with an interval
of about nine weeks between the first and second examinations. The
haemoglobin or red colouring-matter went up with a leap and then very
steadily increased in amount during the winter months in Adelie Land.
The blood pressure became slightly more marked, the weight increased,
but as one might have expected, the resistance to ordinary civilized
germs was decreased. With regard to weight, the maximum amount gained
by a single individual during a period of eight weeks was almost two
stones, and every one became heavier by as much as ten pounds. As
clinical evidence of the loss in immunity may be quoted the epidemic
of influenza to which Dr. S. E. Jones referred. As well, it was noted
that several members had attacks of "boils" during the voyage
southward; in Adelie Land during 1912 there were two instances of acute
abscesses on the fingers (whitlows) and one jaw abscess. It appears as
if, with its new and unbounded energy of function, the body attempts to
throw oft its waste products. Then, too, experimental observations of
opsonic index pointed towards the lowering of resistance, and, by the
way, it was rather a remarkable fact that after a few months in Adelie
Land, staphylococcus pyogenes aureus—a common germ in civilization-
could not be cultivated artificially from the throat, nose or skin, of
six individuals from whom monthly bacteriological cultures were made.
Within the Hut, at a temperature which ranged from 40 degrees to
45 degrees F., the number of micro-organisms continuously increased,
if the exposure of agar plates at regular intervals (by night) gave
a true indication. The organisms were staphylocci albi, bacilli, yeasts,
and moulds; the latter overgrowing the plate after it had been for forty
eight hours in the incubator.
Frostbites were common, but, perhaps for that reason, were not regarded
seriously. No one suffered permanent harm from being frost-bitten,
though in several cases rather extensive blisters formed and nails and
skin were lost.
Whilst the Hut was being built, minor casualties often occurred; the
common remedy being to cover the injured part with a small piece of
gauze surrounded by adhesive tape; for open wounds will not heal
when exposed to the cold. The Greenland dogs had small accidents and
ailments which often required treatment.
On sledging journeys snow-blindness was an affection which sooner or
later caught every one in an unguarded moment. That moment was when
he ceased to use goggles if the light were at all trying to his eyes.
Prevention came first, and then the "zinc and cocaine" cure.
Adelie Land can only be regarded as an intolerable country in which
to live, owing to the never-ceasing winds. Usage and necessity
helped one to regard the weather in the best possible light; for the
sake of a few hours of calm which might be expected to occasionally
intervene between the long spells of the blizzards. It is, therefore,
with regret and some diffldence that I speak of the illness of Mr. S.
N. Jeffryes, who took up so conscientiously the duties of wireless
operator during the second year (1913); but upon whom the monotony
of a troglodytic winter life made itself felt. It is my hope that he
is fast recovering his former vigour and enthusiasm.**
So many miles of sledging were done at both Antarctic Bases in a
climate which is surely without a parallel in the history of polar
travelling, the Ship was so often in jeopardy during her three main
cruises to the South, that we feel the meagre comment should be made
on our providential return to civilization with the loss of two
comrades whose memory will ever be imperishable to each one of us.
** With the advent of summer, Jeffryes became normal, but unfortunately
suffered a temporary relapse upon his return to Australia.—D. M.
APPENDIX VI
Finance
A General reference was made to the finances of the expedition in the
Introduction. Here is an extended statement which, more fully amplified
with a detailed list of donations, will be again published when
additional funds have been raised to pay off the debit balance and
establish equilibrium.
GRANTS AND DONATIONS
AUSTRALIA, January 1911: L
Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, L1000;
R. Barr Smith (South Australia), L100; Hugh Denison (Sydney),
L1000; Samuel Hordern (Sydney), L1000 (subsequently increased
to L2500)........................... 4,000
LONDON, June 1911:
S. Hordern (Sydney), L1500 (second donation); Roderick Murchison
(Melbourne), L1000; W. A. Horn (South Australia), L1000;
Lord Strathcona, L1000; Eugene Sandow, L1050; Imperial Government,
L2000; Royal Geographical Society, L500; Lionel Robinson (Sydney),
L250; C. D. Mackellar, L150; G. P. Doolette, L150; G. Buckley,
L150; Lord Denman, L100; Madame Melba (Melbourne), L100;
S. Y. Buchanan, L100 (later increased to L200); Daily Mail,L100;
Messrs. Bullivants L100, &c., aggregating an additional L593.. 9,843
AUSTRALIA, October 1911:
Sydney: Government grant, L7000; collected by L.
Professor David, L50; 'Sydney Morning Herald',
L100; Professor David's own donation and
lecture proceeds, L100............... 7,250
Melbourne: Government grant, L6000; collected by
Professor Masson, L70............... 6,070
Adelaide: Government grant, L5000; collected by
Mr. Piper, L250 (including Angus L100, Simpson L85,
Scarfe L50).................... 5,250
Hobart: Government grant, L500; collected, L55... 555
Commonwealth grant 5,000
________
24,125
Carried forward...... 37,968
LONDON, 1913: Brought forward...... 37,969
Sir Lucas Tooth, L1000 (Sydney); Imperial Treasury, L1000;
Royal Geographical Society, L100; S. Y. Buchanan, L100;
Lady Scott, L100; Commander Evans, L100; other members of
Scott Expedition and general subscriptions, L227....... 2,627
Australia, 1913:
Commonwealth grant, L5000; collected by Professor David
(approximately), L50...................... 5,050
Australia, 1914:
Collected by Professor Masson (approximately), L80;
G. J. R. Murray (Adelaide), L100; Sir Samuel Way, L50..... 230
Collected in London, 1914.................... 10
Total moneys donated L45,885
Assets realized and added to the fund:
Sale of photos and newspaper articles, L490; sale
of ship and materials, L3699; lectures, films, &c., L726..... 4,915
Bills Owing ...... 5,932 5,932
Assets to be realized:
L
In hand.................. 560
Owing .................. 340
Anticipated sale of gear......... 570
——
1,470
Debit balance............. 4,462
Total cost ** of Expedition........... 56,732
There is therefore a deficit of L4462 to be made up by the royalty
on the sale of the book, lectures, donations, &c., and the cost of
the publication of the scientific results, which will be approximately
L8000, has yet to be defrayed.
** An estimate of the cost of the expedition should also take
account of donations in kind, which, as can be gathered, were numerous.
Facilities offered by harbour boards and valuable assistance extended
in the matter of docking and repairing the 'Aurora', particularly in
the case of the State of Victoria, and to a less extent in New South
Wales.
Then there were valuable contributions of coal, particularly by Mr.
J. Brown of Newcastle (N.S.W.), Mr. H. D. Murphy (Melbourne),
and the Lithgow Collieries Company.
APPENDIX VII
Equipment
Clothing
With regard to the clothing, the main bulk was of woollen material
as supplied by Jaeger of London. This firm is unexcelled in the
production of camel's-hair garments and has supplied most polar
expeditions of recent years with underclothing, gloves, caps, and
the like. From the same firm we also secured heavy ski-boots,
finnesko-crampons, and the blankets which were used at Winter Quarters
at both Antarctic Bases. Some of the Jaeger woollens were damaged
by sea water on the voyage from London to Australia and were replaced
by Eagley goods; an Australian brand, which proved very satisfactory.
The Ship's Party were outfitted with Kaipoi woollens (New Zealand).
Outer garments were made up to our design from Jaeger fleece by
tailors in Hobart. The suit consisted of a single garment, to be worn
with combination underclothing, and was calculated to meet the
requirements of a severe climate.
An over-suit of wind-proof material, which may be worn when required,
is a necessary adjunct to woollen clothing. Such a suit should have
the additional properties of being light, strong, not readily
absorbing moisture, and not affected by the cold. Burberry
gabardine was found to possess all these properties, and two complete
suits were made up for each man. One suit consisted of three pieces,
whilst the other was made of two; the blouse-jacket and helmet of the
latter being combined.
Furs, which were obtained from Norway, were restricted to sleeping
bags, finnesko or fur-boots, and wolfskin mitts (Lapland).
The outfit of clothing for the party at Macquarie Island and on the
Ship, respectively, differed from that used in the Antarctic. Warmer
temperatures and wet conditions had to be taken into account, and so
rubber boots, oilskins, and rubberized materials were provided as
outer coverings.
Food
The food-stuffs were selected with at least as much consideration as
was given to any of the other requisites. The successful work of an
expedition depends on the health of the men who form its members, and
good and suitable food reduces to a minimum the danger of scurvy; a
scourge which has marred many polar enterprises. Thus our
provisioning was arranged with care and as a result of my previous
experience in the Antarctic with Sir Ernest Shackleton's Expedition.
A summary which may be of possible use to future expeditions is
appended below:
In the matter of canned meats we had some six tons of the excellent
Australian article supplied by the Sydney Meat Preserving Company,
Ramornie Meat Company (N.S.W.), Baynes Brothers (Brisbane), and the
Border (rabbit) Preserving Company of South Australia. For use on
the Ship three tons of salt beef and pork served to replenish the
"harness cask," largely obtained in Melbourne from Cook and Sons.
For a ton of sauces and pickles we were indebted to Brand and Company
(London) and to Mason and Company (London).
Of course fresh meat was consumed as far as possible; a number of
live sheep being taken by the 'Aurora' on each cruise. Some of these
were killed and dressed after reaching 60 degrees south latitude and
supplied our two Antarctic Bases with the luxury of fresh mutton
about once a week throughout a year.
One ton of preserved suet came from the firms of Hugon (Manchester)
and Conrad (Adelaide).
Almost all our bacon and ham, amounting to well over one ton, was of
the Pineapple Brand (Sydney), and to the firm which supplied them we
are indebted alike for the quality of its goods and for its generosity.
Soups in endless variety, totalling two tons, came chiefly from the
Flemington Meat Preserving Company (Melbourne).
Fours tons of canned fish were supplied by C. & E. Morton (London).
Variety in vegetables was considered important. We decided to reduce
the amount of dried vegetables in favour of canned vegetables. About
six and a half tons of the latter in addition to one ton of canned
potatoes were consumed; from Laver Brothers (Melbourne) and Heinz
(Pittsburgh). There were one and a half tons of dried vegetables.
In addition, large quantities of fresh potatoes and other vegetables
were regularly carried by the 'Aurora', and many bags of new and old
potatoes were landed at the Main Base. In the frozen condition, the
former kept satisfactorily, though they were somewhat sodden when
thawed. The old potatoes, on the other hand, became black and useless,
partly owing to the comparatively high temperature of the ship's hold,
and in part to the warmth of the sun during the first few weeks in
Adelie Land.
Canned fruits, to the extent of five tons, were supplied by Jones
Brothers (Hobart) and Laver Brothers (Melbourne). This stock was eked
out by some two and a half tons of dried fruits, chiefly from South
Australia.
The management of Hartley (London) presented us with two tons of jam,
and James Keiller and Son (London) with one ton of marmalade.
Of the twelve tons of sugar and half a ton of syrup consumed, all were
generously donated by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (Sydney).
For milk we were provided with two tons of Glaxo (a dry powder) which
was used at the land bases, and a ton and a half of Nestle's condensed
variety for use on the ship.
Three tons of cereal meals, largely from Parsons (Sydney), were
consumed.
As one might have expected, the amount of flour used was enormous.
In the thirteen tons of this commodity from Colman (London) there were
three varieties, self-rising, plain, and wheatmeal flour, encased in
stout metal linings within strong, well-finished cases of a convenient
size. Until required, the cases of flour were used to solidify the
break-wind on the southern side of the Hut.
Bird and Company (Birmingham) more than satisfied our needs in the
matter of baking powder, custard powder, jelly crystals, and the
like.
There was over half a ton of fancy biscuits of excellent quality and
great variety, for which we were indebted to Jacob and Company
(Dublin), Arnott Brothers (Sydney), and Patria Biscuit Fabriek
(Amsterdam). "Hardtack," the name by which a plain wholemeal
biscuit of good quality, made by Swallow and Ariell (Melbourne) was
known, constituted the greater part of the remaining two and a half
tons of ordinary biscuits. "Hardtack" was much appreciated as a
change from the usual "staff of life"—soda bread.
For sledging we had secured one ton of biscuits specially prepared
by the Plasmon Company (London) containing 30 per cent. of plasmon.
These, together with one ton of pemmican and half a ton of emergency
ration prepared by the Bovril Company (London), are specially referred
to in the chapter on sledging equipment.
Butter was an important item; the large stock of two and a half tons
coming from the Colac Dairying Company (Melbourne). The butter was
taken fresh in fifty-six lb. blocks, packed in the usual export
cases. On the 'Aurora' it was carried as deck-cargo, and at the Main
Base was stacked in the open air on the southern side of the Hut. At
the end of the second year (1913) it was still quite good; a fact
which speaks well for the climate as a refrigerator. Of Australian
cheese we used half a ton, and this was supplied in forty-pound
blocks.
The firm of Messrs. Cadbury, well known for their cocoa and eating
chocolate, supplied us with these commodities, and receive our
unqualified praise for the standard of the articles and the way in
which they were packed. The total consumption was one ton of cocoa
and half a ton of chocolate.
The three-quarters of a ton of tea was donated by "Te Sol"
(Guernsey) and Griffiths Brothers (Melbourne). In both cases the
articles were well packed and much appreciated. Half a ton of coffee
was used, partly supplied from London and partly donated by
Griffiths Brothers.
Rose's (London) lime juice, as an antiscorbutic, was mainly reserved
for consumption on the Ship. This lime juice was much in favour as a
beverage.
Other supplies, taken in bulk, and for which we are indebted to the
manufacturers, are: one ton of Cerebos Salt, half a ton of Castle
salt, one ton of Sunlight Soap, our complete requirements in toilet
soap from Pears, candles from Price, matches from Bryant and May
including special sledging vestas, and dried milk from the Trufood
Company.
Sweets, which were used for dessert and on special occasions, were
presented by the firms of Fuller and Batger of London, and by Farrah
of Harrogate, &c. There were also small quantities of aerated waters,
ales, wines, and whisky for each Base.** At the Main Base, at least,
there was no demand for whisky until penguin omelettes became
fashionable.
** * Donated by Schweppes, Kopke, Burgoyne, and others.
The smokers were well provided for by a generous donation of Capstan
tobaccos, cigarettes and cigars from the British American Tobacco
Company in London. At a later date, when our Macquarie Island party
was formed, the Sydney branch of the same firm met our added needs
with the same generosity.
There are many other items which have not yet found a place in this
summary which cannot be acknowledged severally, but for which we are
none the less grateful. Mention is made of the following: Horlick's
Malted Milk, Neave's Health Diet, Brown and Polson's Cornflour,
International Plasmon Company's Plasmon chocolate and Plasmon powder,
Bovril and lime juice nodules manufactured by Bovril Limited,
Colman's Mustard and Groats, Flemington Meat Company's desiccated
soups, Seager's meats, Nestle's nut-milk chocolate, Escoffier's soups,
&c.
The cooking range which served us well for two years in the Hut at
Adelie Land was from J. Smith and Wellstood (London); others were
presented by Metters (Adelaide).
The total supply of foods purchased and donated aggregated quite one
hundred tons, exclusive of packing. Much of this was assembled in
London. In Australia the Government Produce Department of Adelaide
rendered valuable assistance.
TABLE OF FOOD-SUPPLIES FOR A TWELVE-MAN BASE
The following are the food requirements for a party of twelve men
wintering in the Antarctic. It is our own store list, with slight
modifications where these are found desirable. The figures are based
on the supposition that unlimited quantities of seal and penguin meat
can be had on the spot, and, furthermore, are ample for a second
year's requirements should the party be unavoidably detained. The
fare during the second year might be somewhat less varied, but would
otherwise be sufficient. Health was, of course, the first
consideration in this selection, but economy was also studied. The
quantities are stated in pounds weight.
lbs.
Meats, tinned—Corned beef, 216; roast beef, 72; roast mutton, 72;
boiled mutton, 72; Irish stew, 216; assorted meats, 168, including
mutton cutlets, haricot mutton, ox tail, ox tongue, sausages, and
brawn; sheep's tongues, 288; special meats, 192, including rabbit,
hare, duck, fowl, and turkey................... 1296
Live sheep—16 sheep to be dressed south of 60 degrees S. latitude
(weight not included)
Suet, tinned—400......................... 400
Bacon and Ham—Bacon in sides, packed in salt, 250; ham, 250... 500
Fish, tinned—Salmon, 360; haddocks, 96; kippered herrings, 216;
herrings in tomato sauce, 72; fresh herrings, 72; sardines, 300;
cods' roe, curried prawns, &c., 72.............., 1188
Soups, assorted tinned, 1152.................. 1152
Vegetables, fresh, in wooden cases—new potatoes, 1200; onions,
3601560
Tinned—potatoes, 864; onions, 216; peas, 450;
French beans, 450; spinach, 360; cabbage, 144; beetroot, 288;
carrots, 288; parsnips, 144; turnips, 108; celery, 144;
leeks, 72; champignons, 144; Boston baked beans, 144;
tomatoes, 288..................... 3240
Cereals and Dried Vegetables, &c.—Split peas, 112; lentils, 56;
marrowfat peas, 56; haricot beans, 56; barley, 72; rice, 252;
tapioca, 144; semolina, 56; macaroni, 56; rolled oats, 648;
cornflour, 156........................ 1664
Flour, including plain, wholemeal, and self-rising...... 4480
Biscuits, &c.—Plasmon wholemeal, 1344; plain wholemeal, 560;
assorted sweet, 560; cake tinned, 224; plum pudding, 224.... 1712
Fruit, tinned in syrup—peaches, 288; pears, 288; plums, 288;
apricots, 288; pineapples, 288; apples, 288; gooseberries, 216;
cherries, 216; mulberries, 48; strawberries, 48; red currants, 48;
black currants, 48; raspberries, 48............... 2400
Dried fruits—Prunes, 112; apples, 112; peaches, 56; nectarines, 56;
apricots, 56; raisins seeded, 224; currants, 112; figs, 224;
dates, 112; candied peel, 56.................. 1120
Sweets, &c.—Eating chocolate (chiefly for sledging) 504; assorted
sweets, 168; crystallized fruits, 56; assorted nuts, 84..... 812
Milk—as dried powder, 2400................... 2400
Butter—in 56 lb. export cases, 1456.............. 1456
Cheese—in original blocks or tins, 240............. 240
Cocoa, Tea, and Coffee—Cocoa, 576; tea, 288; coffee, 288.... 1152
Sugar, Jam, &c.—Sugar, 3584; jam, 1456; marmalade, 448;
honey, 576; syrup, 288..................... 6352
Sauces, Pickles, &c.—Tomato sauce, 180; Worcester sauce, 135;
sweet pickles, 162; mango chutney, 81; assorted pickles
(first quality) 216; vinegar, 210............... 984
Cooking requisites—Baking powder (in addition to that in
selfrising flour) 56; sodium bicarbonate, 1; ground mixed spice, 3;
ground ginger, 4; whole cloves, 1; nutmegs, 2; assorted essences, 10;
desiccated cocoanut, 12; mixed dried herbs, 2; dried mint, 6; dried
parsley, 1; onion powder, 9; curry powder, 30; mustard, 30; black
pepper, 12; white pepper, 12; table salt, 784.......... 975
Soap, &c.—Soap, 448; soda, 168................. 616
(16 tons approx.) 35,699
Note. These weights are exclusive of packing. When high southern
latitudes can be reached within three weeks, fresh eggs may be taken
with advantage, preferably unfertilized, but care should be taken to
freeze them as soon as possible, and not to allow them to thaw again
until required for use. It is advisable to take small quantities
of whisky, ale, wines and lime juice. Matches, candles, soap, and
other toilet requirements, kerosene and fuel are not reckoned with
here, appearing in a more general stores' list. Certain medical
comforts, such as malted milk and plasmon, may also be included.
Medical Equipment
The medical equipment consisted of a complete outfit of Burroughs
and Wellcome's drug's, dressings, &c., and Allen and Hanbury's
surgical instruments. Sets, varying in character with particular
requirements, were made up for the Ship and for each of the land
parties. Contained within the fifty-five boxes was a wonderful
assortment of everything which could possibly have been required
on a polar expedition. There was in addition a set of Burroughs
and Wellcome's medicines for the treatment of dogs.
Scientific Equipment
The scope of our projected scientific work necessitated extensive
purchases, and these were amplified by loans from many scientific
bodies and individuals.
Instruments for surveying and navigation were loaned by the Royal
Geographical Society and by the Admiralty, while many theodolites,
chronometers, and half-chronometer watches were manufactured to order.
An assortment of oceanographical gear was generously supplied through
H. S. H. The Prince of Monaco, from the Institut Oceanographique
of Monaco. Dr. W. S. Bruce made similar donations and supervised the
construction of our largest deep-sea dredge. The three-thousand
fathom tapered steel cables and mountings, designed to work the
deep-water dredges, were supplied by Messrs. Bullivant. Appliances
were also loaned by Mr. J. T. Buchanan of the 'Challenger' Expedition
and by the Commonwealth Fisheries Department. The self-recording
tide-gauges we employed were the property of the New South Wales
Government, obtained through Mr. G. Halligan.
The taxidermists' requirements, and other necessaries for the
preservation of zoological specimens, were for the most part purchased,
but great assistance was rendered through Professor Baldwin-Spencer
by the National Museum of Melbourne and by the South Australian Museum,
through the offices of Professor Stirling. Articles of equipment for
botanical work were loaned by Mr. J. H. Maiden, Director of the
Botanical Gardens, Sydney.
A supply of heavy cameras for base-station work and light cameras for
sledging was purchased; our stock being amplified by many private
cameras, especially those belonging to F. H. Hurley, photographer of
the Expedition. Special Lumiere plates and material for colour
photography were not omitted, and, during the final cruise of the
'Aurora', P. E. Correll employed the more recent Paget process for
colour photography with good results.
The programme of magnetic work was intended to be as extensive as
possible. In the matter of equipment we were very materially assisted
by the Carnegie Institute through Dr. L. A. Bauer. An instrument
was also loaned through Mr. H. F. Skey of the Christchurch Magnetic
Observatory. A full set of Eschenhagen self-recording instruments
was purchased, and in this and in other dispositions for the magnetic
work we have to thank Dr. C. Chree, Director of the National Physical
Laboratory, and Dr. C. C. Farr of University College, Christchurch.
Captain Chetwynd kindly assisted in arrangements for the Ship's
compasses.
Two complete sets of Telefunken wireless apparatus were purchased from
the Australasian Wireless Company. The motors and dynamos were got
from Buzzacott, Sydney, and the masts were built by Saxton and Binns,
Sydney. Manilla and tarred-hemp ropes were supplied on generous terms
by Melbourne firms (chiefly Kinnear).
The meteorological instruments were largely purchased from Negretti
and Zambra, but a great number were loaned by the Commonwealth
Meteorological Department (Director, Mr. H. A. Hunt) and by the
British Meteorological Office (Director, Dr. W. N. Shaw).
For astronomical work the following instruments were loaned, besides
transit-theodolites and sextants: a four-inch telescope by the
Greenwich Observatory through the Astronomer Royal: a portable
transit-theodolite by the Melbourne Observatory through the
Director, Mr. P. Baracchi; two stellar sidereal chronometers by
the Adelaide Observatory through the Astronomer, Mr. P. Dodwell.
The apparatus for bacteriological and physiological work were got in
Sydney, in arrangements and suggestions for which our thanks are due
to Dr. Tidswell (Microbiological Laboratory) and Professor Welsh, of
Sydney University.
Artists' materials were supplied by Winsor and Newton, London, while
the stationery was partly donated by John Sands, Limited, Sydney
Geological, chemical, and physical apparatus were all acquired at the
instance of the several workers.
Adjuncts, such as a calculating machine, a typewriter, and duplicator
were not forgotten.**
** Acceptable donations of various articles were made by the firms of
Ludowici, Sydney; Allen Taylor, Sydney; Sames and Company, Birmingham;
Gamage, London; Gramophone Company, London; the Acetylene Corporation,
London; Steel Trucks Ltd., &c.
**Through the offices of Mr. C. A. Bang we are indebted to "De
Forenede Dampskibsselskab," of Copenhagen, for the transport of the
dogs from Greenland.
Apart from the acquisition of the instruments, there were long
preparations to be made in the arrangement of the scientific programme
and in the training of the observers. In this department the
Expedition was assisted by many friends.
Thus Professor W. A. Haswell (Biology), Professor T. W. Edgeworth
David (Geology), and Mr. H. A. Hunt (Meteorology), each drew up
instructions relating to his respective sphere. Training in
astronomical work at the Melbourne Observatory was supervised by
Mr. P. Baracchi, Director, and in magnetic work by the Department
of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institute (Director, Dr. L. A.
Bauer). Further, in the subject of magnetics, we have to thank
especially Mr. E. Kidston of the Carnegie Institute for field
tuition, and Mr. Baldwin of the Melbourne Observatory for
demonstrations in the working of the Eschenhagen magnetographs.
Professor J. A. Pollock gave us valuable advice on wireless and
other physical subjects. At the Australian Museum, Sydney, Mr.
Hedley rendered assistance in the zoological preparations. In the
conduct of affairs we were assisted on many occasions by Messrs. W.
S. Dun (Sydney), J. H. Maiden (Sydney), Robert Hall (Hobart), G.
H. Knibbs (Melbourne),and to the presidents and members of the
councils of the several Geographical Societies in Australia—as well,
of course, as to those of the Royal Geographical Society, London.
In conclusion, the proffered, disinterested help, of all the above
and many other friends contrived to make our scientific equipment
well-nigh complete and eminently up-to-date.
INDEX
Abrasion effects of drift snow,
Abruzzi expedition 1900, rations
Absolute Hut, the
Acetylene Corporation, London, (note)
Adare, Cape
Adelaide Island
.........University
'Adelie Blizzard'
........Land;
the main base at; glaciation of; hurricanes of; Wilkes'
account of; the Hut; drifts; wireless installation at;
clothing for; Empire Day in; temperatures
Admiralty Range
Aerial Cove, depot
Aeroplane sledge. See Air-tractor sledge
Ainsworth, G F.,
"Life on Macquarie Island;" "A Land of Storm and Mist,"
"Through Another Year;" picked up by the 'Aurora',
the home journey; account of
Air-tractor sledge, the;
Aladdin's Cave;
Albatross
Alden, Cape,
Alexander I Island,
Alexandra, Queen
Allen and Hanbury, Messrs.
Alligator Nunatak.
'Amakura', the
American expedition under Wilkes
........ Quadrant, the, accessibility; whaling industry in
Amundsen, Captain; sledging dogs presented by
..........dog
Anchor Rock
Anemobiagraph, the
Anemometers
Anemones, preservation of
Angas Mr. C.
"Annie Hill,"
Antarctic theory of distribution of flora
Antarctica, history of discovery
'Anthology of Australian Verse, An'
Anthony, Messrs., of Melbourne
'Archibald Russell', the
Arnott Bros., Messrs.
Asia, Southern, wind velocities
'Astrolabe', D'Urville's journey in the
Astronomer Royal, the
Astronomical Hut, the
"Atmospherics,"
Auckland Islands
'Aurora', the S.Y. plan and section; adaptation and fitting out;
from Macquarie Island to Adelie Land; the first ice; landing of
cargo at main base; new lands; food carried by the; return of the;
observations secured on the; deep-sea soundings; at Macquarie Island;
arrival at Port Lyttleton; at Melbourne; second deep-sea cruise;
departure from Hobart, Christmas; visit to the main base, Adelie Land;
reception by Wild; relief of Wild's party; arrival in Hobart; papers
brought by the; stores laid at Caroline Cove; visits to Macquarie
Island; at Dunedin; leaves Hobart on Southern trip to bring back the
two parties; wireless communication with; the Homeward Cruise; list
of ship's officers
.........Peak
Auroral phenomena
Australasian Association for Advancement of Science,
Australian ensign hoisted
Avalanche Rocks
Avalanches,~
Azimuth Hill;
memorial cross on
Bacteriology, work of the expedition,
Bage, R., at the main base; work at the hut; the tide-gauge;
transit house; food experiences; search for the dogs;
with the Southern Sledging Party; return to the hut;
on building a tent; snow-blindness; return to Aladdin's Cave;
note left by, at Cathedral Grotto; return from the south;
visit to the 'Aurora'; the relief expedition; winter work;
wireless work; magnetograph records; the home journey;
account of
Baldwin, Mr.
Baldwin-Spencer, Professor
Balleny Islands
John
Bang, C. A. (note)
Baracchi, Mr. P.
Barometer, movements of the
"Barrier," the, at the Winter Quarters
"Barrier-formations,"
Barron, Lady
........Sir Harry
Barr-Smith, Mount
......Mr. Robert
Basilisk, dog
Bass Strait
Bates, Mr. D. C.; request for weather reports
Batger, Messrs.
Bauer, Dr. L. A.
Mr., Sealer at Macquarie Island
Baynes Bros., Messrs.
"Beaufort scale" of wind-pressure
Belgian Antarctic expedition
Bellingshausen, expedition of 1821
"Benzine Hut,"
Bergschrund
Betli, dog
Bickerton, F. H., at main base; work at the hut; erection of the
wireless installation; food experiences; "bus driver";
the air-tractor sledge; the Western sledging expedition;
on tent pitching; his birthday; the relief party; winter work
at the hut; wireless work; dredge constructed by; the home journey;
account of
Biology, work of the expedition
Bird & Coy, Messrs.
Birds, Antarctic, weight in relation to wing areas
Birthday Camp
Biscoe Island
........John, work
Bishop and Clerk, islet
Black Sunday
Blair, J. H., Chief Officer on the 'Aurora'
Blake, Cape
...... L R., work on Macquarie Island; visit to Sandy Bay;
accident to; visits to Lusitania Bay; photographs taken by
visits to the 'Aurora'; specimens obtained; sheepkilling;
the home journey; account of
Blizzard, puppy
.........the
'Blizzard, The', poem
Blood-pressure, observations by McLean,
"Blue Billys,"
"Board-sliding,"
Bollons, Captain
Borchgrevinck
Borda, Cape
Border (Rabbit) Preserving Coy.
Bovril Coy., the
Brand & Coy., Messrs.
Bridge-playing at Western Base
Bristow, Captain
British Antarctic expedition
British Expedition
British Meteorological Office
"Brothers (The),"
Brown, Mr. John
Brown & Polson, Messrs.
Bruce, Dr. W. S.
........Rise
Bruni Island
Bryant & May, Messrs.
Buchanan, Mr. J. Y.;
..........S. Y.
Buckley, Mr. G.
Budd Land;
Buenos Ayres
Bull, H. J.
Bullivant, Messrs.
Burberry, the
Burroughs & Wellcome, Messrs.
Buzzacott, Messrs.
Cadbury, Messrs.
Camp Cove
Campbell & Sons, Messrs.
Camping
"Cannonading,"
Canterbury Museum, Christchurch
Cape Town
Carbohydrates, definition of the term (note)
Cardiff to Hobart, the journey
Carnegie Institute
Carnley Harbour
Caroline Cove, Macquarie Island
Carr, Cape
Caruso, dog
Castor, dog
Cat, wild
Catch Me Cave
Cathedral Grotto, the
'Challenger' expedition
Charcot, Jean
.........Land
Chetwynd, Captain
Chocolate as barter
Chree, Dr. C.,
Christchurch, New Zealand
...........Magnetic Observatory
'Christmas Carol, A'
...........Day, Dr. Mawson's; with the Southern Sledging Party;
Madigan's account; with Bickerton's party; at Hobart;
with Wild's party; with S. E. Jones's party;
Ainsworth's account; on the homeward journey
Chun, Professor, of Leipsic
Close, J. H., at Main Base; at Aladdin's Cave; journey to the West;
and the Near Eastern Party; journey to Commonwealth Bay;
return from the East; back to Australia; account of
Clothing for the expedition
Clyde, wreck of the
Coal-supply, difficulties of
Coats Land
Cocoa, value of,
Colac Dairying Coy.
Colman, Messrs.
Colonel, dog
Colonial Sugar Refining Coy.
Commonwealth Bay
.............Fisheries Department
.............Meteorological Department
.............Weather Bureau, reports to
Cormorant. See Shag
Compass, variations of the; the bearing of the sun and the
magnetic needle compared
Conrad, Messrs.
Cook, Captain James
Copenhagen
Coronae, lunar
Correll, P. E., at Main Base; and the tide-gauge;
production of 'The Washerwoman's Secret;
the Eastern Coastal Party; at Horn Bluff,
the search party; return to Australia;
photographs taken by; the homeward journey;
account of
.........Nunatak
Cote Clarie
Crampons, use of
Crippen, dog
Crown Fuel Company, briquettes
'Daily Graphic'
.......'Mail'
Dallman, Eduard
Danish Geographical Society
Darwin, Charles
David Island
......Professor T. W. Edgeworth
Davis, Captain J. K., appointment; arrival at Hobart; work of stowage;
the journey to Macquarie Island; voyage in the Nimrod;
at Macquarie Island; events on board; narrative quoted; return
of the 'Aurora'; his decision regarding Wild's party; "The Ship's
Story"; mission to London; visits to Macquarie Island;
the homeward cruise; account of
.......Captain James, of Hobart, joins the 'Aurora'; efforts to recover
ship's lost chain; account of
.......Sea
"DeadBeat Gully,"
Deakin, Hon. Alfred
Declination of the magnetic needle
Decouverte, Cape
Delay Point
Denison, Cape;
..........Mr. Hugh
Denman Glacier, the
........Lord, messages to Antarctica; Finance
Denny, Mr., visit to Macquarie
D'Entrecasteaux Channel
Depot Bay
Depots maintained by the New Zealand Government
Derwent River, the;
Dietetics
Disappointment Island
'Discovery', voyage of the
...........Cape
Dixson Island
Mr. Hugh
Dodwell, Mr. P.
Dogs for the expedition, journey to Hobart; at the hut; harness for the;
food for the; at Aladdin's Cave; with the sledging parties;
the lost; used for food; presented to the 'Aurora' by Amundsen;
with the Western Party; pups; quarrels
Dolerite (note)
Dominion Meteorological Office
Doolette, Mr. G. P.
Dovers, G., member of Wild's party; depot-laying party formed;
surveying work; at Haswell Island; account of
'Drake', H.M.S., wireless communication with
Drift gauge, a
Drift snow; abrasion effects of; electrical effects of
Drygalski Island (note)
..........Professor;
Ducks
Dun, W.S.
'Dundonald', barque
Dunedin
D'Urville Sea;
'Eagle' Cave
........schooner, wreck
Earthquake shocks at Macquarie Island
Eastern Barrier
........Coastal Party, formation; account of, by Madigan;
instruments cached by
Eclipse, lunar,
Eitel, Mr. C. C.
Elder, Mr.
.......Mount
'Eliza Scott', the
Empire Day, at the Western Base; on Adelie Land
'Encyclopaedia Britannica', use of
'Endeavour', the
Enderby Island
........Land
Equinox, effects of the
Equipment of the expedition
Erebus Cove
"Erratics,"
Esperance, Port
Esquimaux, dogs of the; method with snow-blindness,
Euphausia
Evans, Commander
Evensen, work of
Farr, Dr. C. C.
Fallieres Land
'Fantome', H.M.S.
Far-Eastern Party, the; the return of
Farrah, Messrs.
Fats, definition of term, (note)
"Feather Bed" terrace
Fiala, quoted
Figure of Eight Island
Filchner, Wilhelm
Finance of the expedition
Finnesko footwear
Fisher, Hon. Andrew,
........wireless message to
Fishing
Fix, dog
Flag depot
Flagstaff Point, Carnley Harbour
Flemington Meat Preserving Coy.
Fletcher, F. D.
Flora, Antarctic, theories concerning
'Flying Fish', the
........Fox, working of the
Flynn, Professor T. T.
Foehn effect
Food, for sledging journey, dietetics; rations; items;
table of supplies
Fram, dog
......voyage of the
Franklin, dog
Freshfield, Cape
Fuller, Messrs.
Fusilier, dog
Gadget, dog
Gamage, Messrs (note)
'Gauss', expedition of the
Gaussberg
Geographical results of the expedition
Geological work of the expedition
George, dog
........V, King, wireless message to,
Georgia, South;
Gerlache, Adrien de
..........Cape
German Scientific Expedition; expedition of 1902, see Gauss
Gillies, F., chief engineer of the 'Aurora'
.........Nunataks
Ginger, dog
......Bitch, dog,
Glacier, the continental,
Glacier-ice, structural composition
Glacier-tongues
Glaciology, work of the expedition
Glaxo
Gloves
Goggles for snow-blindness
Golf at Western Base
Gracht, Mr. Van Waterschoot van der
'Grafton', wreck of the
Graham's Land
Gramophone Coy., London, (note)
Grampuses
Grandmother, dog
Gray, Cape
......P., second officer 'Aurora'
Great Australian Bight
.....Britain, Antarctic Expeditions
.....Ross Barrier;
Greely expedition of 1882
Green Valley
Greenland, dogs from
..........pup
Greenwich Observatory
Griffiths Brothers, Messrs.
"Grottoes (The)," the hut at the Western Base, building; return
of the sledging party; entrance and tunnels; the igloo;
clearing the tunnels; return of the Western depot party;
preparations for the Eastern summer journey; return of Wild;
distances from; return of Jones's party; the flagstaff
Guano deposits
Gulls, Dominican or black backed
.......skua
Haines, Mr., taxidermist
Haldane, dog
Hall, Robert
Halligan, Mr. G.
Hamilton, H., life at Macquarie Island; visits to Sandy Bay;
biological work; reception of the 'Aurora';
erection of the tide gauge; a dinghy for; visits to
Lusitania Bay; photographs by; home journey; account of
.........Mount
Hangar
Hannan, W. H., at Main Base; work at the hut; wireless work;
the drift gauge; as magnetician; working of the air-tractor
sledge; the wireless at Winter Quarters; return to Australia;
account of
Harbour Board, Hobart
Harness, sledging,
Harrisson, C. T.; member of Wild's party; visit to the capsized berg,
account; Hippo depot; meteorological work at The Grottoes;
included in the Eastern summer journey; winch contrived by;
account
Hartley, Messrs.
Hasselborough Bay
..............Captain
Haswell Island
............Professor W. A.
Hedley, Mr. C.
Heinz, Messrs.
Helen Glacier
Henderson, Professor G. C..
Henderson Island
Hens, Cape
'Hinemoa', rescue by
'Hints to Travellers'
Hippo Nunatak
Hoadley, C. A., member Wild's party; party to lay depot formed;
main western journey starting November; geological work;
at Haswell Island; account
Hobart
Hodgeman, A. J., at Main Base; work at hut; Near Eastern Party;
the cairn; return to the hut; journey of the Near Eastern
Party; trip to Aladdin's Cave; on tent-pitching; investigation
of snow ramp; the relief party; winter work at the hut;
journey to Mount Murchison; the home journey; map of Mackellar
Islets; account of
Holliman, Captain,
Holman, Hon., W. A.
Hoosh
Hordern, Mr. Samuel
Horlick, Messrs.
Horn Bluff
"Horn Bluff," by C. T. Madigan
Horn, Mr. W. A.
Hoyle, pup
Hugon, Messrs.
Hunt, Mount
......Mr. H. A.
Hunter, Cape
........J. G., at Main Base; biological work; parasitology;
sledging; production of 'The Washerwoman's Secret';
the Southern Supporting Party; expansion of the cave;
return from the south; return to Australia; arrival
with the 'Aurora'; fishing;the homeward journey;
account of
" Huntoylette,"
Hurley, J. F., Main Base; camera work; observations; rescue of the dogs;
production of 'The Washerwoman's Secret; the Southern
Party; the cairn;pitching tent; "Lot's Wife";
the 'Christmas Carol'; snow-blindness; return from the
south; arrival with the 'Aurora'; sledging
Hurricane-walking
Hut, the Main Base, temperature; tunnels; the nightwatchman's duty
......Point, McMurdo Sound
Hutchinson, sealer of Macquarie Island
Ice, Arctic and Antarctic compared; the first; pack-ice; bergs;
structural composition
"Ice floods,"
"Ice islands,"
Ice-shafts, digging of
"Icing-ship,"
'Illustrated London News'
Insect hunting
Jack, dog
Jackson, Port
Jacob & Coy., Messrs.
Jaeger fleece
Japanese Antarctic expedition
Jappy, dog
Jeffreys Deep
Jeffryes, S. N., wireless operator
'Jessie Nichol', wreck
John Bull, dog
Johnson, dog
Joinville Island
Jones, Dr. S. E., autopsy on the dogs; member of Wild's party; party
formed to lay a depot on September; Wild's instructions
to; main western journey starting November; "Linking
up with Kaiser Wilhelm Land," account by; discovery
of Antarctic petrels; view of Drygalski Island; account
of; medical report for Western Base
........Bros., Messrs.
Journalists' Association
Joyce, Mr. E., delivery of the dogs;
Judge and Clerk, islet of; soundings
Junction Corner
Kaiser Wilhelm I Land, linking up with, account by Dr. S. E. Jones
Kangaroo Island
Keiller, Messrs. James & Son
Kelp
Kembla, Port
Kemp, work of
Kennedy, [A. L.] member of Wild's party; attempted trip with Wild for
the minimum thermometer; Eastern summer journey; blocked on
the ice-shelf with Wild; observations; account of
Kerguelen Island
Kidston, Mr. E.
King Edward V Land
.....George V Land, naming of; map
King' Birthday, at Western Base
................Island
Kinsey, Mr. J. J.
Kite, work with
Knibbs, G. H.
Knox Land
Kristensen, Leonard
Lake-ice
Lamp, a non-magnetic
Lampwick, uses of
Larson, C. A.
Laseron, C. F., Main Base; biological work; collection of petrel
skin; at Aladdin's Cave; production of The 'Washerwoman's
Secret'; the Southern Supporting Party; recording
Webb's observations; expansion of the Cave; journey
to Commonwealth Bay December 9; collection of eggs
and birds; return from the east; back to Australia;
account of
Lassie, dog
Lever Brothers, Messrs.
Lewis, Sir Elliott
Lithgrow Colleries
"Lot's Wife,"
Loubet Land
Louis Phillippe Land
Lucas Sounding-machine
Lucas-Tooth, Sir Robert
Ludowici, Messrs. (note)
Lusitania Bay;
..........the, sealing boat
Lyttleton, Port, arrival of the 'Aurora'
"M. H. S. Championship, " the start
Mac, dog
McClintock, expedition of 1850; rations
Mackay, Dr. F. A.
Mackellar Islet
Mackellar Library
..........the Hon.C.D.
McLean, Dr. A. L., autopsy on the dogs; at Main Base; electrical
observations; lines on 'The Blizzard'; erection of
the wireless; observations regarding seals; at
Aladdin's Cave; blood-pressure, observations;
at Cathedral Grotto; expedition of the Eastern Coastal
Party; snow-blindness; at Horn Bluff; photographs taken
by; return of; the relief expedition; winter work at
the Hut; founding of 'The Adelie Blizzard'; on illness
of Jeffryes; a wind episode; dredging operations;
biological specimen; the home journey; account;
medical report for Main Base
McMurdo Sound, wind velocities, chart; the Scott expedition
Macquarie Island, the base at; "Life on Macquarie Island," by G. F.
Ainsworth; "A Land of Storm and Mist," by G. F. Ainsworth;
"Through Another Year," by G. F. Ainsworth;
Macquarie Island Party, list of
Madigan, C. T., at Main Base; meteorological observations; at the Hut;
electrical observation; spring exploits; journey to the
west, September 1912; sledging; the Eastern Coastal Party;
return to the Hut; his account of the expedition of the
Eastern Coastal Party; "Horn Bluff and Penguin Point" by;
depot of; visit to the 'Aurora'; care of the dogs; winter
work at the Hut; journey to Mount Murchison; the home
journey; account
...........Nunatak
Magnetic Flat, the
.........meridian
.........needle, use for steering purposes
.........Pole, North
.........Pole, South, observations regarding the; Bage's search for;
chart
Magnetograph House; work of the magnetician
Magnetometer, the
Maiden, Mr. J. H.
Main Base, Adelie Land, visit of the 'Aurora'; wireless installation at
...........Base Party, list of; return of members to Australia
Maori cabbage (Stilbocarpa polaris)
......hens, see Wekas
Martelli, Mr., assistant harbourmaster, Hobart
Mary, dog
......Queen, message to Antarctica
Mason Coy., Messrs.
Masson Island
.......Professor, efforts to raise funds,
Mawson, Dr., plans for the expedition; party of
Medical equipment for the expedition
........reports
Melba, Mme.
Melbourne, arrival of the 'Aurora'; wireless calls; time signals from
...........Observatory
Memorial cross on Azimuth Hill
Men, choice of, for a polar campaign
Mertz, Dr. Xavier, appointment; at Hobart, care of the dogs; at Main
Base; meteorological observations; skiing; cooking;
at Aladdin's Cave; journey to the southeast, September 11;
the Far Eastern Party; the return journey; illness and
death; Bage's parting from; meeting with the Eastward
Coastal Party; Captain Davis's inquiries after; message
to his relatives; account of
........Glacier
........Glacier-tongue
Meteorology, work of the expedition; meteorological chart for April
1913
Meteorite found
Midsummer Day, temperature
Midwinter Day at Western Base
Mikkel, dog
Mill, Dr. H. R., "Siege of the South Pole,"
.........Rise
Minerals of Adelie Land
Mitts
Mollymawk rookery
Monaco, Prince of
Monagasque trawl
Monkey, dog
Moore, T. E. L.
'Morning Herald', Sydney
Morton, Messrs. C. & E.
Motte, C. P de la
Moyes, M. H., member of Wild's party; account of
Moraine, terminal, Adelie Land
'Morning', the, British expedition,
Murchison, Mount;
...........Mr. Roderick
Murphy, H. D., at Main Base; erection of the wireless installation;
at Aladdin's Cave; journey to the southeast September 11;
observations; formation of the Southern Supporting Party;
return to the Hut; composition of party at Cathedral
Grotto; return from the south; visit to the 'Aurora';
return to Australia; account of
Murphy, H. D. (senior)
Murray, G. J. H.
Mutton birds
Nansen, expedition in the 'Fram'; 'Farthest North'; use of the primus
stove,
........dog
Nares, Captain G. S.
National Museum, Melbourne
.........Physical Laboratory, London
Near Eastern Party
Neave, Messrs.
Negretti & Zambra, Messrs.
Nestle, Messrs.
Neve
New Zealand, depots maintained by; flora of, theories regarding
Newnes, Sir George
Nightbirds
'Nimrod', the, voyages;
Ninnis Glacier
.......Lieut. B. E. S., appointment; care of the dogs; at the Main Base;
clothing artifices; spring exploits; journey
to the southeast, September 11; the Far Eastern
Party; his death in the crevasse; Bage's parting
from; flag planted by; Captain Davis's inquiries
after; message to his relatives; account of
"Nodules (The),"
Nordensyold, Otto
North, Cape
.......East Bay;
.......End
.......Head
Northcliffe Glacier
North's Land
Notothenia
"Nuggets (The)"
Oates Land
Observation Point
Oceanography, results of expedition
Oil, seal, methods of the sealers
Organ Pipe Cliffs
Pack-ice;
Palmer Archipelago
.......Nathaniel
Parisitology
Parsons, Messrs.
Parties for sledging, arrangement
Patria Biscuit Fabriek
Partridge & Twiss, Messrs.
Pavlova, dog
'Peacock', the;
Peary, dog
Pemmican
Penguin Hill
"Penguin Point," by C. T. Madigan
Penguin rookeries;
Penguins
........Adelie
........an Albino Penguin
........Emperor
........Gentoo
........King
........Royal
........Victoria,
Pennant Hills
'Perseverance', the
Peter I Island
Petrel Rookeries
Petrels
........Antaretic
........Giant
........Lesson's
........Silver-grey or Southern Fulmar
........Snow
........Wilson
Petrol, amount carried
Pianoforte Berg
"Piecrust"
Pigeons, Cape
Piper, Mr.
Plasmon
Pollock, Professor J. A.
'Porpoise', the
Posadowsky Bay
Possession Nunataks
Primmer, Mr.
Primus heater, the
Prince Luitpold Land
Prion Banksii
Proteins, value of
"Puffometer," the
Punch
Quarantine Station, Hobart
Queen Mary Land
Queen's Wharf, Hobart
Rabbits
'Rachel Cohen', the
Ramornie Meat Coy.
Rations, daily polar; for the Far Eastern Party; for the sledge journey
from the Western Base
Rats
Reid, Sir George,
......Glacier
Robinson, Lionel
......Bay
......anemometer, the
"Rock Flour,"
Rocks, effect of wind and rain on
.......igneous
Rose Island
.....Messrs.
Ross Barrier
......dog
......Expedition
......Port
......Sea, the
Royal Company Island
......Geographical Society.
Royds, Cape
Russian Antarctic Expeditions
Sabrina Land
'Sabrina', the
Sails, value of
St. Elmo's fire
St. Vincent's Gulf
Sames & Coy.
Sandell, C. A., Wireless work at Macquarie Island; cooking; lantern
made by; visit to the 'Aurora'; erection of the
tide-gauge; sheepkilling; as barber; an accident to;
telephone installed by; lamp made by; the home journey;
account of
Sandow, dog
........Mr. Eugene
Sandy Bay, Hobart
...........Enderby Island
...........Macquarie Island
"Sarcophagus," the
Sastrugi
Sawyer, A. J., wireless operator at Macquarie Island; visits to the
'Aurora'; erection of the tide-gauge; leaves Macquarie
Island; visit to the 'Tutanekai; account of
Saxton & Binns, Messrs.
Scarfe, Mr.
Scientific equipment for the expedition,
...........work of the expedition
'Scotia', the
Scott, Captain, work of; voyage of the 'Discovery; voyage in the
'Terra Nova'; rations allowed by; stay in Antarctica;
at McMurdo Sound; the disaster to; on Macquarie Island,
........Islands
........Lady
........the dog
Scott Expedition Staff
Scottish Antarctic Expedition
Sea, temperature, effect of snow on
Sea bears
Sea-elephants; rookeries of the
Seager, Messrs.
Sea-ice
Sea-leopards
Sealers of Macquarie Island; methods of the
Sea-lions
Seals
......Crabeater
......Fur
......Hair
......Ross
......Weddell
Sewing-machine, Wild's need of a
Shack, the
Shackleton Expedition
...........Ice-Shelf, the; establishment of the Western Base on;
winter and spring on; Western Party blocked on,
Wild's narrative; the 'Aurora' at
...........the dog
Shags
Shaw, Dr. W. N.
Shelf-ice
Shell Brand benzine and Shell kerosene
Shoe Island
" Shuteye," practice of
Signatures of members of land parties
Simpson, Mr.
Skeats, Professor E., examination of the meteorite
Skey, Mr. H. F.
Skiing
Sledge, the air-tractor
Sledging; preparation of equipment; wood for sledges; harness for;
a load; camping
Smith & Wellstood, Messrs.
.......William, work of
Snow, temperatures
Snow-blindness
Snow drift, electrical effects
Snow gauges
.....Hill Island
Soundings, Lucas automatic sounding machine
South Australian Museum
......Orkney Islands
......Shetland Islands
Southern Cross Depot, declination of the needle at
.........Ocean
.........Party; instruments cached by
.........Supporting Party,
'Sphere', the
Spratt, Messrs., care of the dogs
Steel Trucks Ltd.
Stewart Island (New Zealand)
Stillwell, F. L., at Main Base; geological researches; map of Winter
Quarters; records; production of 'The Washerwoman's
Secret'; finding an albino penguin; the Near Eastern
Party; his sledge; pitching tent; journey of the Near
Eastern Party; the search party; return to Australia;
account of
...........Island
Stirling, Professor
Storm Bay
Strathcona, Lord
............Mount
Sun, the midnight; display of rings and arcs
Suva, wireless station
Swallow & Ariell, Messrs.
Sweep, dog
Swiss Confederation Day
.......the dog
Switzerland, the dog.
Sydney, Wilkes's expedition started from; Cathedral of; wood from;
the harbour; wireless communication with
........Meat Preserving Coy.
'Sydney Morning Herald', donation
Tasman Sea
Tasmania, hospitality of; soundings
Taylor, Mr. Allen
"Te Sol,"
Tea
Temperature, Foehn effect; in Adelie Land
Tent-pitching; Bickerton on
'Terebus and Error in Eruption'
Termination Ice Tongue
............Land
Terns
'Terra Nova', Scott's voyage
Terrestrial magnetism, work of the expedition
"The Steps"
Theodolite, use of the
Tich, dog
Tide-gauge, Bage's; use on Macquarie Island
Tides, work of the expedition
Tidswell, Dr.
Tiger, dog
Tooth, Sir R. Lucas
.......Lady Helen—see Helen Glacier
'Toroa', s.s.
Totten's Land
Toucher, N. C.
Transit House
Trawl, Monagasque
Trawling, experiences of the 'Aurora'
Tussock grass
'Tutanekai', the, relief of Macquarie Island
'Ulimaroa', s.s., the
Umbrella aerial, use of the
Union Jack, hoisting the
University College, Christchurch
Urville, Dumont D', expedition under
.........the dog
'Valdivia' expedition
"Veranda Club"
Verran, Hon. J.
Vickers & Coy., Messrs.
Victoria Land
Vincennes, the
Waite, Mr. E. R.
'Washerwoman's Secret, The'
"Watersky,"
Watkins, Lieut., aviator
Watson, A. D., at the Western Base; attempted trip with Wild for the
minimum thermometer; preparation for the Eastern summer
journey; blocked on the ice-shelf with Wild; fall into
a crevasse
..........Bluff
Watt, Hon. W.
Way Archipelago
..............map
......Sir Samuel
Weather, the, as a conversational subject
Webb, E. N., at Main Base; care of the dogs; work at the Magnetograph
House; photo-work; magnetic ice-cave of; his first camp;
formation of the Southern Sledging Party; observations of
the needle; use of the theodolite; building a break-wind;
the toasts on Christmas Day; sighting Aladdin's Cave;
return from the south; return to Australia; account of
Weddell, James, work
.........Sea
Wekas
Wellington, Mount
.............wireless communication with
Welsh, Professor
Western Base, the party at; winter and spring at the; establishment and
adventures by F. Wild; the geological shaft; "The Glacier
Tongue"; Wild's party blocked on the Ice Shelf; linking
up with Kaiser Wilhelm II Land, account by Dr. S. E. Jones;
medical reports from
West Point
Western Sledging Party
'Westralia', s.s.,
Whalebirds
Whales
Whetter, Dr. L. A., at Main Base; the "Toggle King"; journey to the west;
the Western Party; meteorological work; preparations for
the air-tractor sledge trip; his birthday; on tent
pitching; investigations of a snow ramp; return; return
to Australia; account of
"Whirlies,"
Wild, Frank, the work at Hobart; working of the "flyingfox"; incidents
on board; leader of the Western Base; the winter station on
the ice shelf; rations for the expedition; arrangements with
the 'Aurora'; return to Aladdin's Cave; his party at Western
Base; relief of; reception of the 'Aurora'; winter and spring;
land mapped out by; blocked on the ice shelf, narrative
Wilkes, discoveries of; charts; Knox Land,
Wilkes's Land
Willesden-drill, tents
Williamstown, Victoria
Wind, velocities
Winds, Bay of
Winsor & Newton, Messrs.
Winter quarters, Adelie Land
.............Stillwell's map
Wireless Hill, establishment of the station;
.........installation range, in the Antarctic; report of Captain Davis;
messages received by Hannam on the 'Aurora'; messages from,
and to, Adelie Land; effect of ice on intensity of waves;
work of the expedition; telefunken apparatus
Worms, parasitical, in fish
'Zelee', the
Zip, the dog
Zoological investigations