[735]See his dull poems, amongst others "Jure divino," a poem in twelve books, in defence of every man's birthright by nature.

[736]Compare another story of an apparition, Edgar Poe's "Case of M. Waldemar." The American is a suffering artist; De Foe a citizen, who has common-sense.

[737]De Foe's Works, 20 vols. 1819-21. "The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe," I. ch. IV. 65.

[738]"Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe," I. ch. IV. 76.

[739]"Robinson Crusoe," ch. IV. 79.

[740]Ibid. 80.

[741]Ibid. ch. XI. 184.

[742]"Robinson Crusoe," 187, Ps. 1. 15.

[743]Heb. XIII. 5.

[744]"Robinson Crusoe," ch. VIII. 134.

[745]Ibid. ch. VIII. 133.

[746]1709, 1711, 1713.

[747]1741. The translator has consulted the tenth edition, 1775, 4 vols.

[748]"To be sure I did nothing but curt'sy and cry, and was all in confusion at his goodness."

"I was so confounded at these words, you might have beat me down with a feather.... So, like a fool, I was ready to cry, and went away curt'sying, and blushing, I am sure, up to the ears."

[749]Pamela, vol. 1. Letter X.

[750]Ibid.

[751]Ibid. Letter XXVII.

[752]"I dare not tell a wilful lie."

[753]"Pamela," I. Letter XXV.

[754]Ibid. Letter to Mr. Williams, I. 208.

[755]"Pamela," I. 290.

[756]Ibid. II. 167.

[757]Ibid. II. 78.

[758]Ibid. II. 148.

[759]Ibid. II. 194.

[760]Ibid. II. 62.

[761]"Pamela," II. 62.

[762]Ibid. II. 63.

[763]Ibid.

[764]See in "Pamela" the characters of Squire B. and Lady Davers.

[765]"Clarissa Harlowe," 4th ed. 1751, 7 vols. I, 92.

[766]Ibid. I. 105.

[767]"Clarissa Harlowe," I. Letter XX. 125.

[768]Ibid. I. Letter XXXIX. 253.

[769]Ibid. I. Letter XLII. 278.

[770]"Clarissa Harlowe," I. Letter XLIII. 295.

[771]Ibid. I. Letter XLV. 308.

[772]Ibid. I. Letter XLV. 309.

[773]Ibid. Letter XXXIV. 223.

[774]Ibid. II. Letter XLIII. 315.

[775]"Clarissa Harlowe," I. Letter XII. 65.

[776]Ibid. III. Letter XVIII. 89.

[777]Ibid. VII. Letter XXXVIII. 122.

[778]See the Mémoirs of the Marshal de Richelieu.

[779]"Clarissa Harlowe," II. Letter XXXIX. 294.

[780]Ibid, IV, XXXIII. 232.

[781]See ("Clarissa Harlowe," vol. VII. Letter XLIX.) among other things her last will.

[782]She makes out statistics and a classification of Lovelace's merits and faults, with subdivisions and numbers. Take an example of this positive and practical English logic: "That such a husband might unsettle me in all my own principles, and hazard my future hopes. That he has a very immoral character to women. That knowing this, it is a high degree of impurity to think of joining in wedlock with such a man." She keeps all her writings, her memorandums, summaries or analyses of her own letters.

[783]"Swearing is a most unmanly vice, and cursing as poor and low a one, since it proclaims the profligate's want of power and his wickedness at the same time; for could such a one punish as he speaks, he would be a fiend."—Vol. II. Letter XXXVIII. 282.

[784]The contrary is the case with the heroines of George Sand's novels.

[785]See "Sir Charles Grandison," 7 vols. 1811, III. Letter XVI. 142: "He received the letters, standing up, bowing; and kissed the papers with an air of gallantry, that I thought greatly became him."

[786]"Sir Charles Grandison," VI. Letter XXXI. 236.

[787]Ibid. VI. Letter XXXIII. 252.

[788]Ibid. VI. Letter LII. 358.

[789]Ibid. VI. Letter XXXI. 233.

[790]"Sir Charles Grandison," VII. Letter LXI. 336.

[791]A selfish and misanthropical cynic in Molière's "École des Femmes."—Tr.

[792]Clarissa and Pamela employ too many.

[793]In "Novels and Novelists," by W. Forsyth, 1871, it is said, ch. VII: "To me, I confess, 'Clarissa Harlowe' is an unpleasant, not to say odious book.... If any book deserved the charge of sickly sentimentality, it is this; and that it should have once been so widely popular, and thought admirably adapted to instruct young women in lessons of virtue and religion, shows a strange and perverted state of the public taste, not to say public morals." Mrs. Oliphant, in her "Historical Sketches of the Reign of George Second," 1869, says of the same novel (II. X. 264): "Richardson was a respectable tradesman,... a good printer,... a comfortable soul,... never owing a guinea nor transgressing a rule of morality; and yet so much a poet, that he has added at least one character (Clarissa Harlowe) to the inheritance of the world, of which Shakespeare need not have been ashamed—the most celestial thing, the highest effort of his generation."—Tr.

[794]"Lady Montague's Letters," ed. Lord Wharncliffe, 2d ed. 3 vols. 1837; Letter to the Countess of Bute, III. 120.

[795]Roscoe's "Life of Fielding," p. XXV.

[796]"The Adventures of Joseph Andrews," bk. I. ch. XII.

[797]Ibid. I. ch. XVIII.

[798]"History of a Foundling," bk. V. ch. II.

[799]"History of a Foundling," bk. VI. ch. X.

[800]Ibid. bk. VI. ch. X.

[801]Blifil.

[802]"History of a Foundling," XVI. ch. II.

[803]Ibid, XVIII. ch. IX.

[804]Ibid, XVIII. ch. XII.

[805]Last chapter of the "History of a Foundling."

[806]Preface to "Joseph Andrews."

[807]"Jonathan Wild."

[808]Amelia is the perfect English wife, an excellent cook, so devoted as to pardon her husband his accidental infidelities, always looking forward to the accoucheur. She says ever (bk. IV. ch. VI.), "Dear Billy, though my understanding be much inferior to yours." She is excessively modest, always blushing and tender. Bagillard having written her some love-letters, she throws them away, and says (bk. III. ch. IX.): "I would not have such a letter in my possession for the universe; I thought my eyes contaminated with reading it."

[809]"Amelia," bk. II. ch. VIII.

[810]Ibid. bk. III. ch. I.

[811]Ibid, bk. III. ch. II.

[812]Preface to "Roderick Random."

[813]"Peregrine Pickle," ch. LX.

[814]"Peregrine Pickle," ch. XXIX.

[815]Ibid. ch. XXIV.

[816]Ibid. ch. XXVII.

[817]Ibid. ch. XXIII.

[818]"Peregrine Pickle," ch. XXIII.

[819]In "Novels and Novelists," by W. Forsyth, the author says, ch. V. 159: "What is the character of most of these books (novels) which were to correct follies and regulate morality? Of a great many of them, and especially those of Fielding and Smollett, the prevailing features are grossness and licentiousness. Love degenerates into a mere animal passion.... The language of the characters abounds in oaths and gross expressions.... The heroines allow themselves to take part in conversations which no modest woman would have heard without a blush. And yet these novels were the delight of a bygone generation, and were greedily devoured by women as well as men. Are we therefore to conclude that our great-great-grandmothers... were less chaste and moral than their female posterity? I answer, certainly not; but we must infer that they were inferior to them in delicacy and refinement. They were accustomed to hear a spade called a spade, and words which would shock the more fastidious ear in the reign of Queen Victoria were then in common and daily use."—Tr.

[820]Byron's Works, ed. Moore, 17 vols. 1832; "Life," III. 127, note.

[821]There is a distinct trace of a spirit similar to that which is here sketched, in a select few of the English writers. Pultcck's "Peter Wilkins the Flying Man," Amory's "Life of John Buncle," and Southey's "Doctor," are instances of this. Rabelais is probably their prototype.—Tr.

[822]Sterne's Works, 7 vols. 1783, 3; "The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy," VII. ch. XXXII.

[823]"Tristram Shandy," I, 2. ch. XII.

[824]"Tristram Shandy," 2, IV. ch. XXVII.

[825]Ibid. 3, IX. ch. XX.

[826]Sterne, Goldsmith, Burke, Sheridan Moore, have a tone of their own, which comes from their blood, or from their proximate or distant parentage—the Irish tone. So Hume, Robertson, Smollett, Scott, Burns, Beattie, Reid, D. Stewart, and others, have the Scottish tone. In the Irish or Celtic tone we find an excess of chivalry, sensuality, expansion; in short, a mind less equally balanced, more sympathetic and less practical. The Scotsman, on the other hand, is an Englishman, either slightly refined or narrowed, because he has suffered more and fasted more.

[827]"The Vicar of Wakefield," ch. IV.

[828]Ibid. ch. XVII.

[829]"The Vicar of Wakefield," ch. XXVIII.

[830]Ibid. ch. XXVIII.

[831]Ibid. ch. XXIX.

[832]See, in Boswell's "Life of Johnson," ed. Croker, 1853, ch. XI. p. 85, Chesterfield's complimentary paper on Johnson's Dictionary, printed in the "World."

[833]Boswell's "Life of Johnson," ed. Croker, ch. XXX. 269.

[834]Ibid. ch. III. 14 and 15.

[835]Ibid. ch. XVIII. 165, n. 4.

[836]Boswell's "Life of Johnson," ch. XVIII. 166.

[837]Ibid. ch. XLVIII. 439, n. 3.

[838]Ibid. ch. XVII. 159.

[839]Ibid. ch. XXVI. 236.

[840]Ibid. ch. XXII. 201.

[841]Ibid. ch. XLVIII. 628.

[842]Ibid. ch. XVIII. 166.

[843]Ibid. ch. II. 12.

[844]Ibid. ch. IV. 22.

[845]Ibid. ch. IV. 26.

[846]Boswell's "Life of Johnson," ch. V. 28, note 2.

[847]Ibid. ch. VII. 46.

[848]Ibid. ch. XVII. 159.

[849]Ibid. ch. V. 28.

[850]He had formerly put in his Dictionary the following definition of the word pension: "Pension: an allowance made to any one without an equivalent. In England it is generally understood to mean pay given to a state-hireling for treason to his country." This drew of course afterward all the sarcasms of his adversaries upon himself.

[851]Boswell's "Life," ch. XXIV. 216.

[852]Ibid. ch. XLIX. 444.

[853]Ibid. ch. XLVIII. 435.

[854]Ibid. ch. XVI. 148.

[855]Ibid. ch. LXVI. 606.

[856]Boswell's "Life." ch. XXVI. 236.

[857]Ibid. ch. XXVIII. 252.

[858]Ibid. ch. XIX. 175.

[859]Ibid. ch. XIX. 176.

[860]Ibid. ch. XIX. 174.

[861]Ibid. ch. LXXV. 723.

[862]Ibid. ch. XXIV. 218.

[863]Ibid. ch. XVII. 157.

[864]Ibid. ch. XV. 138, note 3.

[865]Boswell's "Life," ch. XXVIII. 256.

[866]Here is a celebrated phrase, which will give some idea of his style (Boswell's "Journal," ch. XLIII. 381): "We are now treading that illustrious island, which was once the luminary of the Caledonian regions, whence savage clans and roving barbarians derived the benefits of knowledge and the blessings of religion. To abstract the mind from all local emotion would be impossible if it were endeavoured, and would be foolish if it were possible.... Far from me and from my friends be such frigid philosophy as may conduct us indifferent and unmoved over any ground which has been dignified by wisdom, bravery, or virtue. That man is little to be envied, whose patriotism would not gain force upon the plain of Marathon or whose piety would not grow warmer among the ruins of Iona."

[867]"Rambler," 108, 109, 110, 111.

[868]When a character is strongly marked in the living face, it may be considered as an index to the mind, to express which with any degree of justness in painting, requires the utmost efforts of a great master.—"Analysis of Beauty."