Preparatory Work, 1841–1850

1841.

Joule: Thermogenic Effects of the Electric Current.

 

Herschel: Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences.

 

List: Das nationale System der politischen Ökonomie.

1842.

R. Mayer: Erhaltung der Energie.

 

R. Wagner: Handwörterbuch der Physiologie.

 

A. Comte: Cours de philosophie positive.

 

L. Feuerbach: Wesen des Christentums.

1843.

J. S. Mill: Inductive Logic.

 

Matteucci: Discovery of the Nerve-Current.

1844.

Faraday: Electrical Conduction and the Nature of Matter.

1845.

Discovery of the Electrical Incandescent Lamp.

1846.

W. Weber: Electrodynamic Measurements.

 

Discovery of Anæsthesia by Ether.

1847.

Helmholtz: Die Erhaltung der Kraft (Conservation of Energy).

 

Discovery of Anæsthesia by Chloroform.

1848.

Quetelet: Du système social.

 

Dubois-Reymond: Animal Electricity.

 

Discovery of Gold in California.

1849.

Discoveries of Bacillus of Anthrax and of Aniline Dyes.

1850.

Herbert Spencer: Social Statics (Identity of Laws of Organic and Social Evolution).

1851.

Lyell: Principles of Geology.

 

Lombroso: Concerning Marzolo’s “Monumenti storici rivelati dall’ analisi della parola.”

 

Schopenhauer: Parerga und Paralipomena.

 

Discovery of the Neanderthal Skull and Other Evidences of the Antiquity of Man.

 

Helmholtz: Ophthalmoscope.

 

Ruhmkorff: Induction Coil.

 

Richard Wagner: Oper und Drama.

 

Millet: Le Semeur; und Courbet: Das Begräbnis von Ornans.

1852.

Moleschott: Kreislauf des Lebens.

1855.

Pflüger: Electrotonus.

 

Naegeli: Investigations Regarding Vegetable Physiology.

 

Büchner: Kraft und Stoff (Force and Matter).

 

Faraday: Magnetic Philosophy.

 

Discovery of Hot-air Engine, of Bessemer Steel, and of Aniline-violet.

 

Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass.

1856.

Discovery of the Annular Kiln, of the Regenerative Gas Furnace, and of the Mercurial Air-pump.

 

J. von Liebig: Theory and Practice of Agriculture.

 

Le Play: Les Ouvriers Européens.

The Four Classical Years of Positivism, 1857–1860.

1857.

Bunsen: Exact Methods for the Analysis of Gases.

 

Morel: Traité des Dégénérescences.

 

Marx: Materialist Conception of History.

 

Buckle: History of Civilization.

 

Tocqueville: La Révolution et l’Ancien Régime.

 

Flaubert: Madame Bovary.

1858.

Virchow: Cellularpathologie.

 

M. Schiff: Lehrbuch der Physiologie.

1859.

Kirchhoff und Bunsen: Spectrum Analysis.

 

Darwin: Origin of Species.

 

J. S. Mill: On Liberty.

 

Discovery of the Telephone, the Ice Machine, and the Azo Colouring Matters.

1860.

Fechner: Psyohophysik.

 

Boucher de Perthes: De l’Homme Antédiluvien et de ses Œuvres.

 

Boucher de Perthes: Discovery of the Gas Engine.

 

Semper: Der Stil.

After-Effects, 1861–1865.

1861.

Bachofen: Das Mutterrecht (Matriarchy).

 

Griesinger: Pathology of Mental Disorders.

 

Schleicher: Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen.

 

Manet: Frühstück im Grünen.

 

Dostoieffsky: Raskolnikow.

 

Fontane: Wanderungen durch die Mark.

 

Liberation of Serfs in Russia.

1862.

Herbert Spencer: First Principles.

 

Ibsen: The Comedy of Love.

 

Tourgueneff: Fathers and Sons.

 

Construction of Pacific Railway.

 

Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation.

 

Bismarck’s Realpolitik (Blood and Iron).

1863.

Huxley: Man’s Place in Nature.

 

Lyell: Antiquity of Man.

 

Huggins: Spectra of Fixed Stars and Nebulæ.

 

Broca: Sur le Siège, le Diagnostic et la Nature de l’Aphémie.

 

Pasteur: Theory of Fermentation.

 

Renan: Vie de Jésus.

 

Wundt: Vorlesungen über die Menschen und Tierseele.

1864.

Lombroso: Genio e follia.

 

A. Wagner: The Reign of Law in the Apparently Voluntary Actions of Human Beings.

 

Lassalle: Bastiat-Schultze.

 

De Goncourt: Renée Mauperin.

 

Zola: Confession de Claude.

 

Tolstoy: War and Peace.

1865.

Meynert: Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex and its Relations to the Sensory Surface of the Body.

 

Lubbock: Prehistoric Times.

 

Lombroso: Aliénations Mentales Étudiées par la Méthode Expérimentale.

 

Haeckel: Generelle Morphologie.

 

Von Liebig: Induktion und Deduktion.

 

Cannizzaro: L’ emancipazione della ragione.

 

J. S. Mill: Comte and Positivism.

 

Taine: Le Positivisme Anglais.

 

Extension of Democracy in England by Russell and Gladstone.

 

Martin Steel, Gas-engines, Influence Machines.