153. Valesian Anonymus, appended to the History of Ammianus Marcellinus. The senators of Rome were styled “Clarissimi.”
154. Nolitia, ad Regiones. On the delimitation of the Regions, see Gyllius, De Topographia Constantinopleos, l. ii. c. 2, 10, 16; l. iii. c. 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9; l. iv. c. 1, 3, 7, 10, 11; and Mordtmann, Esquisse Topographique de Constantinople, pp. 2-10. The point on which these authorities differ most widely is regarding the situation of the Seventh Region, Gyllius making it occupy the valley of the Grand Bazaar, on the northern side of the city; while Mordtmann (pp. 6, 7) places it on the southern slope of the Second Hill, from the Forum of Constantine to the Sea of Marmora. My view (at present) on the subject is indicated in the Map of Byzantine Constantinople.
155. Ammianus Marcellinus, xxxii. 16.
156. Jornandes, xxviii.
157. Eunapius, quoted by Gyllius, De Top. CP., i. c. 5.
158. Zosimus, p. 101.
159. Sozomon, ii. c. 3.
160. Theophanes, p. 680.
161. Oratio, xviii. p. 222. Edition of Petavius.
162. VII. c. 1.
163. Cod. Theod., lib. viii. tit. xxii.
164. Anonymus, i. p. 22.
165. See Choisy, L’Art de Bâttir chez les Byzantins, pp. 7-13.
166. Socrates, vii. c. 1; Cod. Theod., “De Operibus Publicis,” lex. 51. The law refers to the towers of the new wall, and is addressed to Anthemius as Prætorian Prefect in 413: “Turres novi muri, qui ad munitionem splendidissimæ urbis extructus est, completo opere, præcipimus eorum usui deputari, per quorum terram idem murus studio ac provisione Tuæ Magnitudinis ex Nostræ Serenitatis arbitrio celebratur.”
167. Marcellinus Comes, “Plurimi urbis Augustæ muri recenti adhuc constructi, cum LVII. turribus, corruerunt.”
168. “Intra tres menses, Constantino Præfecto Prætorio opere dante, (muri) reædificati sunt.” Cf. Inscription on the Gate Yeni Mevlevi Haneh Kapoussi, p. 47.
169. Measuring from the bed of the Moat.
170. It stood on the Outer Wall between the fourth and fifth towers south of the Golden Gate (Paspates, p. 58).
172. Banduri, Imperium Orientale, vii. n. 428.
174. Theophanes, pp. 148, 149; Leo Gram., pp. 108, 109.
175. Patriarch Constantius, Paspates, Mordtmann, Du Cange.
176. Muralt, Essai de Chronographie Byzantine, de 395 à 1057, pp. 54, 55.
177. Paschal Chron., pp. 588, 589.
178. Ibid., pp. 582, 583.
179. Ibid., p. 588.
180. Suidas, ad vocem Κύρος.
181. Lydus, De Magistratibus, iii. p. 235.
182. Malalas, p. 361, Οὐκ ἀρέσκει μοι τύχη πολλά γελῶσα.
183. Paspates, p. 48, quoting Skarlatus Byzantius.
184. Paschal Chron., Malalas.
185. Lib. vii. c. 1.
186. Cananus, p. 476.
187. Nicephorus Gregoras, xiv. p. 711.
188. Philo of Byzantium. See Veterum Mathemat. Opera, s. ix. Edited and Translated by MM. de Rochat et Graux, Revue de Philologie, 1879.
189. Choisy, L’Art de Bâtir chez les Byzantins, p. 112.
190. Cod. Theod., “De Metatis,” lib. 13.
191. Cod. Theod., “De Operibus Publicis,” lib. 51.
192. Theophanes, p. 589; Phrantzes, p. 281.
193. Nicephorus Gregoras, ix. p. 408.
194. Ducas, p. 283.
195. Constant. Porphyr., De Cer., p. 504.
196. Cananus, p. 476.
197. Critobulus, i. c. 34.
198. Or “Lists, the space between the Inner and the Outer Walls of enceinte or enclosure” (Violet-le-Duc on Mediæval Fortifications; translated by Macdermott).
199. Only seventy out of the ninety-six towers in this wall can now be identified.
200. Cananus, p. 475.
201. Ducas, pp. 266, 283, 286; Critobulus, i. c. 34; Leonard of Scio, p. 936, thinks this was poor strategy, rendered necessary by the bad condition of the Inner Wall. “Operosa autem protegendi vallum et antemurale nostris fuit; quod contra animum meum semper fuit, qui suadebam in refugium muros altos non deserendos, qui si ob imbres negligentiamque vel scissi, vel inermes propugnaculis essent, qui non deserti, præsidium urbi salutis contulisset.”
202. Constant. Porphyr., De Cer., p. 438.
203. Ducas, p. 266, Ἐν τῇ τάφρῳ.
204. Cananus, pp. 461, 462.
205. Pages 7-13.
206. Page 40, Τὸ δὲ πλῆθος τῶν ἐν αὐταῖς (τάφροις) ὑδάτων, ὥστε ᾧ μέρει μόνον ἐλείπετο, καὶ ταύτῃ δοκεῖν πελαγίαν τὴν πόλιν εἶναι διὰ τούτων.
207. Librum Insularum Archipelagi, p. 121. Leipsic, 1824.
208. IV. 138, 139.
209. Dethier, Sièges de Constantinople, ii. p. 1085; cf. Mijatovich, Constantine, Last Emperor of the Greeks, pp. 185, 186. Some 24 of these aqueducts or dams can still be identified: 2 between the Sea of Marmora and the Golden Gate; 1 between that gate and the Gate of the Deuteron; 6 or 7 between the Gate of the Deuteron and the Gate of Selivria; 5 between the Gate of Selivria and the Gate Yeni Mevlevi Haneh Kapoussi; 5 between Yeni Mevlevi Haneh Kapoussi and Top Kapoussi; 2 between Top Kapoussi and the Gate of the Pempton; 3 between the Gate of the Pempton and Edirnè Kapoussi; 2 between Edirnè Kapoussi and the northern end of the Moat.
210. Pusculus, iv. 137, 138, “Pontes qui ad mœnia ducunt dirumpunt.”
211. Pusculus, iv. 151, “Aurea Porta datur ponto vicina sonanti.”
212. Cananus, p. 460.
213. Cantacuzene, iv. pp. 292, 293; Manuel Chrysolaras, p. 48.
214. Historiæ Anglicanæ Scriptores Antiqui, p. 642. London, 1652.
215. See French translation of his work, Constantinople Ancienne et Moderne, 1798, vol. i. p. 28, where, quoting the legend, he says, “On y lit encore ces vers.”
216. Opera Varia, vol. i., Paris, 1696; Paneg. Maioriani, Carmen V., 354.
217. Constantinopolis Christiana, lib. i. p. 52.
218. The brilliant monograph of Dr. Strzygowski on the Golden Gate is found in the Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich Deutschen Archæologischen Instituts, Band viii., 1893, Erstes Heft.
219. Zosimus, p. 234.
220. Cf. the inscription on the pedestal of the obelisk—
222. Malalas, p. 360, ascribes the decoration of the gate with gold to Theodosius II.
224. Nicephorus, Patriarcha CP., p. 59; Constant. Porphyr., De Cer., pp. 500, 506.
225. Malalas, p. 360.
226. Codinus, p. 48.
227. Cedrenus, vol. i. p. 675.
228. Ibid., ii. p. 173.
229. Codinus, ut supra.
230. Theophanes, p. 634.
231. Cedrenus, vol. i. p. 567.
232. Ibid., ii. p. 363.
233. Itinéraires Russes en Orient, p. 239.
234. Manuel Chrys., p 48; Gyllius, De Top CP., iv. c. 9; Adolf Michaelis, Ancient Marbles in Great Britain, pp. 10-14, translated by C. A. M. Fennell. See Wheler, Grelot, Gerlach, Bulliardus, Spon, and Monograph of Dr. Strzygowski.
235. The first two bas-reliefs to the north of the gate, and the first and fourth to the south, as superior in workmanship, came very near being removed to England, through the efforts of Sir Thomas Roe, ambassador to the Porte from 1621 to 1628, and of a certain Mr. Petty, who was sent to the East by the Earl of Arundel to procure works of Ancient Art. The finds were to be divided between that nobleman and the Duke of Buckingham. The correspondence on the subject will be found in The Negotiations of Sir Thomas Roe in his Embassy to the Ottoman Porte, published in London, 1740 (see pp. 386, 387, 444, 445, 495, 512, 534, 535); in Michaelis’ Ancient Marbles in Great Britain; and, partially, in Dr. Strzygowski’s Monograph on the Golden Gate.
“Promise to obteyne them,” wrote Sir Thomas Roe, in May, 1625, “I cannot, because they stand upon the ancient gate, the most conspicuous of the cytte, though now mured up, beeing the entrance by the castell called the Seauen Towers, and neuer opened since the Greek emperors lost yt: to offer to steale them, no man dares to deface the cheefe seate of the grand signor: to procure them by fauour, is more impossible, such enuy they bear vnto us. There is only then one way left; by corruption of some churchman, to dislike them, as against their law; and vnder that pretence to take them downe to be brought into some priuat place; from whence, after the matter is cold and unsuspected, they may be conveyed. I haue practised for the four, and am offered to haue it done for 600 crownes.”
A year later he had to write, “Those on the Porta Aurea are like to stand, till they fall by tyme: I haue vsed all meanes, and once bought them, and deposed, 3 moneths, 500 dollers. Without authority, the danger and impossibility were alike; therefore I dealt with the great treasurer, who in these tymes is greedy of any mony, and hee had consented to deliuer them into a boat without any hazard of my part. The last weeke hee rode himself to see them, and carried the surueigher of the citty walls with him; but the Castellano and the people beganne to mutine, and fell vpon a strange conceit; insomuch that hee was forced to retyre, and presently sent for my enterpreter, demanding if I had any old booke of prophesy: inferring, that those statues were enchanted, and that wee knew, when they should bee taken downe, some great alteration should befall this cytty.... In conclusion, hee sent to mee, to think, nor mention no more that place, which might cost his life, and bring mee into trouble; so that I despair to effect therein your graces seruice: and it is true, though I could not gett the stones, yet I allmost raised an insurrection in that part of the cytty.”
236. Paschal Chron., p. 590.
237. Constant. Porphyr., De Cer., p. 414.
238. Theophanes, p. 186.
239. Paschal Chron., p. 693.
240. Theophanes, p. 784.
241. Constant. Porphyr., De Cer., p. 438.
242. Anastasius Bibliothecarius.
243. Ibid.
244. Guillelmus Bibliothecarius, in Hadriano II.
245. Theophanes Cont., p. 432.
246. Zosimus, p. 234.
248. Theophanes, p. 668.
249. Constant. Porphyr., De Cer., pp. 503, 504.
250. Ibid., p. 498.
251. Leo Diaconus, p. 158.
252. Cedrenus, vol. ii. p. 475.
253. Pachymeres, vol. i. p. 160.
254. Procopius, De Bello Vand., ii. c. 9; Theophanes, p. 309.
255. Theophanes, p. 388.
256. Leo Diaconus, p. 28.
257. Ibid., p. 23.
258. Theophanes, p. 309.
259. For the descriptions of the triumphs accorded to Basil I. and Theophilus, see Constant. Porphyr., De Cer., pp. 498-508.
260. Constant. Porphyr., De Cer., p. 499, Ἐν δὼ τῷ λιβαδίῳ τῷ ἔξω τῆς χρυσῆς πόρτας.
261. On the pier to the left of the central archway are painted in red the words, ΠΟΛΛΑ ΤΑ ΕΤΗ ΤΩΝ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ; while on the pier to the right are the words, Ο ΘΣ ΚΑΛΩΣ ΗΝΕΝΤΕΝ ΣΕ; lingering echoes of the shouts that shook the gate on a day of triumph.
263. Leo Diaconus, p. 158.
264. Pachymeres, vol. i. p. 160.
265. Constant. Porphyr., p. 508.
266. Τὸ κατὰ τὴν χρυσῆν καλουμένην φρούριον, Cantacuzene, iv. p. 292. It was not, however, the fortress known as the Strongylon, Cyclobion, Castrum Rotundum (Procopius, De Aed., iv. c. 8; Theophanes, p. 541; Anastasius, in Hormisda PP.; Guillelmus Biblioth. in Hadriano II.). That fortress stood outside the city, near the Hebdomon (Makrikeui), three miles to the west of the Golden Gate (Theophanes, pp. 541, 608). See below, p. 326.
267. Cantacuzene, iv. pp. 293, 301, 302. The southern tower projects 55 feet 7 inches from the wall, and is 60 feet 5 inches broad; the corresponding dimensions of the northern tower are 55-½ feet, and 60 feet 4 inches.
268. Marcellinus Comes.
269. Theophanes, p. 541.
270. Ibid., p. 785.
271. Theophanes Cont., p. 385.
272. Cantacuzene, iii. pp. 606, 607.
273. Cantacuzene, iv. p. 304.
274. Chalcocondylas, p. 62.
275. Ducas, pp. 47, 48.
276. Itinéraires Russes en Orient, p. 239, “Chateau de l’Empereur Kalojean. Il a trois entrées.”
277. See Muralt, ad annum, Essai de Chronographie Byzantine, vol. ii.
278. Phrantzes, p. 253.
279. Paspates, p. 78.
280. Mordtmann, p. 13. Above the gate, on the side facing the city, is a slab with the figure of the Roman eagle.
281. Patriarch Constantius, Ancient and Modern Constantinople, p. 19.
282. Banduri, Imp. Orient., vii. p. 150.
284. Mordtmann, p. 13.
285. Theophanes Cont., p. 223.
286. Page 779.
287. Codinus, p. 97.
289. Sozomon, iv. c. 2.
290. Anonymus, i. p. 38.
291. Procopius, De Æd., i. c. 3.
292. Synaxaria, Octob. 25.
294. Synaxaria, Oct. 25.
295. Procopius, De Æd., i. c. 3.
296. Synaxaria, June 10.
297. Ibid., April 23.
298. Ibid., April 22.
299. Nicephorus Callistas, xii. c. 14.
300. Phrantzes, p. 253.
301. Constant. Porphyr., De Cer., p. 109.
303. It is still held in great repute, and on the Friday of Greek Easter week is visited by immense crowds of devotees, as in the olden time.
304. Procopius, De Æd., i. c. 3.