305. Constant. Porphyr., De Cer., p. 109.
306. Leo Diaconus, iv. p. 64.
307. Pachymeres, vol. i. p. 142; Niceph. Greg., iv. p. 85.
308. See Muralt, Essai de Chronographie Byzantine, vol. ii.
309. Ducas, p. 184.
310. Nicolo Barbaro, p. 733.
311. Paschal Chron., p. 590.
312. Synaxaria, Oct. 25.
313. Paspates, p. 47; Mordtmann, p. 15.
314. Synaxaria, Oct. 25. Ἐν τῇ Μελανδησία πόρτῃ, ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ Κωνσταντινούπολει, τοποθεσίᾳ τοῦ Δευτέρου.
316. Nicephorus Callistus, xv. c. 25, c. 28.
317. Agathias, v. c. 14, c. 20.
318. Marcellinus Comes, ad Zenonem.
319. Paschal Chron., p. 717.
320. Ibid., p. 590.
321. Mordtmann, p. 78.
322. Menæa, May 30, as quoted by Du Cange, Constantinopolis Christiana, ii. p. 178.
323. Constant. Porphyr., De Cer., p. 501; Cedrenus, vol. ii. p. 540.
324. Mordtmann, pp. 14, 15.
326. Codinus, p. 47.
327. Cedrenus, vol. ii. p. 540.
328. Theophanes Cont., p. 323.
329. Codinus, p. 126.
330. Pages 378-389.
331. Banduri, Imp. Orient., vii. p. 150.
332. Theophanes, pp. 355, 358.
334. The inscription is found in the C. I. G., No. 8789. Dr. Paspates compares it with No. 8788 in that collection. ΝΙΚΑ Η ΤΥΧΗ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΥ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΤΟΥ ΣΥΣΤΑΤΙΚΟΥ ΝΙΚΗΤΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΒΕΝΕΤΩΝ (of the Blues) ΕΥΝΩΟΥΝΤΩΝ. See below, p. 102.
337. Choiseul-Gouffier, Voyage pittoresque dans l’Empire Ottoman, etc., vol. iv. p. 17, speaking of this gate, says, “Sur le cintre de cette porte sont les représentations de quelques saints, donc les Turcs ont effacé le visage.” Cf. Paspates, p. 51.
338. Mordtmann, p. 15.
339. Paschal Chron., p. 720.
340. De Constantinopoli Expugnata, p. 462.
341. Critobulus, i. c. 23, c. 27 (Fragmenta Historicorum Græcorum, vol. v.); Phrantzes, p. 237.
342. Critobulus; Phrantzes, ut supra.
343. Pusculus, iv. Compare lines 165 and 169. Cf. Dolfin, s. 54.
344. Anonymus, iii. p. 55; Itinéraires Russes en Orient, p. 103.
345. Paschal Chron., p. 719.
347. E.g. Dethier, Le Bosphore et Consple., p. 50.
349. Metrical Chronicle, lines 371-429; cf. statement ἐγέρθη Γεωργίου δόμος ... πρὸς πύλην τὴν Χαρσίαν with statement πύλην ἐάσας ἀνοικτὴν τὴν ποταμοῦ πλησίον εἰς ἥν τῆς μάρτυρος ναὸς Κυριακῆς ὁρᾶται. See Byzantinshe Analecten, von Hernn Joseph Müller, “Sitzungsberichte der K. Akademie der Wissenshaften Philosoph. Hist.,” Classe B. 9, 1852. Cf. Cananus, p. 462, ἦν γὰρ ὁ τόπος καὶ σοῦδα καὶ πύργος πλησίον Κυριακῆς τῆς ἁγίας, μέσον Ῥωμανοῦ τοῦ ἁγίου καὶ τῆς Χαρσῆς τε τὴν πύλην, καὶ πλησιέστηρον τούτων εἰς τὸν ποταμόν τὸν ἐπονομαζόμενον Λύκον.
350. Palladius, Dialogus de Vita J. Chrysostomi, Migne, xlvii. p. 34. In front of St. Irene in the Seraglio grounds, is preserved the pedestal on which stood the porphyry column bearing the silver statue of the Empress Eudoxia, the occasion of Chrysostom’s banishment.
351. Paschal Chron., p. 589, Εἰσῆλθεν λεκτικίῳ ἀπὸ Λευκοῦ ποταμοῦ.
352. Constant. Porphyr., De Cer., 497.
353. Anonymus, iii. p. 50.
354. Paspates, p. 68.
356. Dr. Mordtmann was the first to establish the fact. For a full statement of his view, see Esquisse Topographique de Consple., pp. 16-29.
358. Constant. Porphyr., De Cer., p. 497. In 1299, Andronicus II. also entered the city by this entrance in great state, after an absence of two years (Pachymeres, vol. ii. p. 290).
359. Anna Comn., ii. pp. 124, 129; Metrical Chronicle, 371-429.
360. Patriarch Constantius, Ancient and Modern Constantinople, p. 105. The church possesses two ancient Lectionaries, one containing the Epistles, the other the Gospels. The history of the latter is interesting. The MS. was presented to the Church of St. Sophia, in 1438, by a monk named Arsenius, of Crete. It was taken, the same year, by the Patriarch Joseph to Ferrara, when he proceeded to that city to attend the council called to negotiate the union of the Western and Eastern Churches. Upon his death in Florence the year following it was returned to St. Sophia. Some time after the fall of Constantinople it came into the hands of a certain Manuel, son of Constantine, by whom it was given, in 1568, to the church in which it is now treasured.
361. Ducas, p. 288.
362. Paschal Chron., pp. 719, 720; cf. Anonymus, i. p. 22, with iii. p. 50.
363. In the foundations of one of the towers to the north of the Gate of the Pempton, pulled down in 1868 for the sake of building material, a large number of marble tombstones were found, some being plain slabs, others bearing inscriptions. Among the latter, several were to the memory of persons connected with the body of auxiliary troops, styled the Fœderati. Such Gothic names as Walderic, Saphnas, Bertilas, Epoktoric, occurred in the epitaphs, e.g.—
See Paspates, pp. 33, 34; Proceedings of the Greek Literary Syllogos of Consple., vol. xvi., 1885; Archæological Supplement, pp. 17-23. Some of the stones are in the Imperial Museum.
364. Critobulus, i. c. 26, c. 31.
365. Phrantzes, p. 253; Critobulus, i. c. 26; Leonard of Scio, “In loco arduo Miliandri, quo urbs titubabat.”
366. Leonard of Scio, Migne, vol. clix. pp. 929, 940.
367. Dolfin, s. 31.
368. Paschal Chron., pp. 719, 720.
369. Theophanes, p. 573.
370. Nicetas Chon., p. 493.
371. Cantacuzene, iii. p. 525.
372. Anna Comn., ii. p. 124.
373. Nicetas Chon., p. 824.
374. Cantacuzene, i. p. 291; Nicephorus Greg., ix. pp. 419, 420.
376. Cananus, pp. 461, 462.
377. Compare the narratives of Phrantzes, pp. 246, 253; Critobulus, i. c. 23, 27, 31, 34, 60; Ducas, p. 275; Leonard of Scio (Migne, vol. clix.).
378. Critobulus, i. c. 60.
379. Phrantzes, p. 287.
380. Cantacuzene, iii. p. 558; Theophanes, p. 667.
381. Ducas, p. 282. The Circus was known as the Circus of St. Mamas, because of its proximity to that church, and appears frequently in Byzantine history.
The district associated with the Church of St. Mamas (Zonaras, xvi. c. 5, ἐν τῇ κατὰ τὸ Στενὸν τοποθεσίᾳ τῇ τοῦ ἁγίου Μάμαντος καλουμένῃ) must have occupied the valley which extends from the Golden Horn southwards to the village of Ortakdjilar, the territory between Eyoub (Cosmidion) and Aivan Serai at the north-western angle of the city. The church itself, with its monastery (Cantacuzene, iv. pp. 107, 259), stood, probably, on the high ground near Ortakdjilar. Owing to its charming situation, the suburb was a favourite resort, and boasted of an Imperial palace, a hippodrome, a portico, a harbour, and, possibly, the bridge across the Golden Horn. The indications for the determination of the site of the suburb are: (1) it stood nearer the Golden Horn than the Gate of Charisius did; for in the military demonstration which Constantine Copronymus made before the land walls, against the rebel Artavasdes, by marching up and down between the Gate of Charisius and the Golden Gate, the emperor reached St. Mamas and encamped there, after passing the former entrance on his march northwards (Theophanes, pp. 645, 646). (2) The Hippodrome of St. Mamas was in Blachernæ (Ἐν Βλαχέρναις ... ἐν τῷ ἱππικῷ τοῦ ἁγίου Μάμαντος—Theophanes, p. 667), a term which could be used to designate even the district of the Cosmidion (Paschal Chron., p. 725, τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τῶν ἁγίων Κοσμᾶ καὶ Δαμιανοῦ, ἐν Βλαχέρναις). (3) The suburb stood near the Cosmidion; hence the facility with which the Bulgarians under Crum were able to ravage St. Mamas from their camp near the Church SS. Cosmas and Damianus (Theophanes Cont., pp. 613, 614). (4) The suburb was near the water; for it had a harbour (Theophanes, p. 591). It is also described as situated on the Propontis (Genesius, p. 102), on the Euxine (Theophanes Cont., p. 197), on the Stenon, the Bosporus (Zonaras, ut supra), these names being applied in a wide sense. (5) At the same time the Church of St. Mamas stood near the walls (Zonaras, xiv. p. 1272, πλησίον τοῦ τείχους), and near the gate named Porta Xylokerkou (Cedrenus, i. p. 707). This does not necessarily imply that the church was immediately outside the gate, but it intimates that the church was at no very great distance from the gate, and could be easily reached from it; as, for example, the Church of the Pegè stands related to the Gate of Selivria (see above, p. 73). Such language would be appropriate if a branch road leading to St. Mamas and the Golden Horn left the great road, parallel to the walls, at the point opposite the Porta Xylokerkou.
The suburb owed much to Leo the Great, who took up his residence there for six months, after the terrible conflagration which devastated the city in the twelfth year of his reign (Paschal Chron., p. 598). To him are ascribed all the constructions for which the suburb was celebrated; the harbour and portico (Paschal Chron., ut supra), the church, the palace, and the hippodrome (Anonymus, iii. pp. 57, 58; Codinus, p. 115). The Church of St. Mamas is, however, ascribed also to an officer in the reign of Justinian the Great, and to the sister of the Emperor Maurice (see Du Cange, Constantinopolis Christiana, iv. p. 185). There Maurice and his family were buried, after their execution by Phocas (Codinus, p. 121). The palace was frequented by Michael III., and there he was murdered by Basil I. (Theophanes Cont., p. 210). To it the Empress Irene and her son Constantine VI. retired from the city on the occasion of the severe earthquake of 790 (Theophanes, pp. 719, 720), and in it the marriage of Constantine VI. with Theodota was celebrated (Ibid. p. 728). It was burnt down by Crum of Bulgaria (Ibid. pp. 785, 786), but must have been rebuilt soon, for Theophilus took up his quarters there on the eve of his first triumphal entrance into the city (Constant. Porphyr., De Cer., p. 504). The hippodrome may have been, originally, the one which Constantine the Great constructed of wood, outside the city, and in which the adherents of Chrysostom assembled after the bishop’s deposition (Sozomon, viii. c. 21, συνήθον πρὸ τοῦ ἄστεος εἰς τινα χῶρον ὅν Κωνσταντίνος ὁ Βασιλεὺς, μήπω τὴν πόλιν συνοικήσας, εἰς ἱπποδρόμου θέαν ἐκάθηρε, ξύλοις περιτειχίσας). There Michael III. took part in chariot races (Theophanes Cont., p. 197; cf. Theophanes, p. 731). Crum carried away some of the works of Art which adorned it (Theophanes, pp. 785, 786). The harbour of St. Mamas appears as the station of a fleet in the struggle between Anastasius II. and Theodosius III. (Theophanes, pp. 591, 592), and in the struggle between Artavasdes and Constantine Copronymus (Ibid., pp. 645, 646).
382. Banduri, Imp. Orient., vii. p. 150, n. 428, ΘΕΥΔΟΣΙΟΣ ΤΟΔΕ ΤΕΙΧΟΣ ΑΝΑΞ ΚΑΙ ΥΠΑΡΧΟΣ ΕΩΑΣ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΣ ΕΤΕΥΞΑΝ ΕΝ ΗΜΑΣΙΝ ΕΞΗΚΟΝΤΑ. The gate appears in the reign of Anastasius I. (491-518), when a nun residing near it was mobbed and killed for sharing the emperor’s heretical opinions (Zonaras, xiv. c. 3, p. 1220, Migne). This is another evidence of its Theodosian origin. It must have stood in the portion of the Theodosian Walls that still remain, for it is mentioned in the reign of John Cantacuzene.
383. Ducas, pp. 282-286. Cf. Anonymus, iii. p. 50.
384. Nicetas Chon., pp. 528, 529.
385. Cantacuzene, iii. p. 558.
386. Ducas, p. 282, Παραπόρτιον ἕν πρὸ πολλῶν χρόνων ἀσφαλῶς πεφραγμένον, ὑπόγαιον, πρὸς τὸ κάτωθεν μέρος τοῦ παλατίου.
387. Ducas, pp. 282-286.
388. Pages 63-67. Dr. Paspates regarded the Kerko Porta and the Porta Xylokerkou as different gates. The latter, he held, has disappeared.
389. Page 27.
390. I. c. 60.
391. Ducas, p. 286.
392. Codinus, De Officiis, p. 41; Constant. Porphyr., De Cer., p. 589.
393. Theophanes, p. 616.
394. Constant. Porphyr., De Cer., p. 6. Ibid., p. 295, speaks of the τοῦ τειχεώτου.
395. Paschal Chron., 595.
396. Theophanes, p. 195.
397. Ibid., pp. 345, 355.
398. Ibid., pp. 357, 358.
399. Codinus, p. 86.
400. John of Ephesus: translation by R. Payne Smith.
401. See illustration facing p. 96, for copy of the inscription with its errors in orthography.
402. Theophanes, p. 589.
403. Ibid., pp. 634, 635. The tax was called “dikeraton,” because it was equal to two keratia (1s. ½d.), or one-twelfth of a nomisma (12s. 6d.). Cf. Finlay, History of the Byzantine Empire, i. pp. 37, 38.
404. The date of her death is not known. Muralt is mistaken in saying that she died in 750. The Maria who died in that year was the second wife of Constantine Copronymus; not the widow, as Muralt has it, of Leo III. Cf. Nicephorus, Patriarch of Consple., p. 73.
405. Proceedings of the Greek Literary Syllogos of Consple., vol. xvi., 1885: Archæological Supplement, pp. 34, 35.
406. Proceedings of the Greek Literary Syllogos of Consple., vol. xvi., 1885: Archæological Supplement, p. 30.
407. Leo Diaconus, pp. 175, 176.
408. Paspates, pp. 46, 47.
409. Cedrenus, vol. ii. pp. 500, 503, 504.
410. Cinnamus, p. 274.
411. Nicetas Chon., pp. 414, 415.
412. Pachymeres, vol. i. pp. 186, 187.
413. Nicephorus Greg., vii. p. 275.
415. Nicephorus Greg., xiv. pp. 694-696.
416. Nicephorus Greg., xiv. p. 711.
418. Paspates, p. 59.
419. Paspates, p. 45.
420. Compare Paspates, pp. 54, 55, with Mordtmann, p. 14.
421. Du Cange, Familiæ Augustæ Byzantinæ, p. 246.
422. Zorzo Dolfin, s. 54.
423. Proceedings of the Greek Literary Syllogos of Consple., vol. xvi., 1885: Archæological Supplement, p. 38.
424. Du Cange, Familiæ Augustæ Byzantinæ; Familiæ Sclavonicæ, ix. p. 336.
425. Paspates, p. 42.
426. Ibid., p. 45.
427. Historia Cpolitanæ Urbis a Mahumete II. Captæ, per modum Epistolæ, die Augusti, anno 1453, ad Nicolaum V. Rom. Pont., Migne, vol. clix. p. 936.
428. Critobolus, i. c. 27; Cantacuzene, i. p. 305.
430. Tekfour Serai means Palace of the Sovereign, from a Persian word signifying Wearer of the Crown, Crowned Head. Leunclavius (Pandectes Historiæ Turcicæ, s. 56, Migne, vol. clix.) says that the Turks, in his day, styled the emperor, Tegguires. The derivation of Tekfour from the Greek τοῦ κυρίου is untenable.
432. I. c. 27. Ἀπὸ τῆς Ξυλίνης πύλης ἀνιόντι μέχρι τῶν βασιλείων τοῦ Πορφυρογεννήτου, καὶ φθάνοντι μέχρι τῆς λεγομένης πύλης τοῦ Χαρισοῦ.
433. Cantacuzene, i. p. 305.
434. Nicephorus Greg., ix. p. 420.
436. Cantacuzene, iii. p. 607.
437. Cantacuzene, iii. pp. 611, 612; Nicephorus Greg., xv. pp. 774-779.
438. Cantacuzene, iv. pp. 290, 291.
439. Tafferner (see below, p. 113, reference 5) speaks of a propylæum supported by ten fine columns as the entrance to the court of the palace from the city.
440. Cantacuzene, iii. p. 138, Τὴν τοῦ Πορφυρογεννήτου προσαγορευομένην πυλίδα.