[193] Archer 1873, 1874, 1875.

[194] Bornet 1873 and 1874.

[195] Treub 1873.

[196] Borzi 1875.

[197] Stahl 1877.

[198] Bonnier 1886 and 1889.

[199] Bonnier was probably experimenting with an Arthopyrenia. Verrucaria species combine with Protococcus or according to Chodat with Coccobotrys gen. nov.

[200] Nylander 1858.

[201] Fuisting 1868, p. 674.

[202] Winter 1876, p. 264.

[203] Stahl 1877.

[204] See p. 62.

[205] Wainio 1890, 2, p. 29.

[206] Reinke 1872, p. 108.

[207] Reinke 1873¹.

[208] Reinke 1873², p. 98.

[209] Frank 1876.

[210] de Bary 1879.

[211] Bornet 1873.

[212] Hedlund 1892.

[213] Peirce 1899.

[214] Hue 1915.

[215] Lindau 1895¹.

[216] Peirce 1899.

[217] Claassen 1914.

[218] Frank 1876.

[219] Lindau 1895.

[220] Bachmann 1913.

[221] Cunningham 1879.

[222] Ward 1884.

[223] Jennings 1895.

[224] Fitting 1910.

[225] Bornet 1873.

[226] Bonnier 1889².

[227] Schwendener 1867.

[228] Elenkin 1902¹ and 1904¹, 1904².

[229] Elenkin 1906².

[230] Danilov 1910.

[231] Paulson and Hastings 1920.

[232] Nienburg 1917.

[233] Zukal 1891.

[234] Sutherland 1915.

[235] Beyerinck 1890.

[236] Artari 1902.

[237] See p. 56.

[238] Artari 1902.

[239] Treboux 1912.

[240] Chodat 1913.

[241] See Paulson and Hastings 1920.

[242] Keeble 1910.

[243] Reinke 1872.

[244] Dufrenoy 1918.

[245] Artari 1899.

[246] Etard and Bouilhac 1898.

[247] Radais 1900.

[248] Artari 1901.

[249] Chodat 1913.

[250] Treboux 1905.

[251] Marshall Ward 1884.

[252] Uhlir 1915.

[253] Tobler 1911.

[254] Zopf 1907.

[255] Chambers 1912.

[256] Chodat 1913.

[257] See note Paulson and Hastings, p. 28.

[258] Chodat 1913.

[259] Gargeaune 1911.

[260] Servettaz 1913.

[261] See p. 65.

[262] Wettstein 1915.

[263] Meyer 1825.

[264] Holle 1849.

[265] Tulasne 1852.

[266] Bonnier 1889².

[267] Term coined by Lindau (1899) to describe the pseudo-cellular tissue of lichens and fungi now referred to as “plectenchyma.”

[268] Wainio 1897.

[269] Möller 1887.

[270] Tobler 1909.

[271] Wahrlich 1893.

[272] Baur 1898.

[273] Darbishire 1899.

[274] Kienitz-Gerloff 1902.

[275] Meyer 1902.

[276] Salter 1902.

[277] Nylander (1866) gave the term “gonimia” to the blue-green algae of the Phycolichens, retaining the term “gonidia” for the bright-green algae of the Archilichens: the distinction is not now maintained.

[278] For further details see also the chapter on Classification.

[279] See p. 133.

[280] Krempelhuber 1873.

[281] Chodat 1913.

[282] Paulson and Hastings 1920.

[283] Paulson in litt.

[284] Acton 1909.

[285] Bialosuknia 1909.

[286] Hue 1905.

[287] Deckenbach 1893.

[288] In a comparative study of leaf algae from Ceylon and Barbadoes, N. Thomas (1913) came to the conclusion that Marshall Ward’s alga in its early stages is the same as Phyllactidium tropicum Moebius; and that the Barbadoes alga with which she was working represented the older stages, it being then subcuticular in habit, forming rhizoids, barren and sterile aerial hairs and subcuticular zoosporangia.

[289] De Toni 1889.

[290] Bornet 1873.

[291] Fünfstück 1899.

[292] Hedlund 1892.

[293] Zukal 1895, p. 19.

[294] Moebius 1888.

[295] Frank 1876, p. 158.

[296] Stahl 1877.

[297] Neubner 1893.

[298] Krabbe 1891.

[299] Forssell 1885.

[300] Hue 1910.

[301] Harmand 1913, p. 1050.

[302] Forssell 1886.

[303] See Chap. VII.

[304] Lindau 1895.

[305] Darbishire 1897.

[306] Nienburg 1917.

[307] Bonnier 1888 and 1889².

[308] Bonnier 1889.

[309] Forssell 1884, p. 34.

[310] Zahlbruckner 1902.

[311] Lindau 1899.

[312] Reinke 1895.

[313] Zukal 1895, p. 562.

[314] Zahlbruckner 1907.

[315] Hue 1899.

[316] Wainio has adopted this term for growing hyphae 1897, p. 33.

[317] Tulasne 1852.

[318] Zukal 1895.

[319] Zukal 1895.

[320] Schwendener 1866.

[321] Schwendener 1863.

[322] Hue 1906.

[323] See p. 83.

[324] Malinowski 1911.

[325] Steiner 1881.

[326] Fünfstück 1899.

[327] Bachmann 1913.

[328] See p. 215.

[329] Friedrich 1906.

[330] Bachmann 1907.

[331] Bachmann 1904.

[332] Bachmann 1904.

[333] Stahlecker 1906.

[334] Lang 1903.

[335] Fünfstück 1899.

[336] Darbishire 1897.

[337] Frank 1876.

[338] Bornet 1873, p. 81.

[339] Lindau 1895.

[340] Bitter 1899.

[341] See p. 83.

[342] Friedrich 1906.

[343] See p. 76.

[344] See p. 126.

[345] Schwendener 1860, 1863 and 1868.

[346] Zukal 1895, p. 1305.

[347] Hue 1906.

[348] Heber Howe 1912.

[349] Hue 1911.

[350] Schwendener 1863, p. 180.

[351] Darbishire 1897.

[352] Rosendahl 1907.

[353] See p. 96.

[354] See p. 133.

[355] Rosendahl 1907.

[356] Meyer 1902.

[357] See p. 52.

[358] Nylander 1858.

[359] Hue 1898.

[360] Rosendahl 1907.

[361] Darbishire 1912.

[362] Porter 1919.

[363] Darbishire 1897.

[364] Schwendener 1860.

[365] Rosendahl 1907.

[366] Meyer 1902.

[367] Reinke 1895, p. 186.

[368] Bitter 1901.

[369] Sernander 1901.

[370] Parfitt in Leighton 1871, p. 470.

[371] Galløe 1915.

[372] Bitter 1899.

[373] Sturgis 1890.

[374] See p. 108.

[375] Darbishire 1898.

[376] Darbishire 1895.

[377] Brandt 1906.

[378] Hue 1906.

[379] Haberlandt 1896.