[574] Baur 1904.

[575] Nienburg 1908.

[576] Harper 1900.

[577] Guilliermond 1904, p. 60.

[578] Baur 1899.

[579] Sturgis 1890.

[580] Nienburg 1908.

[581] Schwendener 1864.

[582] Wahlberg 1902.

[583] Baur 1904.

[584] Brown 1911.

[585] Moreau 1916.

[586] Lindau 1888.

[587] Fünfstück 1884.

[588] Baur 1904.

[589] Nienburg 1908.

[590] Rosendahl 1907.

[591] Lindau 1888.

[592] Baur 1904.

[593] Wolff 1905.

[594] Fünfstück 1902.

[595] Krabbe 1882.

[596] Baur 1901.

[597] Fünfstück 1902.

[598] Darbishire 1897.

[599] See also p. 147.

[600] Wolff 1905.

[601] See Chap. VII.

[602] Krabbe 1883 and 1891.

[603] Baur 1904.

[604] Sättler 1914.

[605] See Chap. VII.

[606] Fuisting 1868.

[607] Stahl 1877.

[608] Baur 1904.

[609] Baur 1901.

[610] Krabbe 1882.

[611] Forssell 1883.

[612] Wainio 1890, p. x.

[613] Neubner 1893.

[614] Fünfstück 1884.

[615] Darbishire 1913.

[616] Moreau 1915.

[617] Sturgis 1890.

[618] Metzger 1903.

[619] Baur 1904.

[620] Moreau 1916.

[621] Krabbe 1882.

[622] Lindau 1899.

[623] Wolff 1905.

[624] Rosendahl 1907.

[625] Bitter 1901².

[626] Baur 1904.

[627] Nienburg 1908.

[628] Krabbe 1882.

[629] Schulte 1904.

[630] Wainio 1890.

[631] Schikorra 1909.

[632] Harper 1900.

[633] Fraser 1907.

[634] Thaxter 1912.

[635] Faull 1911.

[636] Dawson 1900.

[637] Brooks 1910.

[638] Blackman and Welsford 1912.

[639] Lindau 1899.

[640] Van Tieghem 1891.

[641] Zukal 1895.

[642] Wainio 1890.

[643] Steiner 1901.

[644] See also Chap. VII.

[645] F. Bachmann 1913.

[646] Cutting 1909.

[647] Darbishire 1900.

[648] Baur 1904.

[649] See p. 161.

[650] Stahl 1877.

[651] Baur 1898.

[652] F. Bachmann 1912 and 1913.

[653] Darbishire 1900.

[654] Fitzpatrick 1918.

[655] Harper 1900.

[656] Fünfstück 1902.

[657] Schwendener 1864.

[658] Hue 1906.

[659] Lindau 1899.

[660] Hedwig 1784.

[661] Acharius 1803.

[662] Sprengel 1807.

[663] Luyken 1809.

[664] Eschweiler 1824.

[665] Fée 1824.

[666] Mohl 1833.

[667] Dangeard 1894.

[668] Baur 1904.

[669] Nienburg 1908.

[670] Maire 1903.

[671] Bachmann 1913.

[672] Mohl 1833.

[673] Zukal 1895.

[674] Fée 1824.

[675] Meyer 1825.

[676] Holle 1849.

[677] Tulasne 1852.

[678] De Bary 1866-1867.

[679] Haberlandt 1887.

[680] Zopf 1905.

[681] Massalongo 1852.

[682] Koerber 1855.

[683] Wainio 1. 1890, p. 113.

[684] Harper 1899.

[685] Hue 1911².

[686] Tulasne 1852.

[687] Bornet 1873.

[688] Bonnier 1889².

[689] Maire 1905.

[690] Neubner 1893.

[691] Brefeld 1889.

[692] See p. 143.

[693] Bornet 1873.

[694] Bornet’s observations have not been repeated, and it is possible that he may have been dealing with a parasitic hyphomycetous fungus.

[695] Steiner 1901.

[696] Müller 1881.

[697] Wainio 1890, II. p. 27.

[698] Fée 1873.

[699] Müller 1890.

[700] Tulasne 1851.

[701] Dillenius 1741.

[702] Hedwig 1784 and 1789.

[703] Acharius 1810.

[704] Fries 1831.

[705] Wallroth 1825.

[706] Schaerer 1823-1842.

[707] Flotow 1850.

[708] Itzigsohn 1850.

[709] Tulasne 1851.

[710] Tulasne 1852.

[711] Lindsay 1859 and 1872.

[712] Forssell 1885.

[713] Nienburg 1908.

[714] Möller 1887.

[715] Sturgis 1890.

[716] Nylander 1858, pp. 34, 35.

[717] Nylander, Crombie and others apply the term “sterigma” to the whole spermatiophore. In the more usual restricted sense, it refers only to the short process from which the spermatium is abstricted.

[718] Glück 1899.

[719] Steiner 1901.

[720] Gibelli 1866.

[721] Tulasne 1852.

[722] Nylander 1858.

[723] Corda 1839.

[724] Allescher 1901-3.

[725] Keiszler 1911.

[726] Nylander 1858, p. 37.

[727] Möller 1887.

[728] Istvanffi 1895.

[729] Möller 1888.

[730] Hedlund 1892.

[731] Tulasne 1852.

[732] Müller 1885.

[733] Lindsay 1859 and 1872.

[734] Laubert 1911.

[735] Blackman 1904.

[736] Istvanffi 1895.

[737] Plowright 1889.

[738] Sappin-Trouffy 1896.

[739] Brefeld 1891.

[740] De Bary 1866, p. 7.

[741] Gilson 1893.

[742] Winterstein 1893.

[743] Gilson 1894.

[744] The chemical formula of chitin is given as C₆₀H₁₀₀N₈O₃₈, that of chitosan as C₁₄H₂₆N₂O₁₀.

[745] Escombe 1896.

[746] Wisselingh 1898.

[747] Wester 1909.

[748] Berzelius 1813.

[749] Guérin-Varry 1834.

[750] Mulder 1838.

[751] Berg 1873.

[752] Beilstein ex Errera 1882, p. 16 (note).

[753] Escombe 1896.

[754] Wiesner 1900.

[755] Lacour 1880.

[756] Wisselingh 1898.

[757] Stüde 1864.

[758] Czapek 1905, I. p. 515.

[759] Ulander 1905.

[760] Müller 1905.

[761] Stüde 1864.

[762] Wisselingh 1898.

[763] Schellenberg 1896.

[764] Escombe 1896.

[765] Wester 1909.

[766] Czapek 1905, I. p. 515.

[767] Moreau 1916.