[768] Errera 1882.

[769] Schwendener 1862, p. 231.

[770] De Bary 1866-1867, p. 211.

[771] Gautier 1899.

[772] Herissey 1898.

[773] Czapek 1905, II. p. 257.

[774] Ronceray 1904.

[775] Zopf in Schenk 1890, p. 448.

[776] Knop 1872.

[777] Zopf 1907.

[778] Hamlet and Plowright 1877.

[779] Braconnot 1825.

[780] Zopf 1907.

[781] Errera 1893.

[782] Euler 1908, p. 7.

[783] Rosendahl 1907.

[784] Knop 1872.

[785] Kratzmann 1913.

[786] Zukal 1895, p. 1311.

[787] Kerner and Oliver 1894, p. 235.

[788] Steiner 1881.

[789] Zukal 1884.

[790] Zukal 1886.

[791] Hulth 1891.

[792] Bachmann 1892.

[793] Fünfstück 1895.

[794] Fünfstück 1899.

[795] Bachmann 1904¹.

[796] Lang 1906.

[797] Lang 1906, p. 171.

[798] Bachmann 1892.

[799] Bachmann 1904¹.

[800] Bachmann 1904².

[801] Fünfstück 1895.

[802] Zukal 1895, p. 1372.

[803] Rosendahl 1907.

[804] Zukal 1895.

[805] Fünfstück 1896.

[806] Fünfstück 1899.

[807] Lang 1906.

[808] Beijerinck 1904.

[809] Wehmer 1891.

[810] Stahel 1911.

[811] See p. 218.

[812] Pfeffer 1877.

[813] Pfaff 1826.

[814] Herberger 1830.

[815] Knop and Schnederman 1846.

[816] Hesse 1904.

[817] Zopf 1907, p. 179.

[818] Zopf 1907.

[819] Senft 1907.

[820] Tobler 1909.

[821] Keegan 1907.

[822] Schwarz 1880, p. 264.

[823] Schwendener 1863, p. 180.

[824] Fünfstück 1902.

[825] Heber Howe 1913.

[826] Knowles 1913.

[827] West, W. 1905.

[828] Lettau 1914.

[829] Lettau 1914.

[830] Parietin differs chemically from chrysophanic acid of Rheum, etc.

[831] Stenhouse and Groves 1877.

[832] Volkard 1894.

[833] Nylander 1866.

[834] Jumelle 1892.

[835] Sievers 1908.

[836] Zukal 1895.

[837] Beckmann 1907.

[838] Herre 1911².

[839] Sievers 1908.

[840] Jumelle 1892.

[841] Schrenk 1898.

[842] Bonnier 1889².

[843] West 1905.

[844] Sandstede 1904.

[845] Friedrich 1906.

[846] Lindau 1895².

[847] See p. 109.

[848] Uloth 1861.

[849] Zopf 1903.

[850] Zopf 1907.

[851] Ohlert 1871.

[852] See p. 75.

[853] Uloth 1861.

[854] Egeling 1881.

[855] Buchet 1890.

[856] Bachmann 1904.

[857] Bachmann 1911.

[858] Lang 1903.

[859] Stahlecker 1906.

[860] Bitter 1899.

[861] Zukal 1879.

[862] Kihlman 1890.

[863] Jumelle 1892.

[864] Zopf 1890, p. 489.

[865] Jumelle 1892.

[866] Weir 1919.

[867] Wainio 1897, p. 16.

[868] Nienburg 1908.

[869] Metzger 1903.

[870] Bitter 1899.

[871] Wiesner 1895.

[872] Bitter 1901, p. 465.

[873] Fink 1909.

[874] Galløe 1908.

[875] Zukal 1896.

[876] Bitter 1901.

[877] Maheu 1906.

[878] Wiesner 1895.

[879] R. Paulson, ined.

[880] Krempelhuber 1861.

[881] Zukal 1896, p. 111.

[882] Zukal 1896.

[883] Hedlund 1892, p. 22.

[884] Zopf 1893.

[885] Zopf 1907.

[886] Zopf 1892.

[887] Knop 1872.

[888] Bachmann 1890.

[889] A similar reaction with nitric acid is produced on the blue hypothalline hyphae of Placynthium nigrum.

[890] Knowles 1915.

[891] Rosendahl 1907.

[892] John 1819.

[893] Grimbel 1856.

[894] Molisch 1892.

[895] Nilson 1907.

[896] Meyer 1825, p. 44.

[897] Lindsay 1856.

[898] Berkeley 1857.

[899] Weddell 1869.

[900] Phillips 1878.

[901] Scott Elliot 1907.

[902] Vallot 1896.

[903] Bitter 1901.

[904] Heere 1904.

[905] Krabbe 1891, p. 131.

[906] Reinke 1894, p. 18.

[907] Bonnier, see p. 29.

[908] Darbishire, see p. 148.

[909] Tobler, see p. 148.

[910] Stahl 1877, p. 34.

[911] Paulson 1918.

[912] Paulson and Thompson 1913.

[913] Fink 1917.

[914] Baur 1901.

[915] Miyoshi 1901.

[916] Darbishire 1897, p. 657.

[917] Beckmann 1907.

[918] Bitter 1899.

[919] Peirce 1898.

[920] Schrenk 1898.

[921] Elenkin 1901.

[922] See Chap. X.

[923] Mereschkovsky 1918.

[924] Meyer 1825, p. 44.

[925] Paulson and Somerville Hastings 1914.

[926] Crombie 1872.

[927] See p. 35.

[928] Dufrenoy 1918.

[929] Arnold 1874.

[930] Kupfer 1894.

[931] See p. 236.

[932] Malme 1895.

[933] Bitter 1899.

[934] Hofmann 1906.

[935] Almquist 1880.

[936] Bitter 1899.

[937] See p. 237.

[938] Arnold 1874.

[939] Nylander 1852.

[940] Hue 1915.

[941] Th. Fries 1874, p. 343.

[942] Tobler 1911².

[943] Lindsay 1869².

[944] Winter 1877.

[945] Abrothallus has been included in the lichen genus Buellia.

[946] Tulasne 1852.

[947] Lindsay 1856.

[948] Crombie 1894.

[949] Kotte 1910.

[950] Zopf 1896.

[951] Zopf 1898, p. 249.

[952] Tobler 1911².

[953] See p. 276.

[954] Elenkin 1901².

[955] Stahl 1904.

[956] Lindsay 1859, 1869, 1871.

[957] Zopf 1896.

[958] Zopf 1898.

[959] Moreau 1916³.

[960] Vouaux 1912, etc.