149.
K
Katabolism, 90.
Kinases, 92.
Kinematographic analysis, 316.
L
Lamarck, hypotheses of evolution, 220.
Lamarckian inheritance, an inadequate cause of transformism, 227.
Lankester, acquired characters not inherited, 221.
Laplace, and universal mathematics, 215.
Laplacian mind, 299.
Larval stages, 170.
Latency (of characters), 195.
Lavoisier, and chemistry of the organism, 127.
Life and adaptation to physical conditions, 338;
and reversibility, 339;
a direction of energies, 341;
defined energetically, 337;
cosmic origin of, 338;
physical conditions for, 338;
limited in power, 306;
sparsity of, on the earth, 306;
tends to arrest dissipation of energy, 314;
its origin a pseudo-problem, 337.
Life-substance, the primitive, 301.
Locomotion, 258.
Loeb and the associative memory, 155;
and artificial parthenogenesis, 176;
mechanism and life, 127;
stereotropism, 19;
theory of tropisms, 144;
tropistic movements, 146;
theories of heredity, 181.
Limit, the mathematical, 346.
Limits to perceptual activity, 23.
Links, missing, 252.
Linnean species, 201.
M
Manifoldness, intensive, 302.
Mass, 353.
Mass action, 140.
Materialism, 85.
Mathematics, evades consideration of time, 35.
Matter, 353;
inert, 375;
notion of is an intuitive one, 352.
Maxwell, and sorting demons, 116, 377.
Mayow, and chemical physiology, 126.
Mechanical work, done by the animal, 67;
not done by the plant, 71.
Mechanism, organic and inorganic, 78;
the thermodynamic, 66;
radical, 215;
in life, 121.
Membranes, semi-permeable, 95.
Memory, 39;
a possible cerebral mechanism of, 158;
mechanistic hypotheses impossible, 157.
Mendelism, 196;
a logical hypothesis, 199;
terminology is a symbolism, 198;
analogy of unit characters with chemical radicles, 197;
transmission of characters of, 230.
Mesoderm, 177;
origin of, 255.
Metabolism, 37, 88, 209;
analytic, 269;
of animals, 65, 67;
constructive, 269;
destructive, 269;
direction of, 69;
in green plant, 70, 75;
intra-cellular, 99;
integration of its activities, 111;
rôle of oxygen in, 105;
specialisation of during evolution, 305;
synthetic, 269.
Metaphysics of science, 45.
Metazoan animals, 162.
Mitosis, 182.
Mobility, organic, 269;
structural adaptations tending to, 275.
Modifications of structure adaptive and non-adaptive, 251.
Molecules, 353;
size of, 116;
in a gas, 115;
aggregations of, 108.
Molluscs, morphology of, 249.
Morgan, and physico-chemical mechanisms, 128, 143.
Morphogenesis, 257.
Morphological evolution, tendencies of, 295.
Morphological structures degeneration of, 251;
suppression of, 250;
coalescence of, 250;
replacement of, 250;
specialisation of, 250;
change of function of, 251.
Morphology, 209;
a basis of classification, 210;
relates groups of organisms, 211;
distinctions of, not absolute, 285, 290;
generalised, 250;
suggests blood relationships, 213;
schemata of, 249, 291;
cannot be considered apart from physiology, 285.
Mosaic-theory of development, 131.
Motion not an intellectual concept, 27;
not considered in Euclidean or Cartesian geometry, 26;
bodily motion is absolute, 24;
outside ourselves is relative, 24.
Motor-habits, 38, 155.
Multicellular organisms, evolution of, 223.
Muscular contraction, 104;
metabolism in, 104;
heat production in, 104.
Muscular and nervous organs, 275.
Musculature and weight of body, 275.
Mutations, 189;
essential nature of, 193;
causes of, 200;
must be co-ordinated, 231;
physical model of, 192;
the material for selection, 230.
N
Nägeli, and autonomy in development, 160.
Natural selection, 228;
generality of, 229;
a slow process, 230.
Nebulæ, 315.
Nebular hypothesis, 296.
Nerve impulses, 100;
velocity of, 101;
integration of, 273.
Nervous system, 272;
in co-ordination of activities, 171;
paths in, 157.
Nervous activity, 107;
metabolism in, 107;
electric changes in, 107;
influence of metabolism on, 97.
Nothing, a pseudo-idea, 18.
Nucleus, evolution of, 222;
division of, 130, 182.
O
Ontogenetic stages, 255.
Orders of individuality, 171.
Organism, definition of, 331;
analysis of its activities, 109;
animal and plant, 76;
considered energetically, 77;
the dominant, 258;
a function of the environment, 216;
a mechanism, 51;
the primitive, 222;
a physico-chemical system, 65;
a thermodynamic mechanism, 104.
Organic chemical syntheses, 317.
Organisation in development, 137.
Organ-rudiments, 257.
Osmosis, 95, 99.
Ostracoderms, 291.
Ostwald on catalysis, 91.
Ovum, development of, 129;
maturation of, 198, 239;
an intensive manifoldness, 302.
Oxidases, 105.
Oxygen in metabolism, 69.
P
Pain, Bergson on, 281.
Palæontology, 210;
relates groups of organisms, 211.
Pangenesis, 181.
Paramœcium, division of, 173, 175;
responses of, 4.
Parasitism, 259;
tends to immobility, 290.
Parthenogenesis, 176;
artificial, 176.
Particles, 356.
Pecten, eye of, 233.
Perception
not merely physical stimulation, 7;
involves effector activity, 7;
involves deliberative action, 9;
arises from acting, 50;
and choice of response, 155;
is unfamiliar cerebral activity, 8;
skeletonises consciousness, 40.
Peridinians, 77, 163;
distribution of, 260.
Personal equation, 45.
Personality, 167;
an intuition, 167;
division of, 173;
is absolute, 48.
Pflüger, and experimental embryology, 131.
Phases in physical systems and organic systems, 321;
in transforming systems, 308.
Phenomenalism, 46.
Photosynthesis, 70, 76, 86.
Phototaxis, 144.
Phyla
animal, 247;
morphology of, 247;
relations between, 252;
ancestries of, 252.
Phylogenies, 253;
are summaries of morphological results, 254;
indicative of directions of evolution, 254;
criteria of, 253.
Phylogeny, 246.
Phylum, 210.
Physical basis of life, 84.
Physico-chemical reactions, 80;
are directed, 118;
the means of development and behaviour in the organism, 160.
Physico-psychical parallelism, 160.
Physics, a statistical science, 116, 377.
Physiology
Galenic, 122;
an analysis of organic activity, 120, 328.
Plants, geological history of, 261;
characterised by immobility, 277;
contrasted with animals, 277.
Platonic ideas, 204.
Platyhelminths, morphology of, 248.
Poikilothermic animals, 68.
Poincaré, and Brownian movement, 119.
Polar bodies, 198.
Polyzoa, 164.
Porifera, 248.
Potential, 61.
Potential energy, 58, 114.
Preformation an embryological hypothesis, 128.
Probability, 350.
Proteids, digestion of, 90.
Proto-forms, 254.
Protoplasm, nature of, 106;
artificial, 106;
disintegration of, 107;
activities of, 107;
similar in plant and animal, 294.
Protozoa, 247;
behaviour of, 293.
Pterodactyls, 274.
R
Races (in specific groups), 194.
Radiation, 355;
of sun, 51;
transformation of energy of, 57.
Radio-activity, 56, 359.
Reality, objective, 43.
Reception, 3;
organs of, 271;
by specialised sense-organs, 11.
Recessiveness, Mendelian, 196.
Reflex action, 4, 272;
concatenated, 150;
a complex series of actions, 6;
not necessarily accompanied by perception, 155;
the basis of instincts, 150;
a schematic description, 5;
in decapitated frog, 6;
frictionless cerebral activity, 8;
involves a limited part of the environment, 50.
Reflex arcs, 272.
Regeneration, 142;
in Hydra, 164;
in sea-urchin embryo, 164;
in Planaria, 164.
Regression, 189.
Reinke, and structure of protoplasm, 106.
Reintegration in development, 171.
Rejuvenescence, 175.
Releasing agencies, 157.
Reproduction, 167;
asexual, 175;
by brood-formation, 173;
by conjugation, 173;
sexual, 174;
by division, 172;
compared with minting machine, 242;
of the tissues, 180.
Responses of organisms, 217;
directed, 269;
of magnet, 279;
of green plant, 279.
Reversibility, physical, 369.
Rodewald, chemical nature of protoplasm, 106.
Roux, experimental embryology, 131;
development the production of a visible manifoldness, 307.
S
Saliva, secretion of, 96.
Salivary glands, metabolism of, 96.
Salivary secretion, not a purely mechanistic process, 112.
Sea, not really rich in life, 306.
Sea-urchin gastrula, 170.
Secretion described mechanistically, 98.
Secretion, psychical, 99.
Segmentation of the ovum, 129.
Selection, natural, 228;
from fluctuating variations, 189;
from mutations, 190.
Semon, mnemic hypothesis of heredity, 181.
Senescence, 175.
Sensation, 2;
analysis of, 13.
Sense-receptors and the idea of matter, 352.
Sensori-motor system, 270;
dominant in animals, 271, 273;
specialisation of, 271, 273;
essentially the same in all animals, 294;
absent in plants, 269;
vestigial in some parasites, 290.
Sexuality, 174.
Siphonophores, regeneration in, 163.
Size of animals, 274.
Skeleton of vertebrates, 276;
of arthropods, 276;
and mobility, 276.
Soddy, and chemical energy, 361.
Soma, 179;
evolution of, 223.
Space, form of, 18;
3-dimensional, 18;
3-dimensional space an intuition, 19;
2-dimensional, 19;
the form of, depends on modes of activity, 21, 25.
Species, are categories of structure, 201;
comparison with Platonic ideas, 204;
criteria of, 202;
elementary, 193;
are intellectual constructions, 203;
individuality of, 203;
Linnean, 201, 289;
are phases in an evolutionary flux, 206;
are families in the human sense, 208;
systematic, 201.
Specific organisation, stability of, 186.
Stahl, and the phlogistic hypothesis, 126;
and vitalism, 126.
Stimuli, elemental, 151;
physico-chemical, 151;
formative, 176;
complex auditory, 152;
integration of, 152;
individualised, 152, 270;
contractile, 103.
Stimulus and response, functionality of, 152.
Substantia physica, 46, 355.
Surface tension, 105, 106.
Suspensoids, 108.
Sylvius, the organism a chemical mechanism, 125.
Symbiosis, 77.
Symbiotic organisms, 88.
Synapses, in central nervous system, 158, 272.
Synthetic chemistry, 236, 317.
System, isolated, 63.
Systems in development
equipotential, 139;
harmonious equipotential, 139;
complex equipotential, 140.
T
Taxis, 144;
no perception in, 155.
Telegraphy, wireless, 355.
Temperature of sun, 56;
of space, 57.
Thermodynamics, 51;
1st law of, 51;
2nd law of, 54, 63, 309, 316;
and Maxwell’s demons, 118;
laws of subject to limitations, 115.
Thermodynamical mechanism, the organism not a, 69.
Thomson, W., dissipation of energy, 113.
Time a series of standard events, 28;
astronomical, 34;
time differentials, 34.
Tissues, evolution of, 223.
Tools, nature of, 285;
use of must be learned, 285;
bodily, 285.
Toxins, 36.
Transformism, 213.
Trematodes, larval stages of, 165.
Trial and error, 293;
in reasoning, 293;
a hypothesis of animal movements, 150.
Trigger reactions, 87.
Trilobites, an ancient group, 261.
Tropisms, 144;
in plants, 269, 279;
in moths, 280;
and natural selection, 147;
and movements of caterpillars, 146;
an inadequate basis for a theory of animal movements, 147.
Tunicates, suppressed notochord of, 250.
U
Unavailable energy and entropy, 375;
tendency to increase of, 375.
Unicellular organisms, energy-transformations in, 177.
Unit-characters, 230.
V
Van’t Hoff’s law, 218.
Variability, 172, 186;
continuous, 188;
discontinuous, 188;
examples of, 187;
and the environment, 189;
independent of the environment, 239;
and growth, 188;
tendencies of, 235.
Variation, rate of (mathematical), 344;
in biology, 186;
atavistic, 195;
direction of, 233;
fluctuating, 189;
must be co-ordinated, 231;
mathematical probability of co-ordination of 233;
the material for selection, 229;
origin of, 230;
selected by the organism, 237;
cause of, a pseudo-problem, 242;
arise de novo, 244.
Variables (mathematical), 343.
Varieties, specific, 194.
Vegetable life, 265.
Vertebrates, 249;
adaptations securing mobility, 275;
ancestry of, 253;
morphology of, 249;
a dominant group, 259;
distribution of, 260.
Verworn, and mechanism in life, 127.
Vesalius, anatomical school of, 121.
Vital activities, integration of, 128;
co-ordination of, 171.
de Vries and mutations, 191;
fluctuating variations inherited,