MASSACHUSETTS.

Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard.—In 1900 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XI, p. 459, plate XLII, fig. 2), J. B. Woodworth reported finding an astragalus of a horse in an osseous conglomerate, regarded as belonging to the Miocene. It was identified by Professor H. F. Osborn, who remarked that it resembled closely the same bone of some Pleistocene horses. From this conglomerate have been obtained bones of whales, supposedly also a skull of a walrus. While the size of the astragalus suggests more that of a Pleistocene horse, it is possible that there was some large Miocene equid that lived there. The present writer is inclined to believe it will be found that the astragalus came from one of the older Pleistocene deposits recognized as present at Gay Head.

NEW YORK.

1. Throg’s Neck, New York County.—In 1866 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. XV, art. 3, p. 16), Charles Whittlesey stated he had a tooth of a horse, taken from the compact marine drift at Throg’s Neck. It was obtained by J. A. Bailey from excavations at Fort Schuyler, 18 feet below the surface.

According to Folio No. 83 of the U. S. Geological Survey, Harlem Quadrangle, Throg’s Neck is occupied by till which usually thinly covers, or leaves exposed, the underlying Hudson schist; Salisbury gives an account of the drift on page 14 of the folio cited. At the depth indicated the tooth was probably lying in pre-Wisconsin deposits; and taking into consideration the geological age of other horse remains, one may reasonably conclude that the tooth at Throg’s Neck was of a horse that lived during the middle or early Pleistocene. That there may be materials of a pre-Wisconsin stage underlying the surface drift at Throg’s Neck is indicated by Woodworth’s discovery (Bull. 48, N. Y. State Mus., p. 626, plate I) of deposits older than the Wisconsin along Hempstead Bay, Long Island.

Note.—In 1858 (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. VI, p. 303), Dr. Skilton, of Troy, wrote that a farmer had dug up, in what had been marshy ground, 17 teeth of a horse. These, Skilton stated, belonged to Equus major. The teeth were greatly decayed. The writer of the report said that the enamel of the first upper molar, meaning the anterior of the six grinding teeth, measured 1.9 inches (47.5 mm.); that of the corresponding lower teeth 2.33 inches (58 mm.). If these measurements were taken correctly, they indicate a horse much larger than any yet known, unless it be Equus giganteus of Texas. There is no evidence that Dr. Skilton had made any serious study of the dentition of horses and the teeth were probably those of a domestic horse, or even of some other animal.

In 1884 (Trans. Linn. Soc. N. Y., vol. II, p. 47), Dr. C. Hart Merriam, in his paper “The Vertebrates of the Adirondack Region,” stated he had examined several fossil molar teeth of Equus major exhumed at Keenes Station, near the Oswegatchie Ox Bow, in Jefferson County, New York. He compared them with the corresponding teeth of an immense dray horse and found them much larger.

Professor G. C. Manse, of St. Lawrence University, Canton, New York, sent me for examination 4 upper teeth of a horse which must be those examined by Dr. C. H. Merriam. They are labeled as having been collected at Gouverneur, a town not far from Keenes Station. After a careful study of these teeth and comparison with those of the domestic horse, the writer concludes that they belonged to the latter. Domestic horses are known to have larger teeth. Professor Manse has unfortunately been unable to trace the history of the teeth back to Dr. C. C. Benton, of Ogdensburg, who showed them to Dr. Merriam.

NEW JERSEY.

1. Swedesboro, Gloucester County.—In 1868 (Cook’s Geol. New Jersey, p. 741), Cope stated that Equus complicatus was represented in New Jersey by a series of teeth obtained while a mill-dam at Swedesboro was being cleared. No further information has been secured. At the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the writer has seen a horse-tooth labeled as coming from the town named; but whether or not it is one of those referred to by Cope it is impossible to say.

2. Fish House, Camden, Camden County.—In 1869 (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XIV, p. 250, fig. 55), Cope wrote that a partial skull of Equus fraternus had been found at Fish House in a blackish clay at a depth of 20 feet from the top of the clay. Over the clay was imposed a bed of sand from 8 to 15 feet thick. This important skull appears to have been lost (fig. 7).

In 1897 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. New Jersey for 1896, p. 208, plate X), Lewis Woolman described other remains of horses supposed to belong to Equus complicatus, secured in the same Fish House clays. The writer has seen these and regards them as belonging to the species just named. These remains of horses will be mentioned on pages 302–303.

3. Navesink Hills, Monmouth County.—Somewhere in the northeastern part of Monmouth County, in the region of the Navesink (or Neversink) Hills, have been found remains of a fossil horse. They were first mentioned by S. L. Mitchill (Cat. Organ. Remains, 1826, pp. 7, 8). He mentioned a cervical vertebra and teeth in sound condition. Leidy (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VII, p. 261) wrote that a vertebra and teeth were associated with remains of a mastodon. Mitchill mentions only a part of a tibia of a mastodon. These objects were all presented by Mitchill to the Lyceum of Natural History in New York. The writer believes these teeth had been buried in an early Pleistocene deposit.

PENNSYLVANIA.

1. Pittston, Luzerne County.—In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia are 2 horse-teeth found at or near Pittston. They were described and figured by Leidy in 1873 (Monograph U. S. Geol. Surv., I, pp. 245–246, plate XXXIII, figs. 16, 17) as E. major (=E. complicatus). He stated they were found on the banks of the Susquehanna River, associated with remains of mastodons and Bison latifrons. The last was, however, a species of Symbos. In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VII, p. 262), Leidy stated that it was reported these remains had come from a stratum “full of bones.” This stratum belonged probably to an early or middle Pleistocene interglacial stage.

2. Stroudsburg, Monroe County.—In 1889 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania for 1887, p. 6), Leidy reported the finding of “a pair of teeth of a horse, which were yet incompletely developed,” in Hartman’s Cave, near the town mentioned. He thought they belonged to an indigenous species. The position of the cave, its fossils, and their age will be considered in discussing the Pleistocene geology of the State on pages 308 to 311.

3. Port Kennedy, Montgomery County.—As long ago as 1871 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. I, pp. 235, 384), Wheatley announced the discovery of 2 unidentified species of horses in the great bone cave at the place named. They were associated with the remains of 40 other species of vertebrates, besides many insects. In 1899 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., ser. 2, vol. II, pp. 193–267, plates XVIII-XXI), Cope described the materials collected up to that time from the same cave. Of horses he recorded 2 forms, which he named Equus fraternus fraternus and E. fraternus pectinatus. He was inclined to believe the latter would prove to be a distinct species. It is not certain whether this conclusion was correct; but if not a species, it is probably a subspecies of Equus complicatus. The teeth referred to E. fraternus fraternus are pretty certainly those of E. complicatus. Of this species Cope had a decayed skull of a young animal with teeth, besides a considerable number of other teeth and some bones of the skeleton. The geological relations of these remains and those of the other species will be discussed on pages 311 to 320.

4. Rutherford, Dauphin County.—In 1868 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1868, p. 195), Leidy described a horse-tooth, loaned him by Mr. W. Lorenz and found somewhere between Rutherford and Highspire. It was met in a depression 6 feet deep and 20 feet across, filled with diluvium. Leidy thought the tooth might have belonged to a contemporary of the mastodon, but this was equally improbable. All the cement was dissolved from the tooth, and the latter was stained by iron, but not petrified. It was an upper second true molar. It has probably suffered the fate of such specimens as are retained in private hands.

5. Frankstown, Blair County.—From Mr. O. A. Peterson, of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, the writer learns that some part of an unidentified species of horse has been found in the collection made some years ago at Frankstown. For a list of the species page 321 may be consulted.

OHIO.

1. Cincinnati, Hamilton County.—In 1895 (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. XVII, p. 217), Mr. Seth Hayes recorded the discovery of a molar tooth and a vertebra of a horse, identified as Equus fraternus. It was met with in exhuming the remains of the “Shaw mastodon” in Hyde Park, in the northeastern part of Cincinnati. The details of the exhumation are given in the description of the mastodon. The geological age of these animals dates probably from about the Sangamon stage. The writer has not been able to examine the horse remains referred to. It is probable that the tooth belonged to Equus complicatus.

2. Columbus, Franklin County.—In 1848 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, vol. V, p. 215), Charles Whittlesey stated that bones and teeth of a horse had been found in fissures or “clay seams” of the Cliff limestone at Columbus. In 1866 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. XV, art. 3, p. 16), the same geologist reported that Joseph Sullivant, of Columbus, had, many years before, obtained from the crevices of the Cliff lime rock, on the west side of Scioto River, a number of bones embedded in red clay. Among these was the tooth of a horse. The crevice had not been open since the date of the white settlement of the country and it was wholly filled by the red clay which results from the decomposition of the limestone. Probably all the remains mentioned by Whittlesey have been lost.

In 1875 (Cin. Quart. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. II, p. 154), Klippart wrote that, in excavating the exterior wall at the Ohio penitentiary, the warden, Mr. Burr, found the fossil jaw of a horse with the molars in good condition. He stated the horse must have been one-third larger than the ordinary horse of to-day.

From Professor Clinton R. Stauffer, of Adelbert College, Cleveland, the writer received for examination a horse-tooth, labeled: “Catalogue No. 356. Horse-tooth. Given by Robert Cartwright. Found at Columbus, Ohio, in excavating in a peat-bed for a gas holder in the penitentiary grounds, October 30, 1873.” It is possible that this is the same tooth mentioned by Klippart, but probably it is another. The present writer identifies the tooth as that of Equus complicatus. The geological age is probably approximately that of the Sangamon stage.

3. Salt Creek, Columbiana County.—In 1866 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., art. 3, vol. V, p. 16), Charles Whittlesey reported a tooth of a horse found, about 20 years before, in making the Sandy and Beaver Canal, along Sandy Creek, in Columbiana County, at a depth not exceeding 12 or 15 feet. Probably the locality was in the southwestern corner of the county. The sources of Salt Creek are in Hanover Township, not far from the sources of Little Beaver Creek. From this vicinity Salt Creek flows westward. This county lies within the Illinoian drift region and the horse probably lived during the Sangamon stage or earlier.

INDIANA.

1. Evansville, Vanderburg County.—So far as the writer knows, remains of extinct horses have been found in Indiana only at the mouth of Pigeon Creek, a short distance below Evansville. Only a single vertebra, a last cervical, was secured. This formed part of a collection made at the place named by Mr. Francis A. Lincke. The collection was described by Dr. Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 199). The bone was referred to Equus americanus, a name employed at that time for the horse now known as Equus complicatus. Although it would usually be impossible to identify a species of horse on such materials, it is probable that Leidy was correct. The geological age of the bone-bed is discussed on page 32. It is concluded that the age is most probably the Sangamon, but possibly Aftonian. The same species has been found at Bigbone Lick, above Louisville, on the Kentucky side. The deposits there overlie the Illinoian drift and are, in part at least, Sangamon.

Associated with the horse bone at Pigeon Creek were megalonyx, a probably extinct bison, the Virginia deer, a tapir, and the extinct wolf Ænocyon dirus.

ILLINOIS.

1. On the line between Bond and Fayette Counties.—In 1899, Leidy (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. 39, figure) described under the name of Equus major an equine maxilla, containing 4 premolars, sent him by A. H. Worthen, State geologist of Illinois. This maxilla had been found in a bog between Bond and Fayette counties. It was referred by Gidley (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XIV, p. 135, fig. 24) to Equus pectinatus Cope. The specimen is in the collection of the State museum at Springfield and has been studied by the writer, who regards it as belonging to Equus complicatus. A fossil horse-tooth found at Bigbone Lick, Kentucky, greatly resembles one of the premolars of this jaw.

The region where this jaw was found lies within the area of the Illinoian drift; and, inasmuch as the specimen was found on a bog lying on this drift, the animal must have lived after the withdrawal of the Illinoian ice-sheet. The bog deposit belonged probably to the Sangamon stage.

The writer has endeavored earnestly, but in vain, to obtain more exact details regarding the locality where the jaw was found and the depth of interment.

2. Alton, Madison County.—At a meeting of the St. Louis Academy of Science, December 4, 1882 (Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. IV, p. LXXX), William McAdams reported he had seen the fossil tooth of a horse from near Alton. No details were added, except that all the horses he had seen from the drift were large animals, while those from the bad lands of Dakota were mostly quite small.

In the McAdams collection, an account of which will be given on page 339, is a fragment of an incisor of a horse. It has on it McAdams’s No. 25. It is doubtful that this tooth was found in the loess. All the fossils of that collection purporting to have been found in the loess are very white, while this is of a brownish color, and there is a coat of iron oxide adhering to some parts of it. This may or may not be the tooth mentioned by McAdams as above reported.

3. Greene County.—At the meeting of the St. Louis Academy of Science just referred to, Mr. McAdams stated that teeth of an extinct horse had been brought up from the bottom of a well being dug in Greene County. More exact situation and the depth of the well were not mentioned.

Both Greene and Madison counties are occupied by the Illinoian drift-sheet. The horse-teeth found in these counties might have come from Sangamon deposits; or possibly the Illinoian drift had been passed through and Yarmouth interglacial had been entered.

The geologists J. A. Udden and E. W. Shaw (Belleville-Breese Folio, No. 195, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 7) have noted in those quadrangles deposits which may consist of pre-Illinoian till; also old black soils which may belong to the Yarmouth. The quadrangles mentioned lie along the southern border of Madison County. The old soils were found at depths varying from 30 to 75 feet. In this region, too, the Illinoian drift is overlain by a blanket of loess. To arrive at any valuable conclusion, one ought to know just where specimens are found and at what depths and in what kind of deposits. On the other hand, the information is of the most meager kind. The specimens mentioned are not in a collection made by McAdams and now in the National Museum.

MARYLAND AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

1. Marshall Hall, Charles County.—In the U. S. National Museum is an upper right molar, first or second, of a horse labeled as found at this place. It is credited to Mr. O. N. Bryan, who, some years ago, contributed many articles to the museum. The conditions of discovery are not known. The length of the grinding-surface is 28 mm., the width 27 mm. It probably belongs to Equus leidyi. According to Shattuck’s map of the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Maryland (Maryland Geol. Surv., 1906, plate I) this locality is occupied by Talbot deposits. Shattuck regards the Talbot as belonging to late Pleistocene times. The present writer does not accept this view.

2. Georgetown, District of Columbia.—In 1835 (Med. and Phys. Researches, p. 267), Dr. Richard Harlan acknowledged the receipt, at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, of remains of a fossil horse found at Georgetown in constructing the canal along the Potomac. These were probably teeth and had been sent by Colonel I. J. Abert, of Washington. They ought now to be in the Academy mentioned. In 1850, R. W. Gibbes (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. III, p. 67) presented before the American Association of Sciences a specimen (a tooth?) which he said came from the bank of the Potomac and was associated with a tooth of Bos (Bison). How he came to have this was not related, nor is it certain that it was found near Washington.

3. Mitchellville, Prince George’s County.—In the U. S. National Museum are 2 upper teeth, molars or premolars (No. 8813), of a horse found on his estate northwest from the town named, by Mr. Edward S. Walker. They were presented to the National Museum by Dr. Edward W. Berry, of John Hopkins University. These teeth, apparently first and second molars, seem to belong to an undescribed species. The table gives the height of the teeth and dimensions of the grinding-surface in millimeters.

The teeth present the appearance of having been little worn. Measurements of the crown taken about one-third the distance to the base are as follows:

The teeth are moderately curved, so that the outer face is convex, the inner concave. Some of the cement is retained and is colored blue with vivianite. The enamel presents less complication than is usually found in either Equus complicatus or E. leidyi. The dimensions of the teeth and the narrowness, especially of the second molar, seem to exclude reference to either of the species mentioned.

4. Chesapeake Beach, Calvert County.—Mr. William Palmer, of the U. S. National Museum, had for many years been making collections, mostly of Miocene vertebrates, along the cliffs at Chesapeake Beach. Among other fossils found there are some remains of horses, among them one much worn upper tooth, probably a premolar. The height is only 21 mm., the length of the grinding-surface 22.4 mm., the width 24 mm. It may be referred provisionally to E. leidyi. Mr. Palmer had also an ungual phalanx and a cervical vertebra and various other bones and teeth of horses. The geological situation at the place and the other Pleistocene species found there will be discussed on pages 347–348.

5. Cavetown, Washington County.—In his work on the exploration of Bushy Cavern, near Cavetown, Mr. Charles Peabody (Bull. IV, Dept. Archæol., Phillips Acad., p. 12) stated that in a limestone quarry, south of the cave, in the red earth, was found a tooth which J. W. Gidley identified as probably Equus complicatus. In 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, pp. 96–109), the writer described a collection made at Cavetown. In this were other remains referred to Equus complicatus. Some fragments of a large tooth were referred with doubt to Equus giganteus.

6. Corriganville, Allegany County.—In a crevice in a limestone rock, at a point about 3 miles west of north of Cumberland, taken in a straight line, J. W. Gidley, in the fall of 1912, made a large collection of fossil vertebrates. In this collection is a first phalanx of an extinct horse. The species has not been determined. A list of the accompanying species, so far as determined, will be presented on pages 349–350.

VIRGINIA.

1. Abingdon, Washington County.—In the U. S. National Museum is the outer half of an upper hindermost molar of a horse sent, in 1869, by Mr. Wyndham Robinson. With it were remains of Mammut americanum. The length of the grinding-surface is 30 mm. It belongs pretty certainly to Equus complicatus.

2. Saltville, Smyth County.—Mr. O. A. Peterson (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. XI, p. 474) reported the occurrence of an upper left molar of a horse at Saltville. The species has not been determined. The matter will be referred to again on pages 352–353.

3. Ivanhoe, Wythe County.—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, pp. 171–182), Cope gave an account of the discovery of remains of numerous fossil vertebrates somewhere along New River, in the county named. Among these animals were upper and lower milk and permanent molars of a horse. Cope identified these as belonging doubtfully to Equus complicatus. On page 353, the Pleistocene geology of the region and a list of the accompanying vertebrates will be presented.

4. Staunton, Augusta County.—From Dr. W. F. Deekens, surgeon dentist of Staunton, a tooth of a horse found somewhere in that vicinity, was sent to the U. S. National Museum. It had been found in a limestone quarry, 70 feet below the surface, in a narrow stratum of clay. Probably the tooth had been carried down into a crevice in the limestone by a current of water. The length of the grinding-surface is 31 mm. The arrangement of the enamel folds is simple, but the tooth had only just begun to be worn. The narrowness of the tooth is remarkable and it may belong to an unrecognized species.

5. Denniston, Halifax County.—From Mr. G. W. Joyner, living near this place, the U. S. National Museum in 1920 received a left lower grinding-tooth of a horse, found by the donor in a little stream on his farm.

WEST VIRGINIA.

1. Point Pleasant, Mason County.—From Dr. L. V. Guthrie, superintendent of the West Virginia Asylum, at Huntington, the U. S. National Museum received for examination a horse-tooth dredged up with gravel from Ohio River at Point Pleasant. The writer has not been able to distinguish this tooth (either the last or the next to the last premolar) from that of Equus niobrarensis. If further discoveries confirm this provisional determination, the known range of the species will be greatly extended. The tooth has been deposited in the U. S. National Museum by the owner, Captain H. S. Wert, of Point Pleasant. The presence of this tooth proves that there are, somewhere not far away, some early Pleistocene deposits, probably in some high terrace along the Ohio, such as are found in abundance along the upper part of the river and its affluents.

NORTH CAROLINA.

1 Elizabethtown, Bladen County.—The geologist E. Emmons (North Carolina Geol. Surv., 1858, p. 197, fig. 18) described and figured an upper left second or third molar tooth of a horse which he called Equus caballus, the domestic animal. It, with a tooth from the lower jaw, had been found in a bed of Miocene age at Elizabethtown. Whatever may have been the age of the marl-bed, the horse lived during the Pleistocene. Conrad, however (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLVII, 1869, p. 359), insisted on the Miocene age of the animal. The same tooth was, in 1860 (Holmes’s Post-Pl. Foss. South Carolina, plate XV, fig. 16), figured by Leidy and referred to E. fraternus. It is now known as E. leidyi. Miller (North Carolina Geol. and Econom. Surv., vol. III, p. 248) points out that patches of Miocene marl do occur in the vicinity of Elizabethtown.

2. Sixteen miles Southeast of Newbern, on the Neuse River, in Pamlico County.—In a locality on the left bank of Neuse River, about 16 miles below Newbern, bones of Equus and various other animals were first found long ago, apparently by Nuttall. T. A. Conrad, in 1838 (Fossils Medial Tert. U. S., p. X), spoke of great numbers of bones of horse, mastodon, etc. Harlan (Med. Phys. Res., p. 267) says that Conrad possessed specimens from the locality. Lydekker (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. part 3, p. 89) states that there is in that museum an upper cheek-tooth from Newbern. So far as the writer knows, none of the teeth found here has been figured or accurately described.

On pages 358–359 will be found a list of the vertebrate fossils collected at Newbern and a consideration of the geology.

3. Greenville, Pitt County.—In 1852, E. Emmons (Geol. Surv. North Carolina, p. 106) said he had procured a grinder of a horse at Greenville, in the sandy stratum just above the Miocene marl. In 1858 (Geol. Surv. North Carolina Agric., Eastern Counties, p. 197, fig. 21), the same writer figured an incisor tooth found in the Miocene of Pitt County. Conrad (Amer. Jour. Sci. 1871, vol. I, p. 468) spoke of the finding of black and mineralized teeth of a horse, which he regarded as E. fraternus, in Miocene marl. Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, p. 113) reported on the upper molar tooth which Conrad had found. He regarded it as occurring accidentally in the Miocene and as belonging to E. complicatus; but as the tooth was injured, Leidy thought it might belong to Hipparion. In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia the writer has seen quite certainly the same tooth. It appears to be an upper premolar, the third or the fourth. It has a height of about 50 mm. and a length of 30 mm. The inner half has been split off. It is that of E. complicatus.

4. Plymouth, Washington County.—E. Emmons, in 1858 (North Carolina Geol. Surv. Agric., Eastern Counties, p. 197, figs. 19, 20), figured 2 teeth, an upper left molar or premolar and a hindermost left molar, which had been washed up on the beach at Plymouth. This place is on the south bank of Roanoke River. Judging from Emmons’s figures, one must conclude that these teeth belong to Equus leidyi.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

1. Beaufort, Beaufort County.—In the museum of Rutgers College, at New Brunswick, New Jersey, the writer has seen 6 teeth of Equus, presented by Mr. G. U. Shepard jr., and obtained on Coosaw River; but no more detailed information has been furnished. In the Charleston Museum is a tooth of Equus complicatus which was found by Mr. Earle Sloan, in Coosaw River.

2. Charleston, Charleston County.—The remains of horses, especially teeth, are among the most abundant Pleistocene fossils in the region around Charleston. Most of the specimens have been discovered in dredging for phosphate rock, and usually nothing is recorded about the exact locality where found or about the conditions of burial. A considerable number of well-preserved teeth have, however, been discovered in known localities and under defined conditions.

The earliest collection of fossils described from about Charleston was made by Professor F. S. Holmes, of Charleston, and Captain A. H. Bowman, U. S. Army. These fossils were sent to Dr. Joseph Leidy and described by him as early as 1858, but more fully in 1860, in Holmes’s “Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina.” Most of these fossils were obtained on the shores of Ashley River, about 10 miles above Charleston. From this locality were described 5 upper teeth of Equus complicatus (Leidy, op. cit., p. 102, plate XV, figs. 2–5, 7) and 2 lower ones (plate XVI, figs. 19, 21).

Of Equus leidyi (=E. fraternus Leidy) the author quoted described from Ashley River 2 lower teeth (op. cit., plate XVI, figs. 20, 22). Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, p. 98) reported that there were in the collection of C. N. Shepard, at Amherst College, teeth of Equus major (=E. complicatus) and E. fraternus (=E. leidyi) secured in the Ashley River deposit. Leidy, in 1873 (Contrib. Ext. Vert. Fauna West. Terrs., p. 245, plate XXXIII, figs. 14, 15) reported an upper molar and a lower one of E. complicatus, found in the “phosphate beds” of Ashley River.

From Doctor Swamp, Johns Island, southwest of Charleston, Leidy (op. cit., p. 103, plate XV, fig. 6) described an upper tooth as that of his Equus fraternus. This was afterwards made by Cope the type of this species; but Gidley (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XIV, p. 111) determined that this type belongs itself to E. complicatus. It was this determination which made it necessary to give a new name, E. leidyi, to the teeth of medium size which had gone under the name of E. fraternus.

In the National Museum is a finely preserved upper right third or fourth premolar of what appears to be Equus complicatus which is recorded having been found in Wando River, northwest from Charleston. The tooth is 75 mm. high, 31 mm. long on the grinding-face, and 27 mm. wide. The enamel is much complicated. In Holmes’s “Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina,” on pages 102 and 104, Leidy mentions an upper second premolar of Equus fraternus found on Goose Creek, about 12 miles from Charleston. He added a paragraph on the geology. Further reference to this will be found on page 363. In the Charleston Museum and in the private collections about Charleston the writer has seen many teeth of horses found in that region, most of them without statements about exact localities, though some were found in Stono River. The teeth of E. leidyi appear to be more numerous in the collections than those of E. complicatus. Many teeth of both species are contained in the Scanlan collection, made in the region about Charleston and now owned by Yale University. In this collection are found also two lower molars which the writer refers to Equus littoralis. The reader is referred to pages 362 to 366.

3. Richland County.—On the occasion referred to in the next paragraph, Robert W. Gibbes presented a tooth of a horse found in Richland district at a depth of 17 feet, in a slough, supposed to have been a former bed of Congaree River.

4. Darlington, Darlington County.—In 1850 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. III, p. 67), Gibbes showed before the Association several specimens of horse-teeth, referred to Equus americanus (E. complicatus), found in supposed Pliocene at Darlington. They were reported as having been discovered associated with bones of a mastodon, presumably of Mammut americanum. No additional information was furnished. Darlington is situated on a branch of Black Creek, an affluent of Great Pedee River. The teeth were probably found in a Pleistocene terrace deposit.

GEORGIA.

Apparently remains of extinct horses have been found in Georgia in only two places, as follows:

1. Brunswick, Glynn County.—During the construction (in 1838–39) of a canal which connected Altamaha and Turtle Rivers, remains of various fossil vertebrates were discovered. A list of these will be given on page 370. Among the remains was a lower left last premolar or first molar of an extinct horse, described by Leidy in 1847 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, p. 266) and again in 1860 (Holmes’s Post-Pleiocene Foss. South Carolina, p. 104, plate XVI, fig. 23). In the first publication he referred the tooth to his species Equus americanus (=E. complicatus); but in 1860 he referred it to his Equus fraternus (=E. leidyi). The size of the tooth appears to justify his later conclusion.

Lyell, in his “Second Visit to the United States,” made in 1845 (ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 348), stated that remains of Equus had been found in the Brunswick Canal. He referred it to Equus curvidens, and stated that this species had the upper teeth more curved than any living horse.

On page 436 of Bulletin No. 26 of the Geological Survey of Georgia, J. W. Gidley furnished a list of vertebrates dredged up somewhere near Brunswick. Among the species are 3 horses, Equus fraternus (=E. leidyi), E. complicatus, and E. tau (probably E. littoralis). Through the liberality of Professor S. W. McCallie, State Geologist of Georgia, the writer has been permitted to study these teeth. There is one damaged upper molar which belongs to E. complicatus; 4 upper and 1 lower grinders belong to E. leidyi; 2 upper left molars are certainly those of E. littoralis; one having a height of 72 mm., a crown-length of 23 mm., and a width of 22 mm. The length is slightly greater than that of the type of the species.

In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia the writer has examined an equine tibia presented by J. H. Couper, probably found in the Brunswick Canal with the other remains presented by Mr. Couper. It is compared in size with a tibia of the horse Edwin Forrest, with that of a draft horse in the U. S. National Museum, and with that of E. scotti, No. 10628, in the American Museum of Natural History.

The Brunswick horse was evidently a very large one, but it may have been an unusually large specimen of Equus complicatus.

2. Skidaway Island, near Savannah, Chatham County.—On page 27 of William B. Hodgson’s “Memoir on the Megatherium,” in Joseph Habersham’s memorandum, is noted the fact that among the fossils found here was a well-preserved tooth of a horse. The height of the tooth is given as being 2.75 inches, greatest diameter 1.2 inches, the least 1 inch. The tooth was evidently an upper premolar or molar. It belonged probably either to Equus complicatus or E. leidyi, but to which is uncertain.

In 1850 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. III, p. 67), Robert W. Gibbes reported the discovery of horse remains, probably a tooth, in the alluvium of Skidaway Island, a few miles southeast of Savannah. No further information was furnished. The geological conditions at this island and the fossils found there will be considered on pages 370 to 372.

FLORIDA.

1. Stokes Ferry, St. Mary’s River, Nassau County.—In 1909 (2d Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 147), Sellards stated, on authority of notes received from Dr. L. W. Stephenson, that 3 teeth of a fossil horse had been found at the place named. At the same place was discovered a fragment of a tooth of an elephant, most probably Elephas columbi, and some ear-bones of a whale. The writer has not seen these and does not know to what species they belonged.

2. Almero Farm, St. John County.—In the collection of Mr. Fred R. Allen, of St. Augustine, Florida, the writer has examined a left tibia of an extinct horse, found in the Inland Waterway Canal, about 28 miles south of St. Augustine. The species has not been determined, but it may be well to put on record the measurements. It apparently belonged to a rather large horse. For comparison, other corresponding measurements are given, taken from Equus scotti, No. 10628 of the American Museum of Natural History, and from Equus caballus, No. 74 of Mr. Chubb’s collection at the museum mentioned, a trotting stallion.

It will be seen that the tibia found below St. Augustine is a relatively stouter bone than those it is compared with. The large horse, known to have existed in Florida, is Equus complicatus.

3. Neals, Alachua County.—This place is near Newberry. Here have been collected Gomphotherium floridanum, Tapirus terrestris?, and Hipparion sp. indet.

4. Wade, Alachua County.—The writer has seen at Tallahassee, 4 fossil Equus teeth, found at this place. One is No. 1470 of the Florida Geological Survey and labeled as found in the Buttgenbach “cummer” mine. It is a lower left second premolar, 40 mm. high, 31 mm. long, and 14.5 mm. wide, not including the cement present. Another tooth, No. 1462, from Buttgenbach’s river mine, near Wade, is the hindermost left molar of the lower jaw, 32 mm. long, and 13 mm. wide in front. It is thought these teeth belonged to Equus leidyi.

5. Newberry, Alachua County.—This is the locality mentioned by Dall (Bull. 84, U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 128) under the name of Hallowells; but he mentioned no fossils from this place. In the Report of the Florida Geological Survey, volume v, page 58, Sellards stated that a species of Hipparion had been discovered in the hard phosphate. In the eighth report of the same survey, on page 42, the present writer described a specifically undetermined species of Parahippus, also from the phosphate deposits. On page 94 Dr. Sellards reported Equus littoralis and Odocoileus from Newberry. The writer has identified as Equus littoralis, a horse represented by a lower left hindermost molar, found at Newberry.

6. Archer, Alachua County.—Dr. Joseph Leidy, in 1885 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 32, 33), described from this place a rhinoceros, Rhinoceros proterus, and Hippotherium ingenuum. In 1886 (ibid., pp. 11, 12) he again mentioned these species and described in addition to them Mastodon floridanus and 3 species of camels which he referred to the genus Auchenia. In a list furnished by Leidy to Dr. W. H. Dall (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 84, p. 129), there are listed, besides the species mentioned, Megatherium and Cervus virginianus?, all found in the Alachua clays and usually referred to the Lower Miocene or Upper Pliocene. In the list presented on page 375, under the geology of Florida, a species of tapir is added. At present the writer assigns the deposits known as the Alachua clays to lowermost Pleistocene.

7. Williston, Levy County.—In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is an upper last molar of Equus, found at the place named and presented by E. Mixon. The enamel is not much plicated. The size of the tooth indicated that it belonged to E. leidyi. In the list of vertebrates unearthed at Mixon’s (near Williston), furnished by Leidy to Dall, were included two species of Hippotherium, H. ingenuum and H. plicatile. These species are now referred to the genus Hipparion. H. plicatile was described by Leidy in 1887 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 309). A list of the species at present known to have been obtained here is to be found on page 375 under the geology of Florida. They have all been found in the Alachua clays and are usually regarded as belonging to the late Tertiary.

8. Ocala, Marion County.—In 1889 (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. 13), Leidy reported the discovery of some fossil vertebrates in a fissure in a limestone rock near Ocala. Some equine teeth he referred to Equus fraternus (=E. leidyi). The other species were identified as Smilodon floridanus, Elephas columbi, and (with some doubt) Procamelus minimus. For conclusions regarding the geology of the locality see page 378.

9. Dunnellon, Marion County.—The writer has examined 2 fossil horse-teeth found near Dunnellon, now the property of the Florida Geological Survey. No. 1366 is from the Camp Phosphate Company’s Blue Run mine. It is a first or second upper molar, worn down to a height of only an inch and having a grinding-surface 26 mm. long and 25 mm. wide and with a protocone 12 mm. long fore-and-aft. No. 1444, also a first or second upper molar, has a height of 47 mm., a length of 24 mm., a width of 23 mm., and a protocone of 11.5 mm. The enamel of the lakes is much plicated. The teeth are identified as those of Equus leidyi. No. 1444 has been figured by Sellards (7th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 111, fig. 40) and described as dredged from the Schilmann and Bene river mine, on Withlacoochee River.

On page 376, under the geology of Florida, will be found a list of the species obtained at Dunnellon and the surrounding region. In this list is included Parahippus sp. indet. and Hipparion plicatile. Dr. Sellards believes that many species of that list belong to the Pleistocene. The horse-like species, the rhinoceros, and the camel are held by him as being older than the Pleistocene.

10. Hernando, Citrus County.—At this place have been secured Gomphotherium floridanum, Hipparion sp. indet., and Procamelus sp. indet., all from the phosphate deposits and referred by Sellards to the Upper Miocene or the Lower Pliocene.

11. Holder, Citrus County.—In the collection of Dr. H. G. Bystra, of Holden, is a fossil horse-tooth dredged from Withlacoochee River, in section 29, township 17 south, range 19 east. The species to which the tooth belonged has not been determined.

12. Orange County.—The writer has seen, in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, an upper right last molar of Equus, labeled as found in the county named. Nothing more is known by the writer about the tooth.

13. Eau Gallie, Brevard County.—In 1916 (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 105), Sellards stated that at this place, in the Hopkins drainage canal, had been collected teeth of Elephas columbi and Equus complicatus.

14. Kingsford, Polk County.—In the U. S. National Museum are 3 horse-teeth collected in 1903 by Mr. Juan C. Edmundoz, from some of the phosphate mines in the region about Kingsford. Although most of the fossils from these mines have been supposed to belong to the late Miocene or early Pliocene, these horse-teeth are certainly of Pleistocene age. One tooth, No. 8620, is an upper right true molar, either the first or the second. It is worn down to about half its original length. The length of the grinding-surface is 25 mm.; its width is 26 mm. The enamel surrounding the lakes is extremely complicated. Another tooth, No. 8619, is a right hindermost molar with the protocone missing. A third tooth, No. 8618, is a little-worn lower molar, probably the second. The height is 83 mm., the length 25 mm., width 14 mm. The teeth are to be referred to Equus leidyi.

15. Brewster, Polk County.—In volume VIII of the Florida Geological Survey, pages 95, 96, Dr. Sellards states that from the phosphate mines at Brewster have been obtained teeth of Hipparion minor. A list of the associated species is to be found in the discussion of the Pleistocene geology of Florida on page 380.

16. Alafia River, Hillsboro County.—In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is a collection of 10 teeth of Equus, said to have been dredged in Alafia River. Some belong to E. leidyi. One, a right third or fourth upper premolar worn down to a height of 40 mm., has still a length of 30 mm. and a width of 27 mm.; apparently it belongs to E. complicatus. The writer has described an extinct species of box-tortoise, Terrapene putnami (Fossil Turtles, N. A., p. 360) dredged by Professor F. W. Putnam in Alafia River about a mile above its entrance into Tampa Bay. With the bone, which forms the type of the species, were dredged a peripheral bone of a Testudo, possibly T. crassiscutata, and remains of horses and tapirs. It is pretty certain that the 10 teeth above mentioned were secured by Professor Putnam.

In Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, is a part of a lower right premolar of Equus, apparently E. leidyi, said to have been found near Tampa Bay.

17. Palmetto, Manatee County.—At several places about the mouth of Manatee River have been found relics of fossil horses. Mr. Ernest Leitzel, of Palmetto, sent to the U. S. National Museum for identification some teeth found in Manatee River, others in Terra Ceia Bay. The teeth are all well fossilized; some are upper teeth, others belong below. The writer regards them as belonging to Equus leidyi.

In the same museum are 2 lower right true molars, a second and a third, sent from Manatee by Mr. N. B. Moore. The teeth are moderately worn. The length of the grinding-surface of the hindermost molar is only 23 mm., the width 12 mm. They must have belonged to a small horse and are referred to Equus littoralis.

From Mr. Charles T. Earle the U. S. National Museum received in February 1921, several teeth of Equus leidyi, 2 of E. complicatus, and 1 of E. littoralis, which had been washed up on the beach at Palma Sola, about 10 miles below Palmetto. With these teeth came parts of antlers of a deer, a part of a metacarpal and an astragalus of Bison latifrons?, a part of a beak of a platanistid porpoise, a part of a tooth of Elephas columbi, a fragment or two of a terrapin (Trachemys sp. indet.), a fragment of the carapace of a soft-shelled turtle, and teeth of sharks. The porpoise and the sharks, also a part of a metapodial of a camel, may belong to Miocene or Pliocene deposits near the locality.

18. Sarasota Bay, Sarasota County.—The region a little further south than Manatee River has furnished remains of extinct horses. Sellards (7th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 112, fig. 47) has figured a lower tooth of a large horse, found by Mr. Joseph Willcox, at White Beach, on Sarasota Bay. Inasmuch as the fore-and-aft dimension of the tooth is 30 mm., it very probably belonged to Equus complicatus. Mr. Willcox has submitted to the writer 2 large lower teeth, regarded as belonging to the species just mentioned. Another lower tooth, apparently a third or fourth lower premolar, found on the same beach, has the fore-and-aft dimension only 26 mm., the width 15 mm. This is referred to Equus leidyi. At Blackburn’s place, 12 miles south of White Beach, Mr. Willcox secured a tooth of Equus apparently little worn. The height is 83 mm., the length at the summit 28 mm., but a little further down only 26 mm.; the width 12 mm. This tooth is to be referred to Equus leidyi.

In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, are 7 teeth of Equus, collected in 1911 by Mr. Barnum Brown at a place 8 miles southeast of Sarasota. They appear to belong to the Florida horse of medium size, Equus leidyi.

19. Calvenia, Hardee County.—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 4838) is an upper right last molar of a horse labeled as found near the mouth of Charlie Apopka Creek and as having been presented by Captain Le Baron through L. C. Johnson. The tooth belongs to Equus leidyi. Another tooth found at the same place, at the same time (December 16, 1883), and presented in the same way, is a lower grinder. The height is 75 mm., the length, 27 mm., the thickness 12.3 mm. It is to be referred to E. leidyi.

20. Arcadia, De Soto County.—Many remains of horses, especially teeth, have been collected at and near this place, by Mr. Joseph Willcox, on a sand-bar at Arcadia being explored for phosphate. The first published description of these remains appears to be that of Leidy in 1889 (Trans. Wagner Inst., II, p. 19). Leidy had at hand 17 upper molars, 2 lower molars, and 2 incisors. He was, at that time, uncertain whether these teeth pertained to an indigenous species of Equus or to the domestic horse. The manager of the Arcadia Phosphate Company, Mr. T. S. Moorhead, informed Mr. Willcox that the main source of the materials of the bar extended for miles along the shores of Peace Creek and was about 8 feet thick.

Among the materials examined by Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 182) was a tooth which he regarded as belonging to Equus major (=E. complicatus), but, on the suggestion of Professor Cope, he described and figured as Hippotherium princeps. Later, Lucas (Trans. cit., vol. IV, p. 49, plate XIX, figs. 12, 13) concluded that Leidy’s first opinion was correct. The tooth is abnormal in having the column of the protocone free from the other cusps of the tooth for a short distance from the grinding-surface. In Bulletin No. 84 (p. 129) of the U. S. Geological Survey, Leidy referred the Peace Creek horses to his Equus fraternus (=E. leidyi), and it is found that in size and other respects the type of Hippotherium princeps agrees with this species. It is retained, however, as Equus princeps.

In the U. S. National Museum are 6 teeth collected on Peace Creek, probably not far from Arcadia, which all apparently belong to E. leidyi. J. W. Gidley (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XIV, 1901, p. 121) stated that there is in the American Museum a tooth from Peace Creek, much too small to be referred to any species at that time reported from the United States, but resembling closely Equus tau, from Mexico. This tooth probably belongs to Equus littoralis.

Besides the horses of the genus Equus, there have been found at or near Arcadia the 3–toed horse Hipparion ingenuum. Whether this is to be referred with the great majority of the fossils found in this region to the Aftonian fauna of the first interglacial or to the Nebraskan stage it is impossible to say.

21. Vero, St. Lucie County.—Numerous remains of extinct horses have been found here, but they always consist of single bones or teeth, sometimes in fine condition, sometimes somewhat water-worn. The remains occur in both deposits, designated as No. 2 and No. 3, but in the latter the materials are more fragmentary and not specifically identifiable. Sellards has figured some of the teeth in his seventh Annual Report (1915, pp. 110, 111, figs. 40–43). In his eighth report, on page 149, he has recognized the occurrence here of 3 species, Equus complicatus, E. leidyi, and E. littoralis.

The writer has examined a large canine tooth found in the stratum of sand, No. 2. From its size it is referred to Equus complicatus. Its fore-and-aft diameter is 14 mm. Another tooth from the stratum, an upper right third true molar, finely preserved and retaining some of the cement, is regarded as belonging to E. leidyi. Two lower teeth from No. 2 are water-worn, but retain their structure. The fore-and-aft diameter of each is 21 mm. They must have belonged to the little horse called E. littoralis. A fragment of an upper tooth is referred to this species. It is not water-worn, but has been split from the crown to the root. A hinder first phalangeal bone found in the canal (No. 1802 of the Florida Geological Survey) is 96 mm. long. This indicates a horse as large as our ordinary domestic horses and it probably belonged to Equus complicatus.

22. Labelle, Lee County.—In 1889 (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. 17), Leidy stated that Mr. Joseph Willcox had obtained, from a Pliocene shell-bed on Caloosahatchee River, some remains of a fossil horse, consisting of two cervical vertebræ and a part of a lower jaw, which contained the first and second molar teeth. These teeth are probably what would be called premolars 2 and 3. Leidy referred the remains to his Equus fraternus (=E. leidyi).

Dall (Bull. No. 84, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 129) stated that Equus fraternus, Bison latifrons, and Elephas columbi were found in Pliocene beds on the Caloosahatchee, but Sellards (8th Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 102) corrects this error as to the age.

The writer has received a letter from Mr. Willcox in which he states that the fragment of lower jaw was found about 2 or 3 miles below Labelle.

23. Palm Beach, Palm Beach County.—In 1916 (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 105), Sellards wrote that Mr. J. L. Hayes had secured for the Florida State Geological Survey, from the Palm Beach Canal, teeth of Elephas columbi and Equus complicatus and a femur of a species of Bison.

ALABAMA.