101 Ibid., 653–6.

102 Ibid., 740–51.

103 Op., 653–9; cf. Scut., 312–13.

104 Iliad, XI, 700; XXIII, 264; Hesiod, Scut., 312. It is thus represented on a Dipylon vase: Mon. d. I., IX, 1869–73, Pl. XXXIX, 2; on the Corinthian vase representing the funeral games of Pelias and Amphiaraos: ibid., X, Pl. V B; on the François vase, and on many others.

105 Iliad, XXII, 164; cf. Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCXLVII.

106 Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLVI.

107 On an amphora by Nikosthenes: Klein, Griech. Vasen mit Meistersignaturen,² 1887, Pl. XXXI.

108 Iliad, XXIII, 702, as above.

109 Hdt., I, 144.

110 Ion, ap. P., VII, 4.10.

111 Aristeid., I, p. 841 (ed. Dindorf).

112 Polemon ap. schol. on Pindar, Ol., VII, 153, Boeckh, pp. 180–1.

113 On the above-mentioned Corinthian vase: Mon. d. I., X, Pls. IV, V; on the chest of Kypselos: P., V, 17.11.

114 In the Iliad, as above.

115 P., III, 18.7–8.

116 A. Z., XL, 1882, p. 333; B. C. H., VI, 1882, p. 118.

117 B. C. H., IX, 1885, p. 478.

118 P., IX, 10.4; Hdt., I, 92.

119 See Carapanos, Dodone et ses Ruines, 1878, pp. 40, 41, and 229, and Pl. XXIII, 2.2 bis, 3, 4.

120 P., X, 7.6.

121 P., IV, 32.1.

122 On the tripod, see Reisch, pp. 6–7 and 58–9; Rouse, pp. 150–1 and 355; most of the above examples have been taken from these writers.

123 Nem., X, 45 f.; cf. schol. on Ol., VII, 153, Boeckh, pp. 180–1.

124 C. I. A., II, 2, 965. On the value of bronze, cf. Reisch, p. 6.

125 Schol. on Pindar, Ol., VII, 152, Boeckh, p. 180.

126 Ibid., Ol., VII, 156, Boeckh, p. 181.

127 Pindar, Ol., IX, 89–90.

128 Ibid., Nem., IX, 51; X, 43 f.

129 Ibid., Nem., X, 44; schol. on Ol., XIII, 155 and VII, 156, Boeckh, pp. 288 and 156, and Explic. ad Olymp., IX, 102, p. 194.

130 C. I. A., III, 1, 116.

131 Schol. on Pindar, Nem., X, 64, Boeckh, p. 504; cf. C. I. A., II, 2, 965.

132 A. G., XIII, 8.

133 I. G. A., 525; B. M. Bronzes, 257.

134 For many of these examples, see Reisch, pp. 57 f. (and notes), and Rouse, pp. 150–1.

135 At the Panathenaia a golden crown was given the victorious harpist, a hydria to the torch-racer, and an ox to the victor in the pyrrhic chorus: C. I. A., II, 2, 965. Weapons were given at Delos: C. I. G., II, 2360; a golden crown was given at the Pythian games in Delphi to the city which furnished the finest sacrificial ox: Xenophon, Hell., IV, 4.9; here also golden crowns and arms were presented for soldiers’ contests: Xenophon, ibid., III, 4.8 and IV, 2.7.

136 VIII, 48.2.

137 Foerster, 7.

138 Frag., (= F. H. G., III, p. 604).

139 V, 7.7; cf. Pindar, Ol., III, 24 f.

140 Ol., III, 13 f.

141 Pseudo-Aristot., de mirab. Auscult., 51; schol. on Aristoph., Plutus, 586; Suidas, s. v. κοτίνου στεφάνῳ.

142 P., V, 15.3; cf. Theophrastos, Hist. Plant., IV, 13, 2; Pliny, H. N., XVI, 240.

143 Schol. on Pindar, Ol., III, 60, Boeckh, p. 102.

144 Pseudo-Aristot., l. c.; schol. on Pindar, Ol., III, 60, and VIII, 12, Boeckh, pp. 102 and 189.

145 Weniger, Der heilige Oelbaum in Olympia, 1895.

146 P., X, 7.5; Marmor Parium, 53 f. On the reason why the laurel was the prize for a Pythian victory, see P., X, 7.8; cf. VIII, 48.2 (as above); schol. on Pindar, Pyth., Argum., Boeckh, p. 298. On the Delphian laurel, see also Pliny, H. N., XV, 127; Dio Cass., LXIII, 9. Virgil crowns his victors with laurel: Aen., V, 246 and 539.

147 Aelian, Var. Hist., III, 1; schol. on Pindar, Pyth., Argum., Boeckh, p. 298.

148 See Gardiner, p. 208, fig. 27, a coin in the British Museum: B. M. Coins, Delphi, 38.

149 Anacharsis, 9; see also C. I. A., III, 116; Kaibel, Epigrammata graeca, 1878, no. 931.

150 Nem., IV, 88; Ol., XIII, 32 f.; Isthm., II, 16, VIII, 64.

151 Schol. on Pindar, Nem., Argum., Boeckh, p. 426.

152 E. g., P., VIII, 48.2; cf. Plut., Qaest. conviv., V, 3.3; Timoleon, 26.

153 Krause, Die Pythien, Nemeen und Isthmien, pp. 197 f.; schol. on Isthm., Argum., Boeckh, p. 514.

154 See B. M. Coins, Corinth, 509–12; 564; 602–3 (603 = Gardiner, p. 214, fig. 28); 624; cf. I. G., II, 1320, and Gardiner, p. 222, n. 2.

155 P., II, 1.7. Curtius, Peloponnesos, II, p. 543, believes that the pine was not a fir, but the Pinus maritima; Philippson, in the Zeitschr. d. Gesellsch. fuer Erdkunde zu Berlin, XXV, 1890, pp. 74 f., believes that it was the Pinus halepensis Mill.

156 See Droysen, Hermes, XIV, 1879, p. 3; Head, Historia Nummorum, pp. 146 f.; Imhoof-Blumer and O. Keller, Tier- und Pflanzenbilder auf Muenzen und Gemmen, Pl. VI, 8; VII, 2; IX, 9–12; XXV, 19.

157 VIII, 48.2.

158 See Tarbell, Class. Phil., III, pp. 264 f.; he traces its origin to Delos and its popularity to the restoration of the Delian festival by the Athenians in 426 B. C.

159 Mentioned by Phanias, ap. Athen., VI, 21 (232 c.)

160 Op., 654 f.; cf. P., IX, 31.3. The spurious epigram in A. G., VII, 53, may have been engraved on this tripod set up in the temple on Mt. Helikon.

161 P., X, 7.6.

162 C. I. A., IV, 373⁷⁹; another is mentioned ibid., I, 493.

163 Hdt., V, 60.

164 Hdt., I, 144.

165 Bronz. v. Ol., pp. 72 f.

166 See Rouse, pp. 153 f.

167 V, 12.8.

168 VI, 19.4.

169 Cf. Rouse, p. 160 and Reisch, p. 62 and n. 1.

170 See Rouse, l. c.; for the inscription, I. G. A., 370.

171 II, 29.9.

172 I. G. A., XIII, 449; see discussion of both stones in J. H. S., XXVII, 1907, pp. 2 f.

173 In Ol. 255 ( = 241 A. D.); Foerster, 739; Inschr. v. Ol., 240–1.

174 See Bronz. v. 0l., p. 179.

175 E. g., the inscribed lead weight of the seventh or sixth centuries B. C., found at Eleusis and dedicated by Epainetos: C. I. A., IV, 2, 422⁴; cf. Arch. Eph., 1883, pp. 189–91.

176 Bronz. v. Ol., Textbd., p. 180; Tafelbd., Pl. LXV, 1101 a.; cf. another from the Cyrenaica in the British Museum: B. M. Bronzes, no. 326.

177 C. I. G., I, 243; C. I. A., III, 1, 124; Rhein. Mus., XXXIV, 1879, p. 206; on prize torches, see A. G., VI, 100, and cf. Kaibel, Epigr. gr., 1878, 943.

178 Kallim., XLIX; A. G., VI, 311; cf. Reisch, pp. 62 and 145–6, figs. 13, 14; Rouse, pp. 162–3.

179 See Reisch, p. 62, and n. 4. The flutist Straton dedicated his flute at Thespiai in the third century B. C.: C. I. G. G. S., I, 1818; a harpist his harp at Athens: C. I. A., III, 112.

180 P., VI, 10.6–7.

181 P., VI, 9.4.

182 P., VI, 12.1

183 P., VI, 10.8.

184 P., VI, 16.9.

185 P., V, 12.5; the monument consisted of bronze horses only.

186 P., VI, 16.6.

187 E. g., chariots and drivers, Bronz. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. XV, 248, 248a, 249, 250; Textbd., pp. 39–40; chariots without drivers, ibid., Tafelbd., Pl. XV, 252, 252a, 253; Textbd., p. 40; charioteers without chariots, ibid., Pl. XVI, 251; Textbd., p. 40; horses belonging to two-wheeled chariots, ibid., Pl. XVI, 254, 254a; Textbd., pp. 40–1.

188 Bronz. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. XXV, 498 f.; Textbd., p. 68.

189 Bronz. v. Ol., l. c.; he is followed by Reisch, p. 61; Rouse, p. 166, however, thinks that they would have been an “artistic blunder.”

190 E. g., Bronz. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. XXV, 503 f.; Textbd., p. 69.

191 Ibid., Pl. XXV, 510; some are older than the date of the introduction of the mule-car race, Ol. 70 ( = 500 B. C.), and some may have been used as bases for animal figures: e. g., Pl. XXV, 509; Textbd., p. 69.

192 Rouse, p. 165, suggests, though without evidence, that they may have been offered before the contest with a propitiatory sacrifice.

193 Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 71.

194 Ibid., XXXIV, 78: fecit et quadrigas bigasque, etc.

195 Ibid., XXXIV, 63 and 64: fecit et quadrigas multorum generum.

196 P., VI, 12.1.

197 Either in Ol. 69 ( = 504 B. C.) or 70 ( = 500 B. C.) or before 67 ( = 512 B. C.): Hyde, 126; Foerster, 778 (undated).

198 P., VI, 14.4.

199 The father won κέλητι in Ol. 66 or 67 ( = 516 or 512 B. C.): Hyde, 120; Foerster, 129 and 149a; P., VI, 13.9; the sons won in the same event in Ol. 68 ( = 508 B. C.): Hyde, 121, and pp. 50–51; Foerster, 152; P., VI, 13.10.

200 VI, 2.1–2; he won in the heavy-armed race and in charioteering in Ols. (?) 83, 84, ( = 448, 444 B. C.): Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211a; Foerster believes that the two statues represented Lykinos and his charioteer, and that they stood in the chariot, which is not mentioned by Pausanias.

201 So Foerster, l. c.; see also Robert, O. S., p. 176; Rutgers, p. 144; and Klein, Archaeol.-epigr. Mitt, aus Oesterr.-Ungarn, VII, 1883, p. 70. For an improbable view, see Brunn, I, p. 479.

202 P., VI, 12.1.

203 Pliny, H. N., XXIV, 75.

204 Ibid., XXXIV, 78.

205 Ibid., XXXIV, 19.

206 Bronz. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. XV, 255–7; XVI, 258; Textbd., p. 41; terra-cotta horses, ibid., XVII, 267–75; Textbd., pp. 43–4.

207 See Rouse, p. 167.

208 Pindar, Pyth., V, 34 f.

209 C. I. A., IV, 2, p. 89, 373⁹⁹; cf. Arch. Eph., 1887, p. 146 (inscribed base reproduced).

210 Mentioned by the pseudo-Plutarch, Vit. X Orat., IV (Isokrates), 42, p. 839 c

211 Pindar’s Pyth. XII celebrates the victory of Midas of Akragas in flute-playing; he won in Pyth. 24 and 25 ( = 490 and 486 B. C.)

212 H. N., XXXV, 58; both at Corinth and Delphi.

213 Strabo, VIII, 6. 20 (C. 378); Aristeid., Isthm., 45; Livy, XXXIII, 32. Dio Chrysostom has graphically described the crowds of spectators who still frequented the Isthmia in the first century A. D.: Orat., VII (Διογένης ἢ περὶ ἀρετῆς); VIII (Διογένης ἢ Ἰσθμικός); cf. Gardiner, p. 173.

214 Plutarch, Solon, 23; Diog. Laert., 1, 55: etc.

215 For a list of victors, see Krause, Die Pythien, Nemeen und Isthmien, pp. 209 f.

216 See Julian, Epist., XXXV.

217 See Monceaux on the excavation of the temple of Poseidon, Gaz. arch., IX, 1884, pp. 358 f.

218 Lucian, Nero, 2, says Olympia was the “most athletic” of all; Bacchylides, XII, emphasizes the athletic character of Nemea.

219 The boys’ pentathlon was introduced in the fifty-third Nemead ( = 467 B. C.) and the pankration for boys earlier: cf. Pindar, Nem., V (in honor of the boy pancratiast Pytheas of Aegina; cf. Bacchylides, XIII); VII (in honor of the boy pentathlete Sogenes of Aegina, who won in Nem. 54); IV and VI (in honor of two Aeginetan boy wrestlers). The horse-race for boys is mentioned by P., VI, 16.4. Races in armor were also important: Ph., 7.

220 See Gardiner, pp. 223 f.; list of victors in Krause, op. cit., pp. 147 f.

221 X, 9.2 (Frazer’s transl.).

222 See Foucart and Wescher, Inscriptions recueillies à Delphes, 1863, no. 469; Haussoulier, B. C. H., VI, 1882, pp. 217 f.; Couve, ibid., XVIII, 1894, pp. 70–100. One is in honor of the Corinthian singer Aristonos, who composed a hymn to Apollo, found at Delphi: ibid., XVII, 1893, pp. 563 f. A Samian flutist, Satyros, gained a prize without contest and recited a choral ode called Dionysos in the stadion, and played an air from Euripides’ Bacchae on the lyre; ibid., XVII, pp. 84 f. Native towns erected statues to musical victors: C. I. G., I., nos. 1719–20. One inscription records the rules to be observed by runners, who could not drink new wine, etc.: J. H. S., XVI, 1896, p. 343 and Berliner Philolog. Wochenschr., XVI, 1896, p. 831 (June 27); cf. Frazer, V, p. 260. The base of a statue of a boy wrestler has been found: A. Z., XXXI, 1874, p. 57.

223 X, 9.2–3; on Phaÿllos, see Foerster, 794 (undated).

224 H. N., XXXIV, 59.

225 Ibid., §57.

226 On Pyth., IX, Argum., Boeckh, p. 401 B.

227 XXIV, 7.10.

228 To be discussed infra, in Ch. V.

229 II, 1.7.

230 I. G. B., nos. 120, 133, 148.

231 C. I. G., II, 2888.

232 P., VIII, 38.5; cf. Reisch, p. 39, n. 1.

233 P., I, 23.9; C. I. A., I, 376; I. G. B., 39.

234 P., I, 23.10.

235 P., I, 24.3; cf. Reisch, p. 39.

236 Pseudo-Plutarch, Vit. X Orat., already mentioned.

237 P., I, 18.3 and IX, 32.8; cf. Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 79.

238 Contra Leocr., p. 51 (ed. Reiske, p. 176.)

239 Cf. Furtwaengler, A. M., V, 1880, pp. 27 f.

240 C. I. A., I, 419; he won in Ol.77 ( = 472 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.

241 C. I. A., II, 3, 1303.

242 Aelian, Var. Hist., IX, 32. Reisch, p. 39, ascribes these to the monument of the older Kimon, who won in chariot-racing three times at Olympia: Hdt., VI, 103; Plut., Cato Major, 5; Foerster, 124 and 132.

243 C. I. A., II, 3, 1300.

244 Ibid., 1301; cf. C. I. G., I, 233.

245 Ibid., 1305, 1312.

246 Ibid., 1302.

247 Ibid., 1304.

248 Ibid., 1323.

249 Ibid., 1313.

250 Ibid., 1314.

251 Ibid., 1318–20.

252 The Ἑλλανοδίκαι, mentioned by P., V, 9. 4 f. and elsewhere; sometimes he calls them merely οἱ Ἠλεῖοι: e. g., VI, 13.9.

253 E. g., P., VI, 13.9, says that the Eleans allowed Pheidolas to dedicate a statue of his mare; in VI, 3.6, he says that they allowed the wrestler Kratinos to set up a statue of his trainer.

254 XXXIV, 16. See infra, pp. 54 and 354.

255 VI, 1.1.