1955 P., X, 9.7–8; cf. VI, 3.5, where Amphion is called the pupil of Ptolichos, the pupil of Kritios.

1956 So von Duhn, A. M., XXXI, 1906, pp. 421 f.; a conclusion also reached independently by E. A. Gardner, Sculpt., p. 51.

1957 So von Duhn, Gardner, and Mahler; the latter in Jh. oest. arch. Inst., III, 1900, pp. 142 f. Furtwaengler, l. c., found von Duhn’s view that the Charioteer is an original work of Pythagoras untenable. He also combated his interpretation of πολύζαλος as a proper name, preferring the suggestion of Washburn that it might be an adjective. However, in a former article (Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1897, pp. 129 f.) he had emphasized the similarity between the statue and a bronze statuette in London (B. M. Bronzes, 515 and Pl. XVI; Sitzb., l. c., Pl. V, two views) which he believed was almost certainly a product of Magna Græcia. He found the style of the Charioteer Ionic-Attic without Peloponnesian affiliations, and referred it to Amphion or to some unknown artist of the circle of Kritios and Nesiotes. For a similar view, see Homolle, Mon. Piot, IV, 1897, p. 207. Pottier (ap. Homolle, l. c.) assigned it to Kalamis. Cf. also Lechat, Pythagoras de Rhegion, 1905, p. 100.

1958 A. D. Keramopoullos, A. M., XXXIV, 1909, pp. 33 f. Homolle, op. cit., pp. 176 f., and O. Schroeder, A. A., 1902, pp. 12 f., had also referred it to Gelo’s dedication.

1959 P. 152.

1960 See G. F. Hill, l. c.

1961 Besides the Olympic victories already recorded, Hiero also won the chariot-race at Delphi in Pythiad 29 ( = 470 B. C.), and the horse-race there twice in Pythiads 26 and 27 ( = 482 and 478 B. C.); he also won a chariot-race probably at the Theban Iolaia in (?) 475 B. C.; Pindar celebrates the four victories in Pyth., I-III; Bergk, P. l. G.,⁵ I, pp. 175 f.

1962 P., VI, 14.4; he won either before Ol. 67 ( = 512 B. C.) or in Ols. 69 or 70 ( = 504 or 500 B. C.): Hyde, 126 and p. 52; Foerster, 778 (undated).

1963 He won κέλητι in Ols. 66 or 67 ( = 516 or 512 B. C.): P., VI, 13.9; Hyde, 120; Foerster, 129, 149a (two victories).

1964 They won in Ol. 68 ( = 508 B. C.): P., VI, 13.10; Hyde, 121; Foerster, 152.

1965 So Hyde, pp. 50–1.

1966 So Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 598.

1967 P., VI, 12.1.

1968 P., VI, 2.8.

1969 Xenombrotos won in Ol. (?) 83 ( = 448 B. C.): Hyde, 133 (following Robert, O. S., pp. 180–181); Foerster, 327; Xenodikos in Ol. (?) 84 ( = 444 B. C.): Hyde, 134; Foerster, 332.

1970 Inschr. v. Ol., 154; I. G. A., 552a; Robert, O. S., pp. 179–81. However, Kirchhoff referred this base to the statue of a runner: A. Z., XXXIX, 1881, p. 84; and Dittenberger to the victor D[amasi]ppos, who won in some running race at an unknown date: Foerster, 812. Robert read the mutilated inscription ἐλάσιππος (“horse-driving”) instead of the proper name Δαμάσιππος.

1971 H. N., XXXIV, 75 and 78 (celetizontes pueri).

1972 Pliny, XXXIV, 71.

1973 B. M. Vases, B 133; Gardiner, p. 461, fig. 169; see also a Panathenaic amphora pictured in Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 129, fig. 92 (left).

1974 Gardiner, p. 459, fig. 167 (left). He won κέλητι in Ol. 106 ( = 356 B. C.): Plut., Alex., 3; Foerster, 360. Cf. a similar jockey on horseback on a coin of Tarentum: Head, Guide to the Principal Gold and Silver Coins ... in the British Museum, Pl. XXIV, 7.

1975 B. M. Vases, B 144; Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCXLVII (lower half); Gardiner, p. 243, fig. 37.

1976 See supra, p. 13 and n. 1.

1977 Mentioned in J. H. S., XIV, 1894, p. 66 (H. Stuart Jones).

1978 III, i, p. 200, fig. 3846 (from Dubois-Maisonneuve, Introd. à l’Étude des vases, Pl. XLIII); others are there mentioned, e. g., Mon. d. I., I, 1829–33, Pl. XXII, 3b and II, 1834–38, Pl. XXXII (bottom).

1979 B. C. H., V, 1881, pp. 436 f., with figure (Collignon). This and the following three reliefs are mentioned by Rouse, p. 176.

1980 F. W., 1206, formerly interpreted as Alexander and Boukephalos.

1981 Von Sybel, Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen, 1881, no. 307.

1982 Von Duhn, in A. Z., XXXV, 1877, pp. 167, no. 89 (cf. no. 88).

1983 On the North frieze, Michaelis, Der Parthenon, 1870, Tafelbd., slabs XXIV-XLII; B. M. Sculpt., I, 325, pp. 175 f.; West frieze, Michaelis, slabs II, IV, VI-VII, IX-XI; B. M. Sculpt., 326, pp. 179–80; South frieze, Michaelis, slabs I, III, X-XVI, XXII-XXIII; B. M. Sculpt., 327, pp. 181–85.

1984 C. I. A., IV, 2, 373, line 99; cf. Studniczka, Arch. Eph., 1887, p. 146.

1985 Vit. X Orat., 42 (p. 839b); he says that it stood in the ball-court of the maidens known as arrephoroi. Pausanias, I, 18.8, also mentions a statuette of Isokrates on a column near the Olympieion.

1986 Carapanos, Dodone et ses ruines, 1877, p. 183 and Pl. XIII, 1; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 527, 1.

1987 Arndt-Amelung, Einzelaufnahmen, no. 242.

1988 Dickins, nos. 700, found in 1887 (height 1.12 meters, length of fragment 0.76 meter) and 697 (height 1.13 meters); Winter, Archaische Reiterbilder von der Akropolis, Jb., VIII, 1893, pp. 135–156, figs. 13a and b, 14a and b; Collignon, I, pp. 358–9, figs. 180 and 181; Schrader, Arch. Marmor-Skulpt. im Akropolis-Museum zu Athen, 1909, p. 81, figs. 72–3 (assuming a Chian sculptor for no. 700); B. B., 459; no. 700 = Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 639, fig. 327; 697 = ibid., p. 637, fig. 326. Winter, in the article cited, gives fourteen cuts of such archaic horse monuments.

1989 See preliminary account by Th. Reinach in C. R. Acad. Inscr., 1919, (Jan.-Feb.), pp. 56–59 and fig. on p. 58. It is 49 centimeters high.

1990 J. Sieveking, Die Bronz. d. Samml. Loeb, 1913, p. 70, Pl. 29; it is 0.12 meter high. An exact copy is in the Cabinet des Médailles in Paris; Babelon et Blanchet, Cat. des bronzes ant. de la Bibliothèque Nationale, 1893, no. 893. For further examples of horsemen in bronze and marble, see Reinach, Rép., II, 2, pp. 527–533.

1991 The race is described by P., V, 9.2; cf. Plutarch, Quaest. conviv., V, 2 (675 C.) For possible examples in sculpture, see Reinach, Rép., II, 2, pp. 532–3.

1992 E. g., on a silver stater of the early third century B. C. from Tarentum in the British Museum: Gardiner, p. 462, fig. 170 (right).

1993 Les ἱππεῖς athéniens, 1902 (Extrait des Mémoires de l’Acad. des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres, Vol. XXXVII). Cf. Gardiner, pp. 71–2.

1994 Heralds (κήρυκες), trumpeters (σαλπισταί), flutists (αὐληταί), cithara-players (κιθαρισταί), and those who sang with them (κιθαρῳδοί), are mentioned as victors in many inscriptions: e. g., at Oropos, C. I. G. G. S., I, nos. 419–20; at Tanagra, ibid., 540; at Plataiai, ibid., 1667; at Thespiai, ibid., 1760 and 1773; on Mt. Helikon, ibid., 1776; at Akraiphia, ibid., 2727; at Koroneia, ibid., 2871; etc. Cf. Frazer, III, p. 628. Also on Samos: see inscription discussed in J. H. S., VII, 1886, p. 150.

1995 Afr.; Foerster, nos. 302 (Timaios) and 303 (Krates); they are not mentioned by Pausanias in his account of the introduction of various contests at Olympia, V, 8.6 f. Lucian mentions the contests of heralds at Olympia: de morte Peregrini, 32.

1996 V, 22.1.

1997 Nestor (F. H. G., II, p. 485^*, quoted by Athenæus, X, 7, p. 415a) says that he was periodonikes ten times, while Pollux (IV, 89) says seven times. For the dates of the victories, which fell some time between Ols. (?) 113 and 122 ( = 328 and 292 B. C.), see Foerster, nos. 395, 399, 402, 404, 406, 411, 415, 422, 425, and 428.

1998 Athen., X, 7 (p. 414e).

1999 Amarantos of Alexandria, apud Athen., l. c., says that he was 3.5 ells in height; Pollux, l. c., four ells. Athenæus relates examples of his voracity.

2000 For the inscribed basis of his statue at Olympia, see Inschr. v. Ol., 232; cf. Foerster, 815–19 (undated). The inscription appears to belong to the first century A. D.

2001 B. S. A., XIII, 1906–7, pp. 146–7 (Dickins) and fig. 3; cf. A. J. A., XIII, 1909, p. 83 and fig. 6. It is 0.131 meter high.

2002 B. M. Bronzes, 223 (quoted by Dickins, l. c.).

2003 See P., X, 9.2.

2004 Fragm. 65 (= F. H. G., I, 207, quoted by Strabo, VI, 1.9, C. 260). For the story about his victory, see Timaios, Strabo, l. c., Clemens Alexandr., Protrept., I, p. 2, and poetically in A. G., VI, 54 (Paulus Silentiarius), and IX, 584.

2005 Cf. Reisch, p. 52.

2006 IX, 30. 2 f.

2007 In another passage, X, 7. 2, Pausanias says that Thamyris won a prize for singing at the Pythian games; he also mentions a painting of him by Polygnotos: X, 30. 8. On Thamyris, cf. also P., IV, 33. 3 and 7.

2008 For the story of the poet Arion and the dolphin, see P. III, 25. 7.

2009 In X, 7. 4, Pausanias says that Sakadas won in flute-playing at Delphi three times, the first in the third year of Ol. 48 ( = 585 B. C.). In another passage, II, 22.8, he says that Sakadas was the first to play the “Pythian tune” on the flute. For a description of this tune, see Pollux, IV, 84, and Strabo, IX, 3.10 (C. 421).

2010 XIV, 24 (p. 629a).

2011 C. I. A., I, 357.

2012 Froehner, Notice, no. 16; Clarac, 122, 342; M. W., I, Pl. 13, 46; etc.

2013 A. M., XII, 1887, pp. 378 f. (Wolters) and Pl. XII.

2014 V, 7.10; cf. Plutarch, de Musica, 26. Athenæus, IV, 39 (p. 154a), quotes from the first book of the catalogue of Olympic victors by Eratosthenes to the effect that the Etruscans used to box to the music of the flute.

2015 P., V, 17. 10.

2016 Ph., 55.

2017 Plut., l. c.

2018 See Pinder, Ueber den Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen, 1867, pp. 97 f.

2019 He won sometime between Ols. (?) 58 and 62 ( = 548 and 532 B. C.): P., VI, 14.9–10; Hyde, 128b and p. 52. He also won six victories at Delphi and fluted at the pentathlon: cf. P., l. c. and Ph., 55.

2020 So Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 604. An example, on the other hand, of a very small man erecting a large statue is that of the poet Lucius Accius, whose statue was set up in the temple of the Camenae in Rome: Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 19; cf. Bernouilli, Roem. Ikonogr., I, p. 289.

2021 E. g., to Aristotle of Stagira: P., VI, 4.8; Hyde, 41b; to Gorgias of Leontini: P., VI, 17.7; Hyde, 184a; Inschr. v. Ol., 293; etc.

2022 The first part of the present chapter appeared under the caption, Lysippus as a Worker in Marble, in A. J. A., 2d Series, XI, 1907, pp. 396–416, and figs. 1–6; the second part, entitled, The Head of a Youthful Heracles from Sparta, appeared ibid., XVIII, 1914, pp. 462–478, and fig. 1. Both parts have been rewritten. The author is indebted to the former editor-in-chief, Dr. James M. Paton, for permission to use the original papers in writing the present chapter.

2023 First noted by Homolle, Gaz. B.-A., XII, 1894, III Sér., pp. 452 f.; id., B. C. H., XXI, 1897, pp. 592 f.; id., ibid., XXIII, 1899, pp. 421 f.; id., Rev. Arch., 1900, p. 383; P. Gardner, J. H. S., XXV, 1905, pp. 234 f. (The Apoxyomenos of Lysippos). For a good summary and a new identification of the figures of the group (without discussing the style), see Miss E. M. Gardner and K. K. Smith, A. J. A., XIII, 1909, pp. 447 f. (Pl. XIV and 21 text-cuts).

2024 The group was composed of nine statues: three of athletes, those of the brothers Agias, a pancratiast, Telemachos, a wrestler, and Agelaos, a boy runner; four statesmen, and the son of the dedicator, and one unknown: B. C. H., XXI, pp. 592 f.; Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1913, III, no. 4, pp. 45–46.

2025 Gaz. B.-A., XII, 1894, p. 452: “un des meilleures exemples de la manière de Lysippe.”

2026 B. C. H., XXI, 1897, p. 598.

2027 B. C. H., XXIII, 1899, pp. 470–1: “L’auteur de la statue d’Agias ... ne peut être cherché que dans l’école de Lysippe ou dans sa dépendance immédiate....” On p. 472 he says that in the Agias we have a statue “qui approche aussi près que possible d’un original de Lysippe.”

2028 Ein delphisches Weihgeschenck, 1900; for the inscription referring to the statue of Agias, see B. C. H., XXI, 1897, pp. 592–593. Preuner’s ingenious theory was based on a combination of the inscriptions on the bases of the group.

2029 Fouilles de Delphes, IV, 1904, Pls. LXIII (full length), LXIV (head); statue of Sisyphos I, Pl. LXV; Sisyphos II, LXVIII (= B. C. H., XXIII, Pl. IX); Agelaos (= B. C. H., XXIII, Pl. IX). For the Agias, see also B. C. H., XXIII, 1899, Pls. X (head, two views) and XI (statue); von Mach, 234; Springer-Michaelis, p. 336, fig. 596; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 549, 11 (before the discovery of the lower legs). The name is to be spelled either Agias or Hagias; the former has now become usual.

2030 Baron Otto Magnus von Stackelberg (1760–1836) visited Pharsalos in September 1811.

2031 In the Braccio Nuovo: Amelung, Vat., I, p. 86, no. 67 and Pl. XI; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, no. 23; Guide, I, no. 31; B. B., 281 (head = 487); Bulle, 62 (head = 213); and reconstruction in a bronzed cast on a high pedestal in the Museum of the University of Erlangen, ibid., pp. 117–18, fig. 22, a, b, c (cf. Muenchner Jb. f. bild. Kunst., 1906, p. 36); von Mach, 235; Baum., II, p. 843, fig. 925; Mon. d. I., V, 1849–53, Pl. XIII; Rayet, II, Pl. 47 (text by Collignon); Overbeck, II, p. 157, fig. 182; Collignon, II, p. 415, fig. 218; Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkm., Pl. XXXIV and pp. 107–10; Springer-Michaelis, p. 337, fig. 603; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 546, 2; Clarac, V, 848B, 2168A; F. W., 1264; etc.

2032 Cf. F. W., p. 449, paragraph 2 of the notes. E. Braun (Annali, L, 1850, pp. 223 f.) first identified the statue with Lysippos’ Apoxyomenos; cf. also Brunn (Bulletino d. Inst., 1851, p. 91).

2033 Cf. Becker, Gallus,³ III, p. 108; and especially J. Kueppers, Der Apoxyomenos des Lysippos, in Progr. des Bonner Gymnas., 1869.

2034 H. N., XXXIV, 62.

2035 Ibid., XXXIV, 65.

2036 Especially its surface modeling was supposed to confirm Pliny’s criticism of the master: op. cit., XXXIV, 65.

2037 One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture, 1909, p. 39.

2038 Unless we except the Athenian torso to be mentioned infra, p. 290, n. 4.

2039 Cf. Tarbell, Congress of Arts and Sciences, St. Louis, 1904, III, p. 614.

2040 De Alex. Magn. fort. aut virt., Orat. II, 2 (p. 335, b, c); S. Q., no. 1479.

2041 J. H. S., XXIII, p. 130, n. 28; it is also quoted by Gardner, Sculpt., pp. 220–1.

2042 See Ada Maviglia, L’attività artistica di Lisippo ricostruita su nuova base, 1914. For the Uffizi statue, see supra, pp. 136–137.

2043 In his discussion of the Athenian torso, which he believed was another copy of the original of the Vatican statue: A. M., II, 1877, pp. 57–8, Pl. IV; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 819, 1. This torso had the left leg free, while the Vatican one had the right one free; it is also dry and hard in its technique.

2044 That of Emil Braun, in Annali, L, 1850, p. 249.

2045 E. g., Loewy, R. M., XVI, 1901, p. 392. Furtwaengler, Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1904, II, p. 379, n. 1, says that the Agias “dem Lysipp gaenzlich ferne steht,” and assigns it to an Athenian artist.

2046 Especially the Gardner brothers: P. Gardner, J. H. S., XXIII, 1903, pp. 130–131 (where he identifies the Apoxyomenos with the Perixyomenos of Daïppos, the son or pupil of Lysippos, a work mentioned by Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 87); ibid., XXV, 1905, pp. 234 f., especially p. 236 (on pp. 255 f. he dates the Apoxyomenos just after 300 B. C., though ultimately deriving it from the school of Lysippos); id., Class. Rev., 1913, p. 56; E. A. Gardner, Sculpt., p. 222; Hbk., p. 443. T. L. Shear, A. J. A., XX, 1916, p. 292, makes the Agias the centre of his treatment of Lysippos. Still others who think that the two statues can not be by the same sculptor are cited by Wolters, Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1913, III, no. 4, p. 44, n. 3. See also F. Paulson, Delphi, 1920, pp. 288–289.

2047 E. g., Collignon, Lysippe, p. 31; Amelung, R. M., XX, 1905, pp. 144 f.; id., Vat., I, p. 87 (where he says that the Agias offers the closest analogies in style to the Apoxyomenos); Michaelis, Die archaeol. Entdeckungen des 19ten Jahrh., 1906, p. 276; A Century of Archæological Discoveries (transl. of preceding, by Bettina Kahnweiler, 1908), p. 323; id., Springer-Michaelis, p. 335; for others, cf. Wolters, l. c., n. 2.

2048 Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 61 (= S. Q. no. 1444), quotes Douris as saying that Lysippos was the pupil of no artist. He tells how the painter Eupompos advised the sculptor as a boy naturam ipsam imitandam, esse non artificem. Such a judgment, of course, can not be literally true, as every artist is to a large extent a child of his age and circumstances. Cf. Jex-Blake, pp. xlviii f., for the anecdotal character of Pliny’s statement. That the statement comes, perhaps, from Eupompos is the view of Kalkmann, Quellen der Kunstgeschichte des Plinius, 1898, p. 165.

2049 B. C. H., XXI, 1897, p. 598; id., XXIII, 1899, p. 471; cf. T. L. Shear, A. J. A., l. c. On the relation of Skopas to Lysippos, see P. Gardner, J. H. S., XXIII, 1903, pp. 126 f., and E. A. Gardner, Sculpt., p. 198. The influence of Skopas is especially observable in Lysippos’ treatment of forehead and eyes and in the consequent intensity of expression.

2050 Jb., XXV, 1910, pp. 172–3.

2051 See Wolters, l. c., pp. 45 f. Most scholars have followed the contention of Preuner that the statue at Pharsalos was the older: e. g., Kern, I. G., IX, 2, 249.

2052 Cf. Hill, op. cit., p. 39.

2053 Mp., p. 364 and n. 2; Mw., p. 597 and n. 3; for the Berlin athlete, see Beschr. d. ant. Skulpt., no. 471; for a copy of the Berlin head in the Museo delle Terme, Rome, see Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1380 bis; Jb., XXVI, 1911, p. 278, n. 1; and cf. R. M., XX, 1905, pp. 147 f., figs. 5–7; for the Dresden statues, see Hettner, Bildw. d. kgl. Antiken-samml., nos. 245–6; one of these has a beardless head, which is analogous to a more beautiful head in Copenhagen: La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, no. 1072. Of this head, which is earlier than that of the Apoxyomenos, Furtwaengler says that it is “one of the finest and most purely Lysippan works in existence.” In Mp., p. 338, he mentions a bronze statuette of Hermes from Athens now in Berlin (Invent. 6305) “in the swinging posture of the Apoxyomenos,” and says that it is of the purest Lysippan style.

2054 J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, pp. 239–40 and Pl. XVI; Duetschke, IV, 151.

2055 La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, no. 240; Mahler ascribes this work to Lysippos: Polykl. u. s. Sch., 1902, p. 153, n. 1.

2056 B. M. Sculpt., 1747, p. 102; Mp., p. 298 and fig. 126; Mw., pp. 515 and 517 and fig. 93; cf. Mrs. Strong, in Strena Helbigiana, 1900, p. 297. It is 6 ft. 8 in. high without the plinth (Smith).

2057 A better copy is the torso in the Louvre, Photo Giraudon, no. 1289; a head is in the Lateran, no. 891.

2058 De olymp. Stat., Halle, 1902, and enlarged, 1903, pp. 27 f.

2059 Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. LIV, 3–4, and Textbd., p. 209, fig. 237; Ausgr. v. Ol., V, 1881, Pl. XX.

2060 VI, 2.1.

2061 The head is still exhibited at Olympia in the same room as the Hermes.

2062 A. Z., XXXVIII, 1880, p. 114; cf., Ausgr. v. Ol., V, pp. 13–14.

2063 Olympia², 1886, pp. 343 f. and Pl. XVI (right).

2064 Restauration d’Olympie, 1889, p. 137.

2065 In Roscher, Lex., I, 2, s. v. Herakles, p. 2166.

2066 E. g., Graef, R. M., IV, 1889, pp. 189–226, especially p. 217; von Sybel, in Luetzow’s Zeitschr. fuer bild. Kunst, N. F., II, pp. 253 f.

2067 Bildw. v. Ol., pp. 209 and n. 1.

2068 B. C. H., XXIII, 1899, pp. 456–7.

2069 Polyklet u. seine Schule, p. 149.

2070 Preuner (op. cit., p. 12) dates the dedication 339–331 B. C.; Homolle (B. C. H., XVIII, 1899, p. 440) more closely, 338–334 B. C. Preuner dates Agias’ victory about 450 B. C.

2071 Treu, Bildw. v. Ol., p. 208, gives these measurements: height with neck, 0.270 meter; height of head alone, 0.215 meter; breadth of face, 0.127 meter; height of face, 0.155 meter.

2072 H. N., XXXIV, 65.

2073 The hair, however, of the Apoxyomenos is an exception, for, even if worked out with some care, it is devoid of expression.

2074 The use of the drill is seen in the Praxitelian Hermes, but is not seen in the Tegea heads, nor is it common in the first half of the fourth century B. C.: cf. Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 309.

2075 So Treu, Bildw. v. Ol., p. 208 (though formerly in A. Z., XXXVIII, 1880, p. 114, he called it a pancratiast with Herakles features); Reisch, p. 43, n. 1; Flasch, in Baum., p. 1104 00; Furtwaengler, in Roscher’s Lex., s. v. Herakles, I, 2, p. 2166; etc.