Aar glacier, formation and dissolution of the, 75
Acalephæ, 348. See Jelly-fishes
Acephala, their organisation, 299
— their food, 305
— their enemies, 305, 306
Acorn-shell, the, 244
Actiniæ, 361
Actinozoa, 363
Adriatic, depth of the, 8
— tides of the, 43
Africa, length of coast-line of, 4
— circumnavigated by the Phœnicians, 444
— Hanno's discoveries on the west coast of, 444
Agar-agar, or artificial edible birds'-nests of Java, 402
Agricola, Julius, sails round Scotland, 422
Air-bladder of fishes, 189
Air-currents. See Winds
Albatross, 163
Albion, New, discovery of, 467
Alcyonarians, 363
Alexander the Great, maritime discoveries resulting from the conquests of, 447
Alexandria, the Pharus or lighthouse of, 89
Algæ, 390
— changes produced by, in the colour of the sea, 19
— Russian official collecting, 392
Alligators, 172
Amalfi, maritime trade of, 449
— decline of, 449
Amazon river, tides of the, 43
— — quantity of water which it pours into the ocean, 75
— — discovery of the river, 460
America, length of coast-line of, 4
— salmon of Russian America, 221
— discovery of, by Columbus, 457
— account of early navigation along the shores of, 457
Amerigo Vespucci, his discoveries, 460
Ammodyte, or launce, 230
Ammonites, 437
Amœbæ, 379
— simplicity of their structure, 380
Anabas of the dry tanks, 193
Anchovy, 214
Angler, or sea-devil, 203
Annelides, marine, 262
— general remarks on the, 262
— their beauty, 263
— their food, 264
— their enemies, 265
— tubicole, 266
Anson, Commodore, his maritime discoveries, 483
Aphrodita, or sea-mouse, 264
Arab commerce and maritime discovery, 452
Arctic discovery, 474, 496
— winter passed by Barentz, 478
Argand, his improvement in marine illumination, 90
Argonaut, 280
Argus, Scotch or Shetland, 333
Ascidia mammillata, 322
Asia, length of coast-line of, 4
Asteriæ, 335
Astræa, 373
Atlantic Ocean, depth of the, according to Maury, 7
— — temperature of the, 14
— — fury of the Atlantic surge, 28, 29
— — enormous fucus banks, or floating meadows of the, 397
Atolls, or lagoon islands, 374
Auburn, site of the village of, 29
Auks, 151, 168
Australia, length of coast-line of, 4
— discoveries in, 480, 486
Avosets, 143, 144, 146
Azores, discovery of the, 456

Back's arctic voyages, 507
Baffin, his maritime discoveries, 483
Baffin's Bay, discovery of, 483
Balani, 244
Balanus ovularis, 244
— balanoides, 244
Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, sketch of him and his discoveries, 464
Baleen of the whale, 98
Balleny, his discoveries, 509
Baltic, depth of the, 8
Band-worm, the great, 264
Barentz, William, his maritime discoveries, 476
Barnacles, 244
— their attacks on the whale, 17
Barnacle goose, 146
Barrow's Straits, discovery of, 505
Basaltic pillars of Fingal's Cave, 46
Bassora, foundation of the town of, 452
Bastidas, Roderigo de, his maritime discoveries, 461
Beachy Head, 5
Bear, white, said to attack the whale, 100
— organisation of the polar bear, 10
— attacks Barentz's men, 478
Bear Islands, discovery of, 477
Behring, his maritime discoveries and death, 484
Belemnites, 437
Bellrock lighthouse, 28, 86
— — height of the waves at the, 28
— — in the storm of 1807, 29
Benin, discovery of, 456
Bermudas, depth of the sea near the, 7
Bird Island, discovery of, 490
Bird's-foot sea-star, 335
Birds'-nests, edible, of Java, 399
— mode of gathering them, 399
— agar-agar, or artificial birds'-nests, 402
Birds of passage, 171
Birkenhead, the Great Float at, 91
Biscoe, his discoveries, 509
Bivalves, or acephalous mollusca. See Acephala
Black-skimmer, or cut-water, the, 144
Blocks, erratic, of Greenland and Spitzbergen, 76
Bojador, Cape, doubling of, for the first time, 455
Bonito, the, 223, 224
Booth, Mr. Felix, 503
Boothia Felix, discovery of, 503
Borda, his improvements in marine illumination, 90
Borer, the, 231
Botallack, submarine mine, 91
Botrylli, 324
Bougainville, his maritime discoveries, 483
Boundaries of the ocean. See Limits of the ocean
Brachiopods, 315
Brazils, discovery of the, 460
Breakwater of Cherbourg, 90
— of Plymouth, 90
— moles of Portland, Holyhead, ind Alderney, 90
Bream, sea, 415
Bristol Channel, high tides of the, 38
— — marine fauna, 414
Britannia Tubular Bridge, 91
Bryozoa, 316
Buchan, Captain, his arctic discoveries, 497
Buffadero, the marine cave of the, 52
Bullhead, river, its parental affection, 195
Burgomaster-bird, 159
Butthorn, the, 335
Byron, Commodore, his maritime discoveries, 483

Cabot, John and Sebastian, their discoveries, 459
Cachalot, or sperm-whale, its organisation, 102-104
— its food, 104
Ca'ing whale, the, 115
Calamary, 272
Caledonia, New, discovery of, 490
California, discovery of, 472
Callao, colour of the sea near, 20
Calling crabs, 250, 251
Calms, or doldrums, causes of, 67
Calycophoridæ, 352
Canada acquired by France, 461
Canary Islands probably known to the Phœnicians, 444
Cano, Sebastian el, first performs the circumnavigation of the globe, 469
Cape de Verd Islands, depth of the sea near the, 7
Capelins, 162
Capri, 'azure cave' at, 18, 49
Carcinas mænas, metamorphosis of, 258
Caribbean Sea, crystalline clearness of the, 21
Carinaria, 287
Carrigeen (Chondrus crispus), 399
Carteret, his maritime discoveries, 483
Cartier, Jacques, voyages of, 461
Caryophyllia, 370
Cat-fish, or sea-wolf, 415
Catalonians, their maritime discoveries, 452
Caves, marine, 45
— Fingal's Cave, 45-48
— azure cave of Capri, 18, 49
— the Antro di Nettuno, 49
— the Cave of Hunga, 49-51
— cave of the Skerries, 51
— the Souffleur, or Blower, 52
— the Buffadero, 53
Caviar, 217
Cellulariæ, 319
Cephalopods, their organisation, 271
— their locomotion, 274
— their food, 277
— their enemies, 277
— their great size in some cases, 379
— the Norwegian kraken, 279
— the argonaut, 280
— the nautilus, 281
— the cephalopods of the primitive ocean, 282
Cessart, De, his breakwater at Cherbourg, 90
Cetaceans, general remarks on the organisation of the, 95
— food of whales, 98
— their enemies, 99
— large Greenland whale, 101
— the rorqual, or fin-back, 101
— the antarctic smooth-back, 102
— sperm-whale, 102
— the narwhal, or unicorn-fish, 106
— the dolphin, 107
— the porpoise, 108
— the grampus, 108
— history of the whale-fishery, 109
— the ca'ing whale, 115
Cetochilus australis, banks of the, in the Pacific, 21
Ceylon, or Taprobane, discovery of, 447
Chætodon rostratus, 203
Chancellor's discovery of the White Sea, 474
— his death, 475
Charybdis, vortex of, 41
Chelura tenebrans, 247
Chelyosoma, 323
Chepstow, high tides at, 38
Cherbourg, breakwater of, 90
Chili, upheaving of the coast of, 10
Chincha Islands, statistics of the guano trade of the, 169
Chiton squamosa, 285
Chlorospermeæ, or green sea-weeds, 391
Chondrus crispus, or carrigeen, 399
Circumnavigation of the globe first performed by Sebastian el Cano, 469
Clavellina producta, 322
Climate, influence of the Gulf Stream on that of the west European coasts, 51
— variety of climates in similar latitudes, 52
— Peruvian cold stream, 53
— Japanese stream, 54
— influence of forests on climates, 78
— power of man over climate, 78
Climbing fishes, 193
Clio borealis, 298
Clouds, formation of, 71, 72
Coast-line of the sea, length of, 4
Coasts, different formation of, 5
— destructive power of the sea on all, 29
Cockle, the, 303, 306
Cocoa-nut crab of the East Indies, 254
Cod, the, 415
— curing the cod, 216
— cod-liver oil, 216
Cœlenterata, 345, 357
Colæus of Samos, his maritime discoveries, 446
Colour of the sea, 17
— the azure cave at Capri, 18
— changes produced by algæ and sea-worms, 19
Columbus, his discovery of America, 457
Compass, mariner's, invention of the, 451
Composition of sea-water, 12
Cone-shell, orange, 288
Conger-eels, 222
Congo, discovery of, 456
Constructions, marine, 80-91
Cook, Captain, his voyages and discoveries, 485
— his first voyage, 486
— discovery of the Society Islands, 486
— of the east coast of New Holland, 486
— his second voyage, and discoveries, 492
— his third voyage, 491
— his death, 462
Cook's Strait, discovery of, 486
Conochilus volvox, 268
Coral, spotted, of the Indian Ocean, 21
Coral, 366
— deep sea, 367
— fishing of the Mediterranean, 367
Coral-reefs, 374
— barrier-reef of Australia, 374
— how they become habitable for man, 375, 376
Coralline zone, 413
Cordova, his discoveries, 491
Cormorants, 154, 155
Cortereal, Gaspar, his maritime discoveries, 460
Cortereal, John Vaez, his discoveries, 458
Cortereal, Miguel, 461
Cortes, his conquest of Mexico, 461
Coryniadæ, 358
Crabs, 246
— legs of crabs, 251
— larvæ of crabs, 258
Cross-fish, the common, 334
Crustacea, by what are they distinguished from the insects and spiders? 243
— their respiratory organs, 244
Ctenophora, 358
Cuba discovered, 459
— circumnavigated for the first time, 461
Curlew, the, 143
Currents, ocean, 54
— causes of, 54, 55
— the equatorial stream, 56
— the Gulf Stream, 57
— influence of the Gulf Stream, 60
— the cold Peruvian stream, 62
— the Japanese stream, 63
— beneficial influence of the ocean currents, 64
Cushion star-fishes, 335
Cuttle-fish, 275
— ova of the, 278
Cuvier's classification of fishes, 188
Cyclobranchiata, 285
Cyclones, causes of, 68
Cymospiras, 266

Dampier, his maritime discoveries, 483
Darien, Gulf of, discovered, 461
Darwin's theory of the formation of lagoon islands, 375
Davis, John, his maritime discoveries, 476
Depth of the sea, 6
— of the Atlantic, according to Maury, 7
— American mode of sounding in deep water, 6
— telegraphic plateau between Newfoundland and Ireland, 7
— measurement of depth by the rapidity of tide-wave, 8
Dew, formation of, 68
Diatomaceæ, 402
— their importance in reference to the existence of animal life in high latitudes, 403
Diaz, Bartholomew, his discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, 476
Diazona violacea, 324
Diodons, 178
Diogenes hermit-crab, 254
Diphyes, 352
Discovery, maritime, progress of, 441. See Maritime Discovery
Diu, Portuguese settlement of, 462
Divers, 150
Docks of London and Liverpool, 91
Dogfish, 200
Dolphins, 107
Donax, 301
Dory, 242
Dragon-weever, 204
Drake, Sir Francis, his discoveries, 473
Duck family, 146
Dugong, 117
— skeleton of the, 118
— female dugong of Ceylon, 119
Dunes, formation of, 5
Dunwich, destruction of the coast at, 30
D'Urville, Dumont, his discoveries, 509
Dusky Bay, discovery of, 487
Dutch, their attempts to discover a North-West passage to India, 474, 476

Earth-rind, the giant book of the, 432
— formation of a solid earth-crust by cooling, 432
Echinus, or sea-urchin, 337
— mammillated, 338
— edible, 338
— dental apparatus of sea-urchins, 339
Eddystone lighthouse, the, 81
— Winstanley's structure, 81
— Rudyerd's, 82
— Smeaton's, 83
Edward's Island, Prince, discovery of, 491
— Land, 415
Eel, the common, 225
— conger, 228
— the murry, or muræna, 229
Eendragt's Land, discovery of, 480
Eider-duck, 146
Electric eel, 202
Endeavour Strait, discovery of, 486
Enderby Land, discovery of, 509
English navigation, retrospective view of, 459
— attempts to discover the North-West passage, 474
Enteromorphæ, 391
Eolis coronata, 284
Eozoon canadense, 381 note
Equatorial ocean-current, 57
Equinoctial line crossed for the first time, 456
Erebus, Mount, discovery of, 509
Escharæ, 317
Espiritu Santo, discovery of the Archipelago of, 480, 490
Esquimaux in his kayak, 120
Euripus, phenomenon produced by the tides of the, 44
Europe, length of coast-line of, 4
Euryale, warted, 333
Evaporation, movement of the waters through, 65
Extent of the ocean, 1

Falkland Islands, sea-weeds at, 396
Fan-bearer, 402, 403
Feather-star, the rosy, 330
Fernandez, Juan, his discoveries, 473
Fierasfer, 340
File-fish, 232
Fin-crab, spotted, 252
Fin-fish, or northern rorqual, 101
Fingal's Cave, 45-48
— — popular belief as to its workmanship, 48
— — Sir W. Scott's description of it, 48
Fire, sea of, 434
Fish, consumption of, in London, 237 note
Fish River, Great, course of, traced, 507
Fishes, general remarks on, 186
— their locomotive organs, 187
— Cuvier's classification of fishes, 188 note
— fins, 188
— air-bladder, 189
— skin of, 190
— beauty of tropical, 191
— gills of, 191
— circulation of the blood of, 191, 192
— climbing, 193
— parental affection of, 194
— organs of sense, 196
— offensive weapons of, 198
— numerous enemies of, 207
— luminous, 422
Flamingoes, 142
Flat-fishes, 235
Florence, its commercial grandeur, 450
Flounder, 238
Flying-fishes, 156, 205, 224
Flying-gurnard, 206
Foraminifera, 378
— their immense numbers, 378
— simplicity of their structure, 380
— various forms of Foraminifera, 381
Forbes, Professor Edward, on the four zones of marine life on the British coasts, 408
Forests, influence of, on the formation and retention of atmospherical precipitations, 76
— formation of, 77
— influence of, on climates, 78
Franklin, Sir John, his arctic voyages, 501
— his last voyage, 508
Fresnel, his improvements in marine illumination, 90
Frigate-bird, 155
Frobisher, Martin, his maritime discoveries, 475
Frog-fish, 193, 194
Fuci, 392
— fucus banks, or floating meadows, of the Atlantic 397
Fulmar, the, 195

Gades, Phœnician town of, 444
Gaëta, maritime trade of, 451
Gama, Vasco de, doubles the Cape of Good Hope, 462
Gannet, or soland goose, 156
Gar-fish, 223
Garry, Cape, discovery of, 503
Gasteropods, 282
— respiratory apparatus, 283
— growth of their shells, 289
— mode of locomotion, 289
— their food, 294
— organs of sense, 295
— their enemies, 297
— their use to man, 296
Genoa, maritime grandeur of, 450
Geographical distribution of marine life, 405
Georgia, South, discovery of, 490
Germany, its climate at the time of the Romans and at the present time, 78
Glaciers, formation and dissolution of, 75
— the Aar glacier, 75
— of Greenland and Spitzbergen, 76
Glaucus, 283
Globe-fish, 232
Goa, Portuguese settlement of, 462
Goby, the black, 194
Goniaster, 335, 336
Good Hope, Cape of, discovery of,