[90c] The Cuppledykes were large owners of property in this neighbourhood, several of their monuments still remaining in Harrington Church and elsewhere.
[91] The pedigree of the Littleburies is given in the “Visitation of Lincolnshire,” A.D. 1562–1564, edited by Mr. W. Metcalf, F.S.A., A. Bell & Sons, 1881. Sir Humphrey Littlebury was descended from Hamon Littlebury, of Littlebury Manor, Essex, A.D. 1138. Sir Martin Littlebury Knight was Chief Justice of England, 28 Henry III., A.D. 1243. Fuller particulars of this family are given in other of these Records.
[93] This record is interesting as giving an instance of the title “Sir” as applied to the Clergy. A graduate of the University, having the M.A. degree was styled “Master” so and so, but when in Holy Orders, if he was only a B.A. he was styled “dominus,” the English equivalent of which was “Sir.” This was a general style of address, and was continued in the Isle of Man to a late period.
In “A Short Treatise on the Isle of Man,” by James Chaloner, governor, date 1656, it is stated that all the clergy who are natives have this title, even in one case a curate being so styled. In Bale’s “Image of bothe Churches” (circa 1550), it is said, “the most ragged runagate among them is no less than a Sir, which is a Lord in the Latin.” In Pulleyn’s “Etymological Compendium,” we find “The title of ‘Sir’ was given to all who had taken a degree, or had entered into Orders.” Thus, Hearne, the Antiquary, after he had taken the degree of B.A., was addressed as “Sir Hearne” (Aubrey’s Letters, i. 117), and William Waynfleet (afterwards Bishop of Winchester), when he had taken the same degree, was called “Sir Waynfleet,” (“Chandler’s Life,” p. 54), Chaucer in his “Canterbury Tales,” speaks of “Sir Clerk,” “Sir Monk,” and it even appeared in Acts of Parliament, as 12 and 13 Ed. IV., N. 14, “Sir James Theckness, Preste,” and i. Henry VII., p. 11, “Sir Oliver Langton, Preste? Sir Robert Nayelsthorp, Preste.”
[95] In a ploughed field, about 300 yards from the main road, a large boulder was discovered by a ploughman, in 1902, measuring about 3ft. in length, some 2½ft. in height, and about the same in thickness, being also ice-borne Neocomian.
[98a] The learned Dr. Oliver (“Religious Houses,” Appendix, p. 167, note 40) says, “wherever the word ‘Kir,’ or any of its derivatives, is found, it implies a former Druid temple.” This syllable forms the base of the Latin “Circulus,” and our own “Circle.” We find many interesting British names containing it; for instance, in the name of that favourite resort of tourists in North Wales, Capel Curig, we have the plural Kerig, implying the British (or Druid) sacred circle of stones, while we have also, prefixed, the translation of it by the Roman Conquerors of those Britons, “Capella,” or Chapel. As a parallel to this, we may mention, that in Wiltshire on “Temple” Downs, there are some stone Druidical remains, which are locally known by the name of “Old Chapel” (Oliver, Ibid., p. 175, note 66). Again in Kerig y Druidion, another place in North Wales, we have the sacred circle “Kerig,” directly connected with the Druids, in the suffix Druidion. There is also at Kirkby Green, near Sleaford, a spot called “Chapel Hill,” another at the neighbouring village Dorrington (“Darun” the Druid sacred oak), and also south of Coningsby, on the sacred Witham, all probably sites of Druid worship.
[98b] Mr. Taylor (“Words and Places” p. 130) says, “the names of our rivers are Celtic (i.e. British).” There is a river Ben, in Co. Mayo; Bandon, Co. Cork; Bann, Co. Wexford; Bana, Co. Down; Bannon (Ban-avon), in Pembrokeshire; Banney, in Yorkshire; and Bain, in Hertfordshire.
[99a] The exact meaning of “by” is seen in the German, which is akin. In Luther’s translation of Job. xxvi. 5, for “they dwell,” the old German is “die bey”; the latter word being our word “bide,” or “abide.” A “by” was an “abode,” or permanent residence; so the Lincolnshire farmer calls the foundation of his stack, the “steddle,” connected with the Saxon, “steady,” and “stead” in “homestead,” &c.
[99b] Government Geological Survey, pp. 154–5.
[100a] Portions of Waddingworth and Wispington are given in Domesday Book, as being in the soke of Great Stourton, and Kirkby-on-Bain. Stourton Magna, was formerly a place of some importance, sites being still known as the positions of the market place, &c.
[100b] The names of Fulbeck, and Fulstow, are given in Domesday Book, as Fugel-beck, and Fugel-stow.
[101a] Charter copied from “Dugdale” v., 456. Date 1199.
[101b] In a cartulary of Kirkstead Abbey, of the early part of the 12th century, now in the British Museum (“Vespasian” E. xviii.), there is an agreement between the Abbot of Kirkstead, and Robert de Driby, “Lord of Tumby,” that the Abbots’ “mastiffs” should be allowed in “the warren,” of Tumby, at all times of the year, with the shepherds, on condition that they do not take greyhounds; and if the mastiffs do damage to the game, they shall be removed, and other dogs taken in their stead. (“Architect S. Journal” xxiii. p. 109).
[102a] In the Cathedral of this City is still preserved the famous Baieux tapestry, said to be the work of Matilda, the Conqueror’s wife, in which are represented the exploits of her husband, in the Conquest of England.
[102b] He remained a prisoner during the reign of the Conqueror. On the accession of William Rufus, he was set at liberty, and restored to favour; but, after a time, heading a conspiracy against the King, in support of Robert, Duke of Normandy, and being defeated, he once more retired to that country, where Duke Robert rewarded him by making him Governor of the province.
[104a] Among the other parishes, Cockerington, Owmby, Withcall, Hainton, North Thoresby, Friesthorpe, Normanby, Ingham, Sixhills, &c., in all seventeen.
[104b] The historian Camden (“Britannia,” fol. 711, 712), gives a curious origin of the name Pontefract, which means “Broken Bridge.” He says that William Archbishop of York, returning from Rome, was here met by such crowds, to crave his blessing, that the bridge over the river Aire broke beneath their weight, and great numbers fell into the river. The prayers of the saint preserved them from being drowned, and hence the name was given to the place. This however, occurred A.D. 1154, and, as documents exist of an earlier date, in which the name is found, as already in use, the legend would seem to be a fabrication. It is probable, says another historian, that Hildebert gave the name to the place, from its resemblance to some place in his own country where he was born; the name being of Latin or Norman origin.
[104c] These connections, with authorities, are given fully in an article on the “Descent of the Earldom of Lincoln,” in “Proceedings of the Archæological Institute” for 1848, Lincoln volume pp. 252–278.
[106] As an illustration of the fickleness and superstition of the times, although he was condemned as a traitor by Edward II., he was regarded as a martyr in the cause of liberty by the people, and was canonized as a Saint by Edward III., son of the King who condemned him. Miracles were said to be wrought at his tomb; and a Church was built, for pilgrims to the place where he was executed. (Rapin’s Hist. vol. i. for 396; Boothroyd’s “Hist. Pontefract” pp. 95, &c).
[108] To show the power and lawlessness of some of these Lords of Kirkby and Tumby, it is recorded that the servants of this Simon de Driby took a waggon, with a hogshead of wine, from Louth to Tumby, by their master’s orders, and there forcibly detained it, “to the damage of 60s.” a large sum in those days. (“Hundred Rolls,” p. 333.)
[109a] The last Baron D’Eyncourt died in the reign of Henry VI. His sister married Ralph Lord Cromwell. Probably from this connection the warden of Tattershall College had lands in Kirton (“Peerage,” vol. ii., p. 62, and Tanner’s “Notitiæ,” p. 286.) The D’Eyncourts still survive at Bayons Manor, near Market Rasen. Their ancestors came over with the Conqueror, and held many manors in Lincolnshire. Walter D’Eyncourt was a great benefactor to Kirkstead Abbey in the reign of Ed. I. (Madox, “Baronia Anglica,” p. 217.) The first Walter was a near relative of Bishop Remigius, who also accompanied the Conqueror. A tomb was opened in Lincoln Cathedral in 1741 supposed to be that of this Walter, and the body was found carefully sewn up in leather.
[109b] Of another of the Cromwells, a few years later, it is found by a Chancery Inquisition post mortem (15 Hen. VI., No. 71) that, to prove his birth, John Hackthorne, of Walmsgare, testifies that he saw him baptized; and being asked how he knows this, he says that, on the said day, he saw Thomas Hauley, knight, lift the said infant, Robert Cromwell, at the font. This Sir Robert was succeeded by Ralph Lord Cromwell in 1442. This Sir T. Hauley also presented to the benefice of Candlesby, next after Matilda, wife of Ralph Lord Cromwell (“Linc. N. and Q,” vi., p. 76.) Thus there was a Hawley connected with the place at that early period, but, as will be shown further on, the family of the present Sir H. M. Hawley did not obtain their property here till more than 300 years later (“Architect S. Journal,” xxiii., p. 125).
[111] In former times parsons had the title “Sir,” not as being Knights, or Baronets, but as the translation of “Dominus,” now rendered by “Reverend.”
[115a] In those days the wild boar, as well as deer, were plentiful in our forests, and were protected by royal statute. The punishment for anyone killing a boar, without the King’s licence, was the loss of his eyes. They became extinct about A.D., 1620; as to the deer, an old Patent Roll (13, Richard II., pt. 1, m. 3), mentions that a toll of one half penny was leviable on every “100 skins of roebuck, foxes, hares, &c.,” brought for sale to the Horncastle market. This would look as though roe-deer at least, were then fairly plentiful.
[115b] For further particulars of this family see “History of the Ayscoughs,” by J. Conway Walter, published by W. K. Morton, Horncastle. Henry Ascoughe, by his will, dated 16 Nov. 1601, desires to be buried in the parish church of Moorbye (“Maddison’s Wills.”)
[117a] Two different things were formerly meant by the term “graduale,” or “grayle.” (1) It was the name given to the Communion Chalice, or Paten, probably from the “Sangraal,” or holy vessel, said to have been found in the chamber of “the last supper,” of our Lord, by Joseph of Arimathæa, and in which he afterwards collected the blood (sang-reale, or King’s blood), from the wounds of the crucified Saviour. This vessel, in Arthurian romance, was said to have been preserved in Britain, and to have possessed miraculous properties. The legend has been finely adopted by our late Poet Laureate in the “Quest of the Holy Grayle,” among his “Idylls of the King.” (2). The name was given to a part of the service of the Mass in pre-Reformation times, which was called the “Gradual,” or grail, because it was used at the steps (“gradus”) of the chancel. As the inscription on the first-named of these Kirkby tombs mentioned the gift of a “Missal,” or mass book, it is probable that the “gradual” here mentioned was this portion of the mass book, and not the Communion Chalice, or Paten. The Communion plate of Kirkby does not appear to be very old.
[117b] The writer of these Records has also a copy of this engraving, it is dated 1800, and has the initials, E. C. The church is represented with the roof fallen in, the porch closed by rails, south wall of nave, with two 3-light windows, in a dilapidated## condition, a priest’s door in chancel, with two 2-light windows above it, a shabby low tower, with pinnacles, scarcely rising above the roof, the whole overgrown with weeds; and churchyard and grave-stones in a neglected state.
[119] In the reign of Ed. I. it was complained that the too powerful Abbot of Kirkstead erected a gallows at Thimbleby (being patron of that benefice), where he executed various offenders (“Hundred Rolls,” p. 299), and Simon de Tumby had gallows at Ashby Puerorum, of which there is probably still a trace, in “Galley Lane” in that parish. (“Hundred Rolls,” 1275).
[121] The Kings held property in this neighbourhood late in the 16th century. By will, dated Jan. 23, 1614, Edwd. King, of Ashby, bequeathed to his son John the manor house of Salmonby, and it was not till 1595 that the Hall of Ashby de la Laund was built.
[122] This conduit still exists. “Linc. & Q.” vol. iv. p. 131.
[123a] At Greetham there is a field called Gousles, or Gouts-leys. We find the same in Gautby. “St. Peter at Gowt’s,” in Lincoln; and “Gaut” is a common term for the outlets of fen and marsh drains.
[123b] There is in Hameringham a Baldvine gaire, given by the clerk to the Revesby Monks. See notes on Hameringham.
[123c] The name Massenge is not a common one, but we find that Thomas Masinge was presented to the Vicarage of Frampton, by King Philip and Queen Mary, 6 August, 1556 (‘Lincolnshire Institutions,’ “Linc. N. & Q,” vol. v., p. 165.)
[123d] The Goodricks were a fairly good family, originally settled at Nortingley, Somersetshire; but the Lincolnshire branch came from the marriage of Henry, son of Robert Goodrick, with the heiress daughter of Thomas Stickford of this county. According to one version, one of his descendants, Edward Goderich, of East Kirkby, married as his second wife, Jane, daughter and heir of a Mr. Williamson of Boston, whose children were Henry, Thomas (Lord Chancellor), John, Katherine, and Elizabeth; of whom John married the daughter and co-heiress of Sir Lionel Dymoke, of Stickford. According to another version, the John, of Bolingbroke, who died in 1493, had two sons, William and Richard. William was of East Kirkby, and was father of (1) the John, above-named, who married Miss Dymoke, (2) Henry, ancestor of the Goodricks, baronets, of Yorkshire, and (3) Thomas, Bishop of Ely, and Lord Chancellor, temp. Ed. VI., and one of the compilers of the Reformed Liturgy (“Linc. N. & Q,” vol. i., p. 122). In the reign of Elizabeth, Edward Goodrick, of East Kirkby, subscribed £25 to the Armada Fund (“Linc. N. and Q.,” vol. ii., p. 132; “Architect. S. Journal,” 1894, p. 214.)
[124a] See “Notes” on Salmonby and Raithby.
[124b] The term “exhibition” is equivalent to maintenance; Edward was evidently studying for “the Bar,” and this was provision for him until he should be able to “practice at the Bar,” as counsel in legal suits. The term exhibition is still used at the Universities, along with “scholarship,” for certain allowances, which are granted to students, after examination, to aid them in their University course.
[125a] The Sapcotes were a well-to-do middle-class family. In 1554 Thomas Chamberlaine, clerk, was presented to the Church of Lee, Lincoln Diocese, by Edward Sapcote, gentleman, one of the executors of the will of Henry Sapcote, late alderman of the City of Lincoln (‘Lincoln Institutions,’ “Linc. N. and Q,” v., p. 173.) William Sapcote was Rector of Belchford in 1558. By a Chancery Inquisition post mortem, dated at Hornecastell, 4 Nov., 23 Henry VII. (1507), the manor of Taunton (Toynton) and advowson of Nether Taunton with other property were recovered for Thomas Sapcote, and Joan his wife, and other parties. (“Architect. S. Journal,” 1895, pp. 61–2.)
[125b] The Palfreyman family resided at Lusby. They were descended from William Palfreyman, who was Mayor of Lincoln in 1536. Mr. E. Palfreyman contributed “1 launce and 1 light horse” to the defence of the country when the Spanish Armada was expected; one of them is named among the List of Gentry in the county, on the Herald’s Visitation in 1643 (“Linc. N. & Q,” ii., p. 73.) Ralph Palfreyman was presented to the Vicarage of Edlington in 1869, by Anthony Palfreyman, merchant of the Staple, Lincoln (“Architect, S. Journal,” 1897, p. 15.)
[126] The Grynnees were “nativi,” or tenants in bondage; yet, as sometimes happens in modern days, a son married the daughter of a knight. They were attached to the manor of Ingoldmells, which then belonged to the King.
[127a] The prefix may either be Ea i.e. Eau, water, or Ey, Ea, island. The small islands in the Thames are called eyots.
[127b] By an Inquisition taken at Partney, 8 Sep. 7 Hen. VIII (A.D. 1491), it was found that Bernard Eland, son of Eustace Eland, late of Stirton, Esquire is an idiot, and that he has an infirmity called “Morbus Caducus; and he held his manor of Stirton of the lord the King, by the service of two parts of a knight’s fee.” (“Archit. S. Journ.” 1195, p. 74).
[128] By an Inquisition, 20 Hen. vii (A.D. 1504, 5), held at Lincoln, it was found that John Billsby and Nicholas Eland were seized of the manor of Malbissh-Enderby, with appurtenances in Hagworthingham and also of the manor of Bag Enderby, with appurtenances in Somersby, &c.
[129] This rood-screen has been reproduced in late years in the restored churches of Brant Broughton and Thornton Curtis. (“Linc. N. & Q.,” 1896, p. 49).
[131] Of Thomas Goodrick, Bishop of Ely, we may observe that he was rather a “timeserver,” though one of the supporters of Lady Jane Grey, and acting on her Council during her nine days’ reign. On the accession of Queen Mary, he did homage to her, and was allowed to retain his bishopric. The historian says of him, that “he was a busy secular-spirited man, given up to factions and intrigues of state, preferring to keep his bishopric before the discharge of his conscience.”
The name was probably originally spelt Gode-rich, and a Latin epigram was composed, in allusion to this, as follows:—
“Et bonus et dives, bene junctus et optimus ordo,
Prœcedit bonitas, pone sequuntur opes”;
which may be Englishised thus:—
“Both good and rich, duly combined,
The good in front, the rich behind.”
There is probably a trace of the Goodrick family in a carved stone over the kitchen door at the farmhouse close by the church, on which the device is a cross “fitchée,” rising from another recumbent cross, combined with a circle, between the initials L and G, with the date above 1544.
[133] Our modern rock-salt was unknown till 1670, when it was accidentally found in Cheshire. Before that time the only salt in use, was that collected by evaporation, in “salt-pans,” on the Humber or the sea-coast. Of these, Sharon Turner calculates (“Hist. Anglo-Saxons,” vol. iii., p. 251, Ed., 1836), that there were no less than 361 in the county.
[135] Mills almost invariably belonged to the lord of the manor, and were a source of considerable profit, as at these only were the tenants allowed to have their grain ground. As an evidence of their value it may be mentioned that the Bishop of Worcester had, in the parish of Stratford, two carucates of land, or 240 acres, which were rated at 20s., whereas a mill belonging to him, yielded 100s. He let his land at the annual rent of 5d. per acre, but his mill was let for £5. When the Conqueror’s Commissioners visited Lincolnshire, there were between 400 and 500 mills in the county.
[137] We have an instance of a similar formation in the name of Kingerby, near Market Rasen; which in a Chancery Inquisition, post mort., V.O., Ric. III. and Henry VII., No. 116a, is given as Kyngardby.
[138] In Morris’s Directory, of 1863, the total is given as only 730 acres.
[139] Privately translated and printed for the late Right Honble. E. Stanhope, M.P., of Revesby.
[140] A selion is a ridge of land between two furrows.
[142a] This double-arched doorway has been pronounced by some to be Saxon (“Linc. N. & Q.” 1896, p. 4), but about 1090 there was a revival of Saxon ornament, which was continued for some time into the Norman period (“Linc. N & Q.” 1895, p. 225, note.)
[142b] These details are taken from the description given by the late Precentor Venables, on the visit of the Architectural Society, in 1894.
[145a] The Fitzwilliams were a wealthy family, having large possessions in this county and elsewhere, and, at a later period, were created earls of Southampton.
[145b] The Crevecœurs would seem to have derived their name from Creveceur, a town with the title of Marquis, in the province of Masseran, in Italy (“General Hist. of World,” by Dan Browne, 1721, p. 160.) There was, however, another old town of this name in Holland, remarkable for its strong fortress, which, from its impregnability, was named Creveceur, or heart-break (Ibidem, p. 122). The arms of this family were “or, a cross, voided, gules” (“Magna Charta,” p. 100.)
[147] These various records are taken from “Lincolnshire Wills,” &c., by Canon Maddison.
[148] In Bag Enderby church there is a mural monument to Andrew and Dorothy Gedney, and their two sons and two daughters kneeling by prayer desks.
[156a] Ralph Lord Treasurer Cromwell had also property in this parish at a later period.
[156b] A former church was built by the Lord Treasurer, who died in 1455; in the nave of which was the inscription, “Orate pro anima Radulph Crumwell qui incepit hoc opus, Anno Domini 1450.” (Harl. MSS. No. 6829, p. 174).
[157a] In the “Gentleman’s Magazine” for 1789, p. 636, is an account of a beacon hill in this parish.
[157b] The objection to this is that “reeve” is a Saxon word, and the termination “by” is Danish. The word appears in our modern “sheriff,” or shire-reeve, “port-reeve,” &c.
[158a] Jusseraud’s “Life of the 14th Century,” p. 38.
[158b] Harleyan MSS. 4127.
[158c] Ibid, add. MSS., 6118, 330b.
[158d] The original charter of the foundation is lost, but a copy is given in Dugdale’s “Monasticon,” vol. v. p. 454. The wife of this William de Romara was Hawise, daughter of Richard de Redvers, Lord of Tiverton, Co. Devon, and of Christchurch, Hants., and sister to Baldwin, 1st Earl of Devon. By the title of Comitissa Hawysia de Romara, she gave the church of Feltham, in Middlesex, to the hospital of St. Giles-in-the-Fields, near London. She joined in the foundation of Revesby Abbey. (“Topogr. and Genealogist,” vol. i., p. 24).
[158e] Dugdale’s “Baronage,” vol. i. p. 6.
[159] Gelt was a tax of 2s. on each carucate, or 120 acres.
[160] It is customary to speak of Revesby Abbey as the monastery of St. Laurence, but it would also appear at an early period to have been dedicated to the Virgin Mother as well; for, while the inscription on the tomb of the founder, as given above, mentions only St. Laurence, Dugdale in his “Monasticon” (p. 531), calls it “the Monastery of our blessed Lady the Virgin, and St. Lawrans.” Further, one impression of the Abbey seal is preserved in the office of the Duchy of Lancaster, and another at the British Museum; and they are inscribed “Sigillum Abbatis d’ St. Laurentio”; but there is also in the British Museum, a seal of “Henry, Abbot of St. Mary’s;” and another of “the Abbey and Convent of St. Mary,” is among the Harleian Charters (44, z 2), and both the latter have, as part of their device, the Virgin, crowned, holding the Infant Christ in her arms.
[161] It is curious to find a Doctor among the slaves, he may have been a foster-brother to one of better birth. Barcaria, in Monkish Latin meant a tanning house (from “bark,”) or a sheep-fold, Norman French, “Bergerie,” and Barkarius may have been a tanner or shepherd.
[164] I am indebted for these details to the accounts printed by the late E. Stanhope, for private circulation, and the Revesby deeds and charters, which he recovered, and also printed.
[166] Saunders in his “History of Lincolnshire,” 1836, gives the patron of Revesby as Revd. C. N. L’oste. This, however, is an error, that gentleman being chaplain in 1831, and there then being no residence he resided at Horncastle, as many other country incumbents did at that time. The L’ostes held various preferments in this neighbourhood for more than one generation. In 1706, before the Banks family owned Revesby, the Revd. C. L’oste held the Rectory of Langton-by-Horncastle. He was a man of some attainments, and published a poetical translation of Grotius on the Christian Religion, which the writer of these notes possesses. Another L’oste, at that date resided in Louth; and, within living memory, another of the name resided in Horncastle.
[178] The Pelhams of old were a martial family. At the battle of Poitiers, the King of France surrendered to John de Pelham, and this badge was adopted by him as representing the sword-belt buckle of the defeated monarch, and became conspicuous on their residences, or in the churches which they endowed.
[181] For an interesting life of Mr. Hanserd Knollys, see Crosby’s “History of English Baptists,” vol. i, p. 334, &c.
[182] Odo was the son of Herluin de Contaville and Arlette, coucubine of Robert, Duke of Normandy, so that Odo and the Conqueror were sons of the same mother. The Earl of Moretaine, and Adeliza, Countess d’ Aumaile, were his brother and sister.
[184] It has been suggested that this represented Belshazzar’s Feast (“Architect. S. Journal,” 1858, p. lxxiii), but this would hardly be in keeping with the other subjects.
[185] The next ford on the Witham, southward, was Kirkstead wharf, or more properly “wath,” which is still the local pronunciation; “wath,” meaning “ford,” corresponding to the Latin “vadum,” and related to our word to “wade,” or “ford,” a stream, &c. There is a village called Wath in Yorkshire, which is near a ford or causeway over a Marsh. (“Archit. Journ.” xiii, p. 75).
[186a] Mr. T. W. Shore, in an interesting article on “The Roads and Fords of Hampshire.” (“Archæolog. Review,” vol. iii., pp. 89–98), says that all the “Stokes” (a common local name), are connected with “wades,” or fords on streams, probably because they were stockaded. Stockholm, means a staked, or stockaded island. In South America there is a plain called Llano Estacedo, because the tracks across it are marked by stakes. (“Greater Britain,” Sir C. Dilke, p. 75.)
[186b] This was the case with a manorial wood, formerly on the property of the Bishops of Winchester, at Havant, in Hants. (“Archæol. Review,” iii., p. 94), one of the conditions of tenure being, that it should furnish stakes for a “wade-way,” from the main land to Hayling Island, fordable by carts at low water, and stockaded on both sides.
[186c] In connection with this, it is not a little interesting to note that, according to the Hundred Rolls (pp. 317 and 397), quoted Oliver’s “Religious Houses,” (p. 72, note 25), the prioress of Stixwould was accused in the reign of Ed. I., of obstructing the passage of ships on the Witham, “by turfs and faggots” (“turbis et fagotis”); this would probably be by making the ford shallower by sods, and narrower by bundles of stakes or sticks.
[186d] Streatfeild (“Lincolnshire and the Danes,” pp. 147–8,) says “the swampy locality would favour the idea of the stakes,” as originating the name.
[186e] Called by Ingulphus “Patria Girviorum.” (“Hist. Rerum. Anglic.” Vol. i., p. 5, A.D. 716).
[187] The name Siward may not have been confined to one person; but the old chronicler, Ordericus Vitalis (A.D. 1142), tells the following, of the great Earl Waltheof, son of Siward, that he was beheaded (probably being too powerful a Saxon subject to suit the Conqueror), on May 31, 1076, at Winchester, and buried on the spot of his execution. The monks of Croyland, however, begged that his body might be removed to their Abbey; and this was granted and carried out a fortnight after his death. He was then buried in the Chapter House. Sixteen years afterwards, the abbot, Ingulphus, decided to remove the treasured remains from the Chapter House to the Church, and ordered the bones to be first washed with warm water. When the coffin lid was removed, the body was not only found to be as fresh as at the first burial, but the head had become re-united to the body, only a red streak showing the place of severance. The body was re-interred near the high altar with great ceremony, and it is added (and no wonder, after this one miracle) that “miracles were often performed” at the tomb. (“Fenland N. & Q.” 1892, pp. 37–8).
[188] Although nothing is said, so far as we know, of Ivo leaving any progeny, the name of Taillebois survived for some centuries, being represented by men of wealth, large property, and good connections in the county. Their chief seat was South Kyme, where the head of this house succeeded Gilbert de Umfravill, Earl of Angus, and where his descendants were, in turn, succeeded by the Dymokes. In the 15th century their fortunes declined, and by a Close Roll of Henry VII. (9 May, 1494), it is shewn that William Taillebois, then of Baumber, had got into the hands of a London money-lender, and that his estates were handed over to Sir Robert Dymoke, and other creditors, who made him an allowance of £20 a year.
[189a] Judging by the dates, they could hardly have been one and the same lady. This question is fully examined by J. G. Nichols, F.S.A., in “Proceedings of the Archæological Institute,” 1848, who decides in favour of two distinct persons, the latter being mother of William de Romara (temp. Stephen), afterwards Earl of Lincoln.
[189b] From the title, d’ Alencon, it is probable that the name, once not uncommon in this neighbourhood, of Dalyson arose.
[194] Dugdale (“Monasticon,” v., p. 725), says Sir Geoffrey de Ezmondeys gave to Stixwold Priory certain lands at Honington, then called Huntingdon. These lands still belonged to the Priory, temp. Henry VIII. The name is spelt Ermondeys in a second Deed in Dugdale; it is Ermondys in the Hundred Rolls (i. 393). In “Testa de Nevill,” (p. 323) it is abbreviated as “Armets”; while in p. 342 of the same Henry de Armenters is given as owner of the same lands.
[196a] Not many years ago there was preserved in the church of the not distant parish of Scopwick, a richly-embroidered satin pulpit cloth, probably a specimen of such work; but the Vicar, unfortunately, converted it into window curtains, and it has been lost. (Oliver, p. 72, n. 23.)
[196b] The Harleian MS., in the British Museum, shows buxom dames shooting stags and boars with the bow, mounted astride on horseback. Italian and Dutch artists shew the same. Lady Superiors were wont thus to relieve the montony of conventual life. It is related of Queen Elizabeth, that when 60 years old, she shot four deer before breakfast. “Standard,” ‘leader,’ Oct. 12th, 1898.
[197] There may be seen in Horncastle, at the house of Mr. Soulby Hunter, of Horncastle, a very beautifully-carved boss of stone, which was once in the roof of the Priory chapel, or church; it is circular, more than 2ft. in diameter, and 6 portions of arches branch off from it. Its size indicates that the fabric must have been on a large scale and lofty. There is also at the same house a finely-carved figure of a crouching lion, which may have formed part of a frieze, or cornice of the same building.
[198] This stone consists of a square block, the carved device being a cross within a circle, on the four arms of which are letters, which, taking a central E as common to all, form the words “Lex Dei Est Vera,” ‘the law of God is true.’ The stone was taken to Lincoln, and placed in the west gable of a house built by the late Mr. E. J. Willson. (“Linc. N. & Q.” vol. i., p. 124). It was engraved in “Archæological Journal,” vol. ix., p. 97.
[199] This Boulton was, for his crime, hanged at Lincoln; but his body brought to be buried in the old church. When the present church was built, his body was removed, with others, and re-interred in the churchyard. His remains are, locally, said to have differed from all the others, in that there were still large lumps of fat about the skeleton. This may probably be accounted for by the fact that he died in the full vigour of life. Some of the Boultons formerly resided at Hall-garth, Thimbleby; others lived at Sturton-by-Stow, and left moneys for the poor of that parish.
[202] Thomas Welby, in his will, proved 18th August, 1524, desired “to be buried in the church of Stixwould, before the image of our Lady.” The Welbys are now one of the leading county families, yet we find this very name of “Thomas Welby of Moulton,” mentioned in the “Myntling MS.” of Spalding Priory, as among the bondmen of that monastery. 25 Edward III., (1352). Thomas Grantham, living at Newstead farm, Stixwould, 40 years ago, probably of the above Grantham family, was a great hunting man. His brother, Redding Grantham, is buried at Woodhall Spa.
[203] For many of these particulars I am indebted to the account of Halstead Hall, by the Rev. J. A. Penny, given in “Linc. N. & Q.,” vol. iii., pp. 33–37.
[204] The bricks of this structure resemble those of Tattershall Castle (built about 1440), and of the Tower-on-the-Moor; they were formerly supposed to be Dutch bricks, brought by boat up the Witham; but geologists tells us that they are made of the local clay.
[206a] A cast was taken of Tiger Tom’s head, after the execution, and a mould from it now forms an ornament over the door of a house, No. 31, Boston Road, Horncastle, which formerly belonged to Mr. William Boulton. He witnessed the execution, and procured the cast at the time.
[206b] One of the gang was hanged on March 27, 1829; the two above-named on March 19, the next year, 1830; a fourth was captured two years later, but escaped hanging, as it was pleaded on his behalf, that he had prevented Timothy Brammar, a reckless fellow, from shooting Mr. Elsey, or ill-treating the maids. He, however, had formerly been a servant at the house, knew the premises well, and was said to have planned the whole proceedings; he was transported. There were said to be ten men in the gang, all “bankers,” i.e., “navvies.” Mr. T. Mitchell, parish clerk of Woodhall, informs me that two of the men confined in the stables were named Henry Oldfield and George Croft; names frequently appearing in the parish registers and still common in the neighbourhood. George Croft died at Langton, January 18, 1878. Henry Oldfield’s daughter, still living (1904), says that she remembers her mother stating that she saw six of the men hanged, at one time or another, and heard the trial of the last two, when the judge remarked “What, the case from Halstead Hall; shall we ever have done with it?” Most of these particulars are given in “Records of Woodhall Spa” (1899), and for them I am indebted to Mr. and Mrs. Longstaff, now residing at Halstead Hall.
[209] The parish register has the entry “Alison ye wife of Rob. Diton was buried ye 14 Jany., 1688,” and as none of the name are mentioned again, they probably became extinct with this Robert.
[210] It has been doubted, of late, whether there ever was a tower; but it is referred to by Mr. Jeans, in Murray’s “Handbook for Lincolnshire,” also in several old Directories, and the Parish Terrier, dated June 27, 1724, mentions among the church possessions “Three bells and a ting-tang.” The existence of this tower is further confirmed by the fact that in the churchyard is the tombstone of a Mr. Wattam (a name still surviving in the parish), the churchwarden who caused the tower to be taken down. He was afterwards killed by lightning, and the villagers regarded this as a “judgment” upon him for removing the tower and bells.
[219a] See my volume “Records of Woodhall Spa and Neighbourhood,” pp. 140–2, where this particular case of Fulstow is also mentioned.
[219b] In connection with Joyce Dighton, widow of Robert Dighton, of Stourton, there is a record that she left her two sons, Robert and William, her leases in Waddingworth, and in Maidenwell, Louth. This indicates a connection. The Waddingworth property had belonged to Tupholme Abbey. Maidenwell, also, was a sacred place, where is still a well, in the cellar of the manor house, which I have seen, dedicated to the “Maiden,” i.e., Virgin.
[220a] I quote from the list made out by the Rev. C. W. Foster (“Architectural Society’s Journal,” vol. xxiv., p. 12).
[220b] This Mr. Rutland Snowden, gent., gave to the poor of Horncastle one house, of the yearly value of 26s., but, being decayed, this is now reduced to 13s., paid in bread, sixpence every other Sunday. The house belongs now to Mr. Willm. Dawson. (Weir’s “Hist. of Horncastle,” p. 33, ed. 1820.)
[221] Thomas Loddington, LL.D., was Vicar of Horncastle at the beginning of the 18th century. His name is on one of the church bells, cast in 1717.
[227] St. Margaret was tortured and beheaded by Polybius, Roman president of the East (who wished to marry her), because she refused to abjure her faith in the Saviour. She died A.D., 278. Her holy day, July 20, is very ancient, not only in the Roman Church, but also in the Greek Church, which celebrates her memory, under the name of Marina.
[228] The writer of this notice has a copy of this quaint production. It is entitled, “God’s Arke, overtopping the world’s waves, or The Third Part of the Parliamentary Chronicle, collected and published, for God’s high Honour, and the great encouragement of all that are zealous for God, and lovers of their Country. By the most unworthy admirer of them, John Vickers, London. Printed by M. Simons & F. Macock. 3rd edition, 1646.” The 1st edition was probably issued soon after the battle.
[230a] Of these Colonel Shelley was taken in the water. Sir George Bolle, a member of a very old Lincolnshire family, was killed with Sir Ingram Hopton, and Major Askew, of another old Lincolnshire family was taken prisoner. (“Winceby Fight,” a Legend, by Alan Cheales, M.A.)
[230b] The writer once found on Langton Hill, within a quarter of a mile of Horncastle, the rowell of a spur with very long spikes, which was probably lost by a fugitive Cavalier after the fight. He has also a pair of spurs which were ploughed up on the battle field; and he has also a pistol of peculiar construction, found in a ditch near Woodhall Spa, which had probably been lost by a fleeing trooper.
[231] There are more than 2000 place-names in England which contain this element: from the county names of Nott-ing-hamshire and Buck-ing-hamshire, to Wolsingham, to the North, in Durham; and Hastings on the South coast of Sussex.
[233] The Beks, who have been mentioned before in this volume, became a powerful and wealthy family. They attained to the honour of Knighthood, and Barony, married into families of good position, acquired the Constableship of Lincoln Castle, and were especially strong in Bishops; four members of the family being raised to the episcopate, one as Bishop of Lincoln, then the largest See in the Kingdom, another as Bishop of Durham. Of this last it is related that he was so enormously wealthy that his ordinary retinue consisted of 140 knights. Hearing that a piece of cloth was said to be “too costly for even the Bishop of Durham,” he at once bought it, and had it cut up into horse cloths. While he was staying in Rome, a Cardinal greatly admired his horses. He thereupon sent two of the best with his compliments, begging the Cardinal to take which he preferred. The cardinal took both; whereat the Bishop drily remarked, “He has chosen the best.”
[234] That a connection of Beks and Willoughbys with Kirkstead Abbey existed before this, is shewn by the following documents. Walter Bek, first Baron of Willoughby, by will, dated July 20, 1301, directed that his body should “be buried at Kirkstede, whereunto he gives his best horse (price 40 marks), his mail-coat, gauntlets, targe and lance,” and other accoutrements, Sir Willm. Willoughby being his executor. An old Charter exists (Harleian MS., 45. h. 14), by which “John Bek, Lord of Eresby, makes known to all sons of Holy Mother Church,” that he grants and confirms “to God and the Church of the blessed Mary of Kyrkested, and to the Monks there serving God, in pure and perpetual alms, all the gifts and confirmations, which (his) ancestors made to them”; one of the witnesses to this being “Dominus William de Wylcheby.”
[235] By a curious coincidence, we find 120 years later, another William Hardigray, doubtless a descendant of this, occupying the post of master, with sundry “fellows” under him, of the Chantry of the Holy Trinity, at Spilsby; and to him, and his Institution, Sir William Willoughby, in 1406, granted certain lands in Scremby and elsewhere, to augment the endowment; a further bequest being made by Robert, Lord Willoughby, in 1452. (“History of Spilsby,” p. 46, by H. Cotton Smith.)
[236] The Glovers would seem to have been of some antiquity in the neighbourhood. In an Inquisition, taken at Sleaford, A.D. 1506, as to the estate of Mawncer Marmeon, among the jurors is William Glover, of Panton. (Architect. Soc. Journal, vol. xxiii., pt. i., pp. 55 and 69). While, in another Inquisition taken at Spalding in the same year, among the jurors is Robert Glover (Ibidem); and in another Inquisition taken at Falkingham, 3 years later, we find Thomas Phillips of Stamford, and John Obys, clerk, seized of the manor of Casewick (Ibidem, p. 80).
[237] The bricks of the former residence itself are said to have been used in repairing Baumber Church many years ago.
[238a] Some anecdotes are told of this worthy. A friend, who, in his early years, received some tuition from him, relates that he once took him to the top of the church tower, and waving his arms around, exclaimed “All this should be mine, every inch of it.” He planted an apple tree, when each of his numerous progeny was born; two or three of which still bear fruit in the vicarage orchard. He is said to have been a skilful boxer, and to have thrashed a big bully at Thimbleby. Being accused by a clerical superior, of frequenting public houses, and drinking too much, he replied, “I am not the only man who has been accused of being a gluttonous man and a wine-bibber, a friend of publicans and sinners.” He was evidently well able to hold his own with tongue as well as fist, although the valuable patrimony slipt through his fingers.
[238b] He was intimate with Prout, De Wint, Cattermole, and other artists of his day, his own paintings in sepia being well-known and highly valued. The writer of these Records possesses several of them, and among them, the gift of Mr. Terrot, a painting of Stonehenge, the original of which was presented by the artist to King Edward, on his visit to Stonehenge, as Prince of Wales.
[238c] These capitals are still preserved in the vestry.
[240] The triple cross is said to be the sign of a Royal Arch-Mason, and in Mr. Terrot’s own window are signs of the four Masonic crafts.
[241] The Hannaths had one other child, a girl, who married and is still living at Blackpool. Of the 18 buried here, one a girl, Ann, having been accidentally burnt, was a dwarf not only in body, but also in intellect. At 23 years of age she was only 26 inches high, and an idiot. She was buried July 9, 1844 (note in register). It is stated that her common way of showing that she wanted food, was to lick with her tongue the fire-grate. It is locally said that at the birth of each of the 18 children, a mysterious pigeon appeared, and, in consequence, the child died at once, or within a day or two of its appearance.
[243] In the ancient house in Boston called “Shodfriars’ Hall,” there was established in 1619, a school where 20 boys and 20 girls were taught to “spin Jersey, or worsted.” It was called the “Jersey School,” till 1790. (Thomson’s “Boston,” p. 191.)