[XXIV-4] In addition to the regular troops of one company of artillery and one battalion of infantry, distributed in various places, there were militia forces comprising one battalion of white and one of colored soldiers at Panamá, an equal force at Natá, one battalion of whites in Veragua, and seven companies infantry and artillery scattered in different places. Bol. Of. (1868), 32.

[XXIV-5] Arosemena, Apunt., 10-11, gives several titles of such books, of which as specimens may be mentioned Las Fábulas de Samaniego, El Año Cristiano, El Semanario Santo.

[XXIV-6] There was a college de propaganda fide of Franciscans; convents of barefooted Augustinians, Dominicans, and the order of Mercy; nunneries of la Concepcion and San Juan de Dios; moreover a hospital, and a charitable institution, dedicated to Santo Tomás de Villanueva, for poor women. Hospitals belonging to the order of San Juan de Dios existed likewise at Natá and Portobello. Bol. Of. (1868), 32.

[XXIV-7] The transportation into town was effected at night, and generally in packages, similar in size and shape to those used for carrying country products to market. Arosemena, Apunt., 8.

[XXIV-8] Prompted by the Franciscans, public processions were held, at which some persons wore crowns of thorns, others carried heavy crosses on their shoulders, or ropes round their necks, etc.

[XXIV-9] Full particulars on this point have been given in connection with the histories of Mexico and Guatemala for that period.

[XXIV-10] Distinctions of classes, resulting from differences of color, were natural enough; but the rivalry was now intense between natives of Spain, and Americans of pure Spanish descent.

[XXIV-11] The permission was granted by the governor of Panamá, and never revoked even though its political influence became apparent, because of the increase of revenue resulting from that trade. Bol. Of. (1868), 72.

[XXIV-12] A detailed account of the occurrences at Cartagena is given in Restrepo, Hist. Col., ii. 165-8.

[XXIV-13] The governor of Panamá had hastened to send an auxiliary force of several hundred men, but it arrived too late. Arosemena, Apunt., 19.

[XXIV-14] 'Una expresion indiscreta que el español Don José Llorente dijo á Don Francisco Morales ... por la que despreciaba á los americanos.' Restrepo, Hist. Col., ii. 174.

[XXIV-15] In August the same junta obliged the viceroy to go to Cartagena, and thence to Spain. Id., 191.

[XXIV-16] Indeed, the authority of the Spanish córtes was formally recognized by the several provinces as late as 1811, and it was only afterward that thoughts of absolute independence were expressed.

[XXIV-17] The Spanish party ridiculed the aspirations of the patriots, because of certain dissensions already cropping out among them. Bol. Ofic., 1868, 75.

[XXIV-18] 'Deben ser el primer objeto de la defensa y de la tierna solicitud del congreso ... redimiendo las segundas de las cadenas que hoy las oprimen.' Arosemena, Apunt., 22; Bol. Ofic., 1868, 75.

[XXIV-19] He assumed the government at Portobello, Feb. 19th, and somewhat later transferred himself to Panamá. Restrepo, Hist. Col., viii. 28, followed by Perez, Jeog., 109.

[XXIV-20] A letter from the vice-president of the junta gubernativa at Cartagena to Commandant Ríbon at Mompós let out the object of the mission. Arosemena, Apunt., 24.

[XXIV-21] Gov. Mata had died in 1812, soon after his promotion to mariscal de campo. He was succeeded by Brigadier Victor Salcedo, who ruled only a few days.

[XXIV-22] The cause was dissatisfaction of the regency at Cádiz because he had remained in Panamá instead of selecting some other place from which he might have reached Bogotá.

[XXIV-23] 'Arrancó el ayuntamiento de Panamá con insidiosos manejos del gobierno de Cádiz el decreto de que fuese el R. Obispo removido de su silla.' Torrente, Hist. Rev., ii. 69. The name of the bishop was Joaquin Gonzalez, who died in July 1813. His successor was José Higinio Duran y Martel, mentioned as bishop for the first time in 1814, who was one of the signers of the independence—Bol. Of. (1868), 88—and still in office in 1821. See also Pan. Col. Doc., no. 125, MS.

[XXIV-24] Other distinctions, among which an addition to the coat of arms, were also resolved in the same session. Córtes, Actas Ord. (1814), ii. 206.

[XXIV-25] His decree of May 4, 1814, was carried out on the Isthmus in August of the same year. Pan., Doc. Hist., in Pan., Col. Doc., no. 36, MS., 8-19.

[XXIV-26] Bustamante, Cuad. Hist., iv. 161-3, gives the number as 10,473, which agrees with the figures given by Restrepo, Hist. Col., vi. 49; but this authority refers only to the troops.

[XXIV-27] This was the principal object; 'asegurar este istmo en sujecion perpetua á la España, fuera cual fuese el éxito final de la guerra de la independencia de las colonias de S. M. C. en el Nuevo Mundo;' which is confirmed by the words of the royal order of May 9, 1815, speaking of the expedition as made in view of 'la importancia de poner en el respetable pié de defensa que conviene, al Istmo de Panamá, llave de ambas Américas.' Arosemena, Apunt., 29-30.

[XXIV-28] The vessel carrying Hore and part of his force was captured near Cartagena by two small ships belonging to the revolutionists. Restrepo, Hist. Col., vi. 95-6; Torrente, Hist. Rev., ii. 178-9.

[XXIV-29] It had been held ad interim by Juan Domingo Iturralde, Arosemena, Apunt., 30-1, who was the governor of Veragua and adjoining districts. Pan., Doc. Hist., in Pan., Col. Doc., no. 36, MS., 8.

[XXIV-30] Arosemena, Apunt., 31, speaks of his 'detestacion de los principios de gobierno representativo,' and says on page 42 that he was the man employed by Fernando VII. to dissolve in 1814 the Spanish córtes.

[XXIV-31] The king had decreed the reëstablishment of the order in Spanish America, but it was not carried out on the Isthmus, there being no members of the society here, nor any one willing to join it. 'Andábamos ya algo despreocupados,' says an authority. The society was already looked on as an agent of despotism and perpetual state of vassalage. Bol. Ofic., 1868, 112.

[XXIV-32] 'Prometiéndoles ganancias enormes, pero propias de las circunstancias.' Restrepo, Hist. Col., vii. 168.

[XXIV-33] While the assailants had all their attention centred on Portobello, a Spanish vessel, with $70,000 on board, passed the port unperceived. Weatherhead's Darien, 29.

[XXIV-34] MacGregor had probably never read the adventures of Vasco Nuñez de Balboa.

[XXIV-35] Weatherhead, Darien, 43, says that Spanish officers in disguise fearlessly walked the streets, and entered the fort to drink with the men. They had passports issued by the former alcalde, who had returned after the occupation of the city, and in whom MacGregor foolishly placed confidence.

[XXIV-36] Such is Weatherhead's version. Darien, 57-62. Hore denied having agreed to the capitulation, adding that he regarded the men as bandits; and had demanded their surrender at discretion. Restrepo, giving no credence to Hore's assertion, declares his proceeding 'accion vil, digna de los jefes españoles de América.' Arosemena says: 'Bajo capitulacion, ó sin ella, pues esto no es del todo conocido, se sindieron.' Apunt., 38-9. Santa Cruz, who was made governor of Portobello, shortly after Hore went to Panamá captured two vessels which had on board about 100 men brought from England to reinforce MacGregor; but it is unknown what became of the prisoners. Restrepo, Hist. Col., vii. 173-4, 176.

[XXIV-37] 'Terminó por la ineptitud del gefe esta espedicion que hizo mucho ruido,' observes Restrepo, Hist. Col., vii. 175. Weatherhead, Darien, 63-7, though admitting the general's incompetency, tries to apologize for his behavior.

[XXIV-38] This was pursuant to general orders from the king. The same treatment was to be awarded to persons captured under similar circumstances, 'sin dar cuenta, ni consultar á esta superioridad hasta despues de haberlo verificado.' Doc., in Restrepo, Hist. Col., x. 190.

[XXIV-39] Weatherhead, Darien, 96, speaks of 14, while Restrepo, Hist. Col., vii. 177-8, mentions only 10.

[XXIV-40] Restrepo says that only 40 had survived, while Weatherhead gives the figures as in the text. I have in most cases preferred to follow the latter authority in his An Account of the Late Expedition against the Isthmus of Darien, London, 1821, pp. 134, map, by W. D. Weatherhead, as the work was written under the fresh impression of the events described, and by one whose position and participation in the expedition as a surgeon enabled him to obtain the most reliable information. This is furnished, together with such other historical data as the author, by means of slight investigation, could procure in addition to the narrative of the expedition and descriptions of different places on the Isthmus. Appended is professional information on diseases, climates, and state of medical science in the province of Tierra Firme.

[XXIV-41] The constitution of the Spanish monarchy was published on the Isthmus about May 1821. Its publication in Alange took place in that month. Pan., Doc. Hist., in Pan., Col. Doc., MS., no. 36, fol. 26.

[XXIV-42] Alcaldes—Luis Laso de la Vega, and Mariano Arosemena. Regidores—Manuel de Arce Delgado, Juan Manuel Berguido, Pedro Jimenez, Cárlos Icaza, Juan José Calvo, Remigio Laso, José Pablo Jimenez, and Tadeo Perez. Secretary—Manuel Maria Ayala. Arosemena, Apunt., 41-2.

[XXIV-43] He died July 8, 1820. Arosemena, Apunt., 42, places the death in Aug. Another trouble was his inability to pay the soldiers, who clamored for their dues. Weatherhead's Darien, 116-17.

[XXIV-44] The application of municipal revenue to local purposes; and that the police be composed of citizens under the control of the cabildo; the military patrols should be discontinued.

[XXIV-45] Many families abandoned the city to escape his persecutions.

[XXIV-46] His influence was to be seen, nevertheless, in the low tone of the press, and in the discontinuance of political meetings.

[XXIV-47] Their names are given in Bol. Of. (1869), 31.

[XXIV-48] Restrepo, Hist. Col., viii. 28; Arosemena, Apunt., 47.

[XXIV-49] Perez, Jeog., 110, calls him Murjea.

[XXIV-50] His arrival at Chagres is set down by Arosemena, Apunt., 47-8, on the 2d of Aug., 1821; others place him in Panamá on the 17th. Restrepo, Hist. Col., viii. 29; Perez, Jeog., 110.

[XXIV-51] Porras had been transferred to Yucatan, and his successor, Brigadier Tomás Cires, had been detained at Puerto Cabello. Arosemena, Apunt., 48. Fábrega was the governor of Veragua and adjoining districts. Pan., Doc. Hist., in Pan., Col. Doc., MS., no. 36, 25.

[XXIV-52] The church lent him some money, and he obtained $20,000 more from the sale of armament to Peru. Bol. Ofic., 1869, 31.

[XXIV-53] Mourgeon had the idea of taking with him some persons whom he suspected of disloyalty, but desisted. Arosemena, Apunt., 48.

[XXIV-54] 'No declararon el gobierno que se daban, ni cosa alguna sobre los negocios de la transformacion política: novicios, se contentaron con llamarse independientes.' Bol. Ofic., 1869, 31.

[XXIV-55] The commissioners were José María Chiari and Juan de la Cruz Perez.

[XXIV-56] Mollien, Colombie, ii. 140-1, asserts that the officers were induced to desert, partly by threats, and partly by paying them two months' arrears due them by the government.

[XXIV-57] Blas, Mariano, and Gaspar Arosemena, and José María Barrientos.

[XXIV-58] The deserters became so many recruits for an independent army.

[XXIV-59] 'Panamá, espontáneamente, y conforme al voto general de los pueblos de su comprension, se declara libre é independiente del Gobierno español.' Bol. Ofic., 1869, 32. The anniversary of the independence has been ever since celebrated with due honors on the 28th of November.

[XXIV-60] Some had favored absolute independence, and others union with Peru.

[XXIV-61] The military were left free to stay or leave the Isthmus. In the latter event they would be furnished means to go to Cuba, provided they pledged themselves not to use arms against the independent states of America. Similar provisions were made for soldiers and officers detained by sickness. Another document speaks only of defraying the expenses to Chagres or Portobello, the transfer to be made as soon as the forts there surrendered. Pan. Doc.

[XXIV-62] In the Bol. Of. (1869), 32, the names of 25 are given, whereas a printed copy of the act in Pan. Doc. gives four more. Other copies of the text will be found in the Gac., Imp. Mex. (1821), ii. 110-12; Gac., Guad. (1822), 315-16; Am. St. Pap., iv. 832-5; Pan. Star and Herald, Nov. 28, 1883.

[XXIV-63] Niles, S. Am. and Mex., ii. 118, gives the day as Dec. 15th, a date also vaguely indicated by Scheffer in Revue Amér., i. 183.

[XXIV-64] The motion had been made by the inhabitants of Natá, and was adopted by the citizens assembled at Santiago under the presidency of Casimiro del Bal, the political chief ad interim. The oath of independence included also the condition to uphold the Roman catholic religion, and to defend the purity of the virgin Mary. The full text is given in Veraguas, Acta de Independencia, in Pan. Col. Doc., no. 54, a certified manuscript copy of the original record in the archives of Santiago.

[XXIV-65] 'Otros pensaron que viniera otra espedicion española sin que tuviéramos previo conocimiento de ella.' Bol. Ofic., 1869, 32.

[XXIV-66] 'Con esta clase de pasaporte zarparon del puerto, diciendo, sin embargo, que no podian llevar á efecto el convenio.... Pero mas tarde se entregaron, al fin, al Gobierno republicano del Perú.' Bol. Ofic., 1869, 32. From that time, it is believed no Spanish war vessel visited the Isthmus till August 1863, when, though Spain had not as yet recognized Colombia's independence, a squadron of that nation entered Panamá Bay. The visit was altogether friendly. Bidwell's Isth. Pan., 71.

[XXIV-67] Copies of the various constitutions framed from 1811 to 1821 will be found in Restrepo, Hist. Col., i. 135-42; viii. 5-19, 221-44; ix. 5-31; x. 37-54. A French translation of the last of Aug. 30, 1821, appears in Colombia Const., in Ancillon, Mélanges Pol., 9-120, and commented on in Revue Amér., i. 186-215.

[XXIV-68] Veraguas, Decretos del Libertador Bolívar, Presidente de Colombia, 1827-8, in Pan. Col. Docs., MS., no. 64.

[XXIV-69] Pan. Comand. gen. del istmo, in Pan. Col. Doc., MS., no. 30, p. 3-8, 11. The Spanish córtes, not knowing what had occurred on the Isthmus, authorized the government, Apr. 30, 1822, to create an intendencia in Panamá. Córtes, Diario, , 1822, v. Apr. 30, 2.

[XXIV-70] Alaman, Hist. Méj., v. 581-2; Méx., Col. Órd. y Dec., ii. 38-9.

[XXIV-71] Seemann's Voy., i. 301. In Veragua orders were issued, July 23, 1822, to register in future as free all colored children born of slave mothers. In 1847 there were only about 380 slaves in the province of Panamá. The national government in April of that year prohibited the importation and exportation of slaves. In the latter part of 1849 there were left in the province of Chiriquí only 32 slaves, and measures were proposed for their manumission. Gov. Herrera's mess., Sept. 15, 1847, in Bogotá, Gaceta Ofic., Feb. 6, 1848; Pan. Col. Doc., MS., nos. 81, 82; Chiriquí, Mem. de su prim. gobr, in Id., no. 85, p. 10-11.

[XXIV-72] Soon after there were no slaves in the country. Bidwell's Isth. Pan., 32-3; Pan., Crón. Ofic., Jan. 22, March 29, Aug. 29, 1852; S. F. Daily Herald, Feb. 9, 1852. It was currently reported, and indeed with good foundation, that a plot was carried out by certain parties from Cartagena, in or about 1862, who ran off a number of colored men and women of Panamá to Cuba, where they were sold into slavery. Pan., Boletin Ofic., Nov. 27, 1862.

[XXV-1] It was supposed that France, now under an absolute king, by the prompting of the alliance, had conceived a vast plan for the conquest of the Spanish American countries, which till within a few years had been under the catholic king's domination. Many eminent men in Europe and the U. S. approved the idea of the American congress, and bestowed high encomiums on its author. Abbé de Pradt championed it in his work, Congrés de Panamá, saying: 'The congress of Panamá will be one of the greatest events of our times, and its effects will be felt to the remotest posterity.' Pradt, Cong. de Pan. (Sp. Transl.), 171.

[XXV-2] The plenipotentiaries of the U. S. were R. G. Anderson, then minister to Bogotá, and J. Sergeant. Anderson died at Cartagena while on his journey to the Isthmus. Sergeant arrived too late, but afterward proceeded to Mexico for the purpose of carrying out his instructions. Full particulars on the course of the U. S. government will be found in Niles' Reg., xxviii. 131-2; xxix. index 'Panamá' and 'Congress,' subhead 'Pan.;' xxx. index, p. iv., p. vii., 54-172, passim, 248; xxxi. index 'Pan.,' 263, 318, 400, 16, 38, 44-7, 65, 129, 312-16; xxxii. 214, 282, 308; xxxvi. index 'Pan.', p. iii., 23-80, passim; Benton's Thirty Years, i. 65-9; Am. St. Pap., For. Rel., v. 834-40, 899-905, 916-20; vi. (new set) 356-65, 383-4, 555; U. S. Cong. Debates, 1825-6, i. index, p. ii. iii. viii. x.; ii., app. p. 43-105; Id., 1828-9, Index, p. i.; U. S. Gov. Doc., Cong. 19, Sess. 1, H. Doc., 740; Id., H. Ex. Doc. 144, viii.; Id., Cong. 19, Sess. 2, H. Ex. Doc. 23, ii. St. Pap.; Id., Cong. 19, Sess. 2, Sen. Doc., i. p. 9, vol. i.; Id., Cong. 19, Sess. 1, Sen. Jour., 411-70; Id., Cong. 19, Sess. 1, Rept Commit., ii. Doc. 137, app. nos. 36-41; Pan. Miss. Speeches; Johnson's Speech on Pan. Miss.; Hayne's Speech on Pan. Miss., Mayer's Mex. as it was, etc., 368; Rev. Amér., 111-25, 542-8; Dem. Rev., i. 489; Young's Am. Statesman, 352-61; Lafond, Voy., i. bk. i. 289-90; N. Am. Rev., xxi. 162-76; Am. Annual Reg., 1825-6, 79-126; Pub. Doc. 49, 103.

[XXV-3] Dawkins, the British commissioner, according to Restrepo, Hist. Revol. Colombia, acted with commendable frankness. He limited himself to imparting good advice, assuring the Sp. Am. plenipotentiaries that his government would assuredly mediate with Spain; meantime they should avoid all cause of offence to European powers. Col Van Veer, the gentleman from Holland, held no public capacity; his mission was a private one, confined to the expression of his sovereign's warm wishes for the happiness of the American republics. Bidwell's Isth. Pan., 186-90.

[XXV-4] Their representatives were: for Colombia, Pedro Gual and Pedro Briceño Mendez; for Central America, Pedro Molina and Antonio Larrazábal; for Peru, Manuel de Vidaurre and Manuel Perez de Tudela; and for Mexico, José Mariano Michelena and José Dominguez. Santangelo, Cong. Pan., 1-166.

[XXV-5] In proof of the assertion, Colombia was to furnish 15,250 men of the three arms, one line-of-battle ship of 70 to 80 guns, one frigate of 64, and two of 44. These vessels would cost her nearly two and a quarter million dollars, besides the expense to maintain them armed, manned, and otherwise thoroughly equipped. Where was Colombia, already burdened with a considerable annual deficit, to get the means for supporting such an army and navy?

[XXV-6] On the 8th of Aug., 1826, he wrote to Gen. Paez from Lima: 'The congress of Panamá, an admirable institution were it more efficacious, resembles the Greek lunatic that wanted to direct from a rock the sailing of ships. Its power will be but a shadow, and its decrees mere counsels.' Caicedo, Union Lat. Am., 33-10, 97-110.

[XXV-7] There were doubtless other reasons, such as the agitations menacing Colombia, fear of an invasion by France in the name of the holy alliance; or the bad climate and lack of facilities in Panamá. Méx., El Sol, no. 1203; Guat., Redaitor Gen., suppl. to no. 27; Marure, Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am., i. 138-9.

[XXV-8] The enemies of Bolívar accused him of aiming, through an American league, at the control of all Spanish America to make himself its ruler. The following authorities have also treated more or less fully of the Panamá congress: Mora, Revol. Mej., i. 354-8; La Palanca, Sept. 14, Oct. 26, 1826; Zavala, Revol. Mex., i. 389-90; Cuevas, Porvenir, 387-497; Mex., Mem. Rel., 1827, Doc. 2, 11-13; Bustamante, Voz de la Patria, ii. no. 15, 2-3; Amigo del Pueblo, ii. no. 5, 132-3; iii. 395-419; iv. 223-4; Cor. Fed. Mex., Nov. 28, 1826; Rivera, Hist. Jalapa, ii. 395-6; Tornel, Breve Reseña, 48-50; Gaz. Mex. Extraord., 1826, i. no. 5; Mex., Gac. de Gob., July 4-Sept. 21, 1826, passim; Tucker's Monroe Doctrine, 23-36.

[XXV-9] The capital of Spanish Guiana, near the Orinoco and Old Guiana.

[XXV-10] Among the governors of Veragua were, in Jan. 1823, José M. Chiari; in June 1823, Miguel A. Figueredo; in 1824-5, Pedro Guillen; and in 1828, F. Fábrega. Gov. of Panamá, 1826, J. J. Argote. Intendente and comandante general of the departm. of the Isthmus in 1827, Col Man. Muñoz; in June 1828, J. Sardá. Veraguas, Gob., in Pinart, Pan. Col. Doc., MS., no. 29, 34; Pinart, Pan. Col. Doc., MS., no. 2, 80, et seq.

[XXV-11] José Vallarino of Panamá was one of its members, and soon after was made vice-president, and a little later councillor of state. A popular man in his section, he was at one time thought of for a senatorship, and at another for the presidency of the republic. In 1816 he had been the royal treasurer, an office conferred on him as a reward of his own past services, as well as of those of his father, Bernardo, and his uncle, Bruno, who had been a member of the council of the Indies. At the separation from the mother country he joined the independent movement, afterward holding several honorable positions. His descendants live on the Isthmus. Id., no. 1, 1-8.

[XXV-12] Since 1829 Nueva Granada had been divided into departments with a prefect at the head of each. The prefect of Panamá was J. Sardá. His rule was despotic, involving the abuse of prominent citizens, and levying a forced loan for pretended defence of the Isthmus. Sardá, J., Decreto, May 25, 1829. He was executed at Bogotá in 1833 under sentence of the law for a plot to murder the president. Necrología, in El Constitucional del Istmo.

[XXV-13] Their functions were those of the former prefect. Pinart, Pan. Coll. Doc., MS., no. 62.

[XXV-14] The constitution of 1830, of the old republic, had been in force till now. Obando, J. M., Decreto, in Pinart, Pan. Coll. Miscell. Pap., no. 14; El Constitutional del Istmo, Jan. 14, 28; Apr. 21, May 7, 14, 28, 1832; Veraguas, Recop. Ordenanzas, 20.

[XXV-15] The following authorities appear in official documents: Province of Panamá, 1832-3, Gov. Juan José Argote; in 1834, acting gov., M. A. Hurtado; in 1836-8, Gov. Pedro Obarrio. Prov. of Veragua, in 1874, Gov. M. J. Guisado; in 1835-7, Gov. Manuel de Ayala. In 1836 Veragua had a provincial legislature. Pinart, Pan. Col. Doc., MS., no. 25, no. 31, p. 4, 12, 18, 38, 40, 75, 91; nos. 59, 65, 78, 104; El Constitutional del Istmo, May 7, 14, 1832; Oct. 30, 1824; Aug. 30, 1836; Registro Ofic., N. Gran., 8; Veraguas, Esposic., in Pinart, Pan. Col. Doc., MS., no. 76.

[XXV-16] For which he was awarded thanks. El Constitutional del Istmo, Dec. 28, 1831.

[XXV-17] Dec. 3, 1831. Id., Dec. 21, 1831.

[XXV-18] Lieut Melchor Duran, and Brevet Sub-lieutenant F. Casana of the battalion No. 9. Id., March 14, 1832.

[XXV-19] During the past nine years the Isthmus seems to have enjoyed comparative quiet. In Sept. 1833, the provincial legislature chose Agustin Tallaferro deputy to the national congress, and Juan de la Cruz Perez his suplente. Id., Sept. 15, 1833.

[XXV-20] He accompanied resolutions of the officials, heads of families, and other citizens of Santiago to remain under the national authority, and lend no aid to any attempt to sever the connection or promote public disturbance. El Constitucional de Cundinamarca, March 27, 1842.

[XXV-21] He said: 'Marcharé hasta donde sea necesario para arreglanos con Veraguas definitivamente.' Though hoping that for the common interest, the voice of peace will be heeded, 'la fuerza alcanzará lo que se le ha negado á la fraternidad y á los principios.' Gaceta del Istmo, Sept. 15, 1840, in Pinart, Pan. Coll. Doc., no. 3; Herrera, Decreto, in Pinart, Miscell. Pap., no. 13.

[XXV-22] Costa Rica recognized the independence of the Isthmus, and entered with Obarrio into a convention of amity and trade. The boundary question was left open for future settlement. Gaceta del Istmo, Oct. 20, 1841; Costa R., Col. Ley., vii. 234-6.

[XXV-23] This was acknowledged on the 16th of October, 1841, by F. W. Byrne, acting Brit. consul, in a note to Sec. Arosemena.

[XXV-24] Meantime José Agustin Arango, sec. of war, had been engaged in regulating the national guard. Id., Sept. 20, 1841.

[XXV-25] It is understood that the commissioners were not even clothed with sufficient powers; but the chief men surrendered the Isthmus to them. The men of the revolution, José Obaldía, Pedro de Obarrio, Mariano Arosemena, Cárlos de Icaza, José Agustin Arango, and others, now left Herrera to the consequences.

[XXV-26] Gen. Herrera fell in battle, not in the state of Panamá, on the 4th of Dec., 1854, in defence of liberal institutions. The legislature of Pan., Sept. 22, 1855, decreed that several of his portraits should be placed in official halls. In Oct. 1857 it appropriated $3,000 to bring his remains to Panamá; in May 1868 a monument was decreed. A statue of the general was placed in the cathedral plaza of the city of Panamá. Pan., Gaceta del Est., Sept. 29, 1855; Id., Oct. 15, 1857; Pan., Boletin Ofic., Jan. 8, May 12, 1868.

[XXV-27] Gen. Tomás C. Mosquera, commander-in-chief of the forces on the coast, Aug. 1, 1842, at Panamá, granted in the name of his government an amnesty to the revolutionists. Again, March 15, 1845, congress passed a general amnesty law, including all persons who participated in the rebellion from 1839 to 1842. Pinart, Pan. Col. Doc., MS., no. 31, 183-5; N. Gran., Ley. y Dec., 1-2; Seemann's Hist. Isth. Pan., in Pan. Star and Herald, May 14, 1868. The rulers of the provinces of Panamá and Veragua in the following years are given in continuation: Gov. of Panamá in 1843, Miguel Chiari; in 1844-5, Col Anselmo Pineda; in 1845, Joaquin M. Barriga, with José Agustin Arango as government secretary. Intendente gen. de hacienda in 1848, Mariano Arosemena. Gov. of Veragua in 1840-2, Cárlos Fábrega; acting-gov. in 1843, José Fábrega Barrera; in 1843-5, Antonio del Rio; in 1845-9, Escolástico Romero; in June 1849, Diego García; in Aug. 1849, Ricardo de la Parra; in 1850-2, J. Fábrega Barrera; in 1852, Francisco de Fábrega; in Oct. 1853, Eustasio Fábrega; in 1855, Agustin Lopez; May 15, 1855, Francisco Fábrega. Appointed gov. Aug. 1855, Agustin Lopez. Pinart, Pan. Col. Docs., MS., nos. 17, 21, 31, 53, 57-8, 68-75, 79, 105; El Movimiento, Dec. 29, 1844; Veraguas, Recop. Ordenanzas, 2-66; Pan., Gaceta del Est., Aug. 28, 1855; N. Gran., Ley. y Dec., 1-3.

[XXV-28] Aug. 1, 1849, the electoral junta chose one proprietary senator, Antonio Villeros, and his suplente, Nicolás Lopez; one deputy, Domingo Arosemena, and his substitute, Gabriel Diez, to the national congress; seven deputies and an equal number of suplentes, to constitute the provincial legislature. The first local legislature met Sept. 15th, and closed the session on the 24th of Oct. From this time the new province had the following governors, namely: July 24 to Dec. 20, 1849, Pablo Arosemena; Dec. 20, 1849, acting gov. Juan Man. Gallegos; June 1850, P. Arosemena again in office till Aug. 1851, when Rafael Nuñez succeeded ad int.; Sept. 1851 to 1852, Francisco Esquivel; Sept. 1852, Escolástico Romero; 1854, Santiago Agnew; Aug. 1855, Domingo Obaldía, against whom complaints were made of abuses of power. Pinart, Pan. Coll. Doc., MS., 2-11, 31, 46-8, 83-93; U. S. Govt Doc., Cong. 36, Sess. 2, House Ex. Doc., vi. 41, p. 59; Pan., Gaceta del Est., Dec. 1, 1855.

[XXV-29] The first official doc. I have found with the name of Fábrega in a decree of the gov. of July 25, 1850. Pinart, Pan. Coll. Doc., MS., no. 89, p. 59-60.

[XXV-30] Chiriquí's capital, David; Veragua's, Santiago; Azuero's, Villa de los Santos. The first gov. of Azuero, receiving like the rest his appointment from the gen. government, was Juan Arosemena, in 1851. Antonio Baraya became gov. in April 1852. Gobn. Prov. Azuero, in Pinart, Pan. Coll. Doc., MS., no. 43.

[XXV-31] Annexed to Veragua. Sac. Daily Union, May 18, 1855; Veraguas, Ord. y Resol., in Pinart, Pan. Coll. Doc., no. 6; Pan., Gaceta del Est., Sept. 15, 1855.

[XXV-32] Dated June 22, 1850. Chiriquí, Ofic. de la Gobn., in Pinart, Pan. Coll. Doc., MS., no. 84; Chiriquí, Decretos, in Id., MS., no. 89; Chiriquí, Inf. Gen. del Canton, in Id., MS., no. 41.

[XXV-33] The local authorities were paid out of the national treasury. Chiriquí could not tax the inhabitants.

[XXV-34] The vice-consul's release; restoration with all respect and publicity to the consulate of its archives and other effects, together with satisfaction to the British government, and a compensation of £1,000 to Russell. Peña y Peña, Práctica Forense, iii. 375-94; Scarlett's S. Am., ii. 257-9; Mensaje, Presid. N. Gran., 1837.

[XXV-35] British war vessels made a demonstration at Panamá the following year. S. F. Alta Cal., Dec. 1, 1856; S. F. Even. Bulletin, Jan. 2, May 16, 1857.

[XXV-36] They said it was notorious that no passenger arrived at either end of the route without being abused, robbed, or otherwise maltreated; many had been wounded, and not a few murdered; hardly a party passed without their baggage being plundered; women were insulted, and even outraged. No effort had been made by the authorities to ferret out the perpetrators of such crimes. Pan., La Crónica Ofic., March 1, 1854.

[XXV-37] The governor did not fail to mention that in several instances his troops had done valuable service in protecting treasure and recovering stolen property, without claiming or receiving pay.

[XXV-38] Runnels acted with characteristic energy. Without scandal or noise, he captured one by one the banditti that infested the roads, and out of sight and without witnesses, other than his own men, had the criminals hanged and buried. Those of this class that did not fall into the hands of the Isthmus guard made haste to leave the country, which soon was cleared of foreign evil-doers. This object being accomplished, the guard was dissolved, its valuable services being fully appreciated. The governor had no authority for his action, but no fault was found with him. The measure had been one of absolute necessity; 'fué redentora.' Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., 9. Runnels in after years lived in Nicaragua, and died of consumption in Rivas, July 7, 1882, aged 52. Pan. Star and Herald, July 22, 1882.

[XXV-39] Jefe Superior Justo Arosemena wrote Consul Ward a courteous letter of explanation on the 29th of Sept. Pan., Gaceta del Est., Oct. 3, 1855.

[XXV-40] Ships and passengers had been paying a moderate sum, and when the official's greed was aroused to levy a burdensome tax, formal objection to it was made.

[XXV-41] It added that the policy of demanding such a tax would be detrimental to the interests of the Isthmus. The whole correspondence appears in Pan. Crón. Ofic., March 10, Apr. 10, May 23, 1854; Pan., Gaceta del Est., Nov. 3, 10, 18, 1855; Id., Dec. 11, 1856; S. F. Alta, Sept. 20, 1856; Sac. Union., Sept. 22, 1856; S. F. Bulletin, Sept. 30, 1856; Minister Herran to Sec. Marcy, Dec. 8, 1856, in Pan., Gaceta del Est., March 28, 1857.

[XXV-42] It must be confessed that the impression caused by the influx of foreigners, parading the streets, many of them armed with bowie-knives and revolvers, often incited by intoxication and gambling to acts of lawlessness, was not a favorable one. They often appeared to the natives as lawless invaders. The laws were not framed for the emergency, and the authorities were powerless to stop the scandals occurring every day in the streets. Robberies and other crimes among the foreigners themselves were common. Gambling-houses, in violation of law, were publicly kept, exhibiting strange signs, such as Card Room, Owls' Club, etc. Once a crowd of Americans fell upon the small guard of the jail, disarmed it, and set free some of their countrymen. Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 2, 5-6. A writer relates that he saw ruffians in 1850 throw filth on religious processions. Once an American rode a mule into the cathedral, and tried to make it drink from the baptismal font. Fortunately Theller, an American resident, interfered. 'Often the dirty red-shirted fellows would stride into the chapels and light their cigars at the altar.' Cal. Chronicle, May 20, 1856.

[XXV-43] The trouble originated in the act of a drunken man named Jack Oliver, who seized a slice of watermelon from a fruit stall, and refused to pay for it. Simultaneously and without preconcertion, fights occurred between parties of passengers and the colored population in various parts of the town. The city was soon in commotion. Residents retired to their homes and barred themselves in. The fights lasted about three hours, when the foreigners were driven into the depot. The negroes, who had formerly been humble and submissive to the whites, remembered on that day the abusive treatment often received by them at the hands of transient foreigners; but did not confine their expressions of hatred to foreigners only, for they transversed the streets crying, Mueran los blancos! They were now ungovernable. They rushed to the Panamá depot—at a moment when from 250 to 300 passengers of both sexes and all ages, landed at Colon from the steamship Illinois, were procuring their tickets for San Francisco—and began firing at the building, hitting one man. The doors were then closed, and some of the passengers armed themselves. It has been stated by eye-witnesses that some of the armed passengers went out and discharged their arms at the black mob before any shot had been fired at the building; but the weight of testimony is against this assertion. U. S. Consul Ward came on horseback, saying that the government at his request would soon send a force to quell the disturbance. The force did come, but instead of affording protection to the passengers huddled in the depot, fired a volley of musketry in their midst, and followed it by others, besides stray shots. The only reasons assigned for this conduct of the force were that it sympathized with the mob, or was awed by it. The latter was the real cause. The active firing from the outside continued about one and a half hours even after it had ceased from the inside. The mob for a time did not succeed in entering the building, but finally broke into the baggage-room, killing and wounding several persons. Fortunately, the rabble was bent more on plunder than slaughter. It is said that even the wounded had their boots pulled from their feet and carried away. Many robberies had also been committed by the negroes in the city, principally in shops and barrooms. S. F. Bulletin, May 1-3, 17, Aug. 30, Oct. 14, Dec. 17, 1856; Cal. Chronicle, May 20, 1856; Sac. Union, May 5, 13, 1856; S. F. Alta, May 2, 3, 18, 1856.

[XXV-44] Totten, chief engineer of the railroad, and Ward, in their protests held Fábrega's government responsible, and claimed damages. They also demanded protection for the passengers and treasure then expected from California on the Golden Gate. Fábrega, upon the latter point, gave the required assurances, recommending that the railroad officials should also adopt precautionary measures. In his report to the supreme government on the 22d of April, 1856, he denied the charges preferred against him by Totten and Ward, declaring that the whole affair had been sudden and unpremeditated; and he, as well as the gens d'armes had the best intentions to protect the passengers, and the firing upon them had been unauthorized, though resulting from the fact that the passengers had continued shooting. He kept to himself, however, that fear for the lives of himself and the few other white people of the city, which were in great peril from the infuriated blacks, had deterred him from attacking the mob. The latter was calmed and dispersed only through the good offices, called for by Fábrega, of the influential men among the negro population. Pan., Gaceta del Est., Apr. 26, May 3, 10, 27, 1856.

[XXV-45] On their landing at Colon, the other steamship was ready at Panamá to receive them and put off as soon as they were on board. They traversed the Isthmus without scarcely setting foot on the soil. Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 11-12.

[XXV-46] Corwine's Rep. and Coll. of Evidence, 1-69; U. S. Govt Doc., Cong. 34, Sess. 1, vol. xi., H. Ex. Doc., no. 103, 154-76.

[XXV-47] It stipulated a board of arbitration composed of commissioners of both governments to award upon claims presented prior to Sept. 1, 1859. The total amount of awards N. Granada would pay in equal semiannual instalments, the first, six months after the termination of the commission; and the whole payment to be completed within eight years; each of the sums bearing interest at 6 per cent per annum. To secure said payments, N. G. govt appropriated one half of the compensation accruing to her from the Panamá railroad company; if such fund should prove insufficient, it was then to provide for the deficit from its other sources of revenue. U. S. Govt Doc., Cong. 36, Sess. 2, Sen. Miscell., no. 13, 1-7. After the riot the federal government endeavored to have a force on the Isthmus to protect foreign interests, which it should have done before. Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 10-11.

[XXV-48] U. S. Govt Doc., Cong. 35, Sess. 2, H. Ex. Dec., no. 2, 21, 22, vol. ii. pt i.; Id., Id., Sen. Doc., no. 33, x. 1-3.

[XXV-49] Thomas Savage, U. S. acting consul-general at Habana, had sent timely notice of their plans. They were taken with arms, munitions of war, and written proof of their intent.

[XXV-50] Calancha, president of Panamá, pleaded that he had no authority to allow it; the national constitution reserving to the general government of Colombia the control of the foreign relations. Bidwell's Pan. Isth., 207-11.

[XXV-51] They were sentenced by court-martial, their chief to death, and the others to imprisonment at hard labor; the sentence of the first was commuted, and all were released at or before the termination of the war. Hogg et al. v. U. S., 1-22; S. F. Call, Nov. 26, 1864; May 25-31, June 6-8, July 6, 16, 1865; S. F. Bulletin, Nov. 28, 29, Dec. 7, 1864; May 22, 1865.

[XXV-52] This affair took place about one month prior to that of the prisoners arrested on the Salvador. Bidwell's Pan. Isth., 206.

[XXV-53] Questions of neutrality with Spain during the Cuban revolution in 1871-2; and in 1880, at the time of the war of Chile against Peru and Bolivia, on the subject of contraband of war passing through for the uses of either belligerent. Gaceta de Pan., Sept. 21, 1871; Apr. 12, 1872; July 4, 15, Sept. 2, 16, Nov. 7, 1880.

[XXV-54] Pan. Star, March 29, 1850; Polynesian, vii. 42, 50; Holinski, La Californie, 83; S. F. Alta, Mar. 22, Apr. 3, 1851; S. F. News, Apr. 3, 1851. The most serious one was on the 22d and 23d of Oct., 1851, at Chagres, among boatmen and passengers, in which several lives were lost, and the town was much damaged. Pan. Star, Oct. 28, 1851; S. F. Alta, Nov. 18, 20, 1851; S. F. Daily Herald, Nov. 18, 1851. The official report of the jefe político on the 3d of Nov. said there were two or three killed and a number wounded. Bogotá, Gaceta Ofic., Dec. 3, 1851. The vigilants of the Isthmus had a thief well flogged at Chagres in 1851. S. F. Courier, Jan. 21, 1851. Another case of lynch law occurred on the island of Tabogá in 1855. The carpenter of the American steamship company was one morning dragged out of bed and murdered. As there was no police on the island, the employés of the company captured the murderers, one of whom made full confession, and their captors without more ado hanged them. The state authorities took no notice of the matter, other than issuing, some time after, a full pardon to the executioners. Bidwell's Isth. of Pan., 216; Pan., Gaceta del Est., Sept. 29, 1855.

[XXV-55] This occurred on the Cruces route. The escort was fired upon, two arrieros were mortally wounded. The banditti endeavored to run off one of the laden mules, but were prevented by the escort and passengers. Holinski, La Californie, 83-4; S. F. Alta, Oct. 18, 1851; S. F. Daily Herald, Oct. 18, 1851.

[XXV-56] A mere alcalde met with no difficulty whatever to have his orders carried out.

[XXV-57] Judges and alcaldes were not only civil officials, but also agents of the ecclesiastical authorities. Their double rôle insured them great influence with a people 'barbarizado por la ignorancia y el fanatismo.' Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 3.

[XXV-58] Public documents speak in general terms of outrages committed by the revolutionists. They marched from Veragua against Los Santos in Azuero, and were defeated. Pan. Gobern., in Pinart, Pan. Coll. Doc., MS., no. 43, 5-9. An amnesty was decreed in favor of the revolutionists Sept. 29, 1856, excepting a few leaders, who were finally pardoned in a later one of Sept. 12, 1857. Pan., Gaceta del Est., Sept. 16, 23, 1857. The following authorities appear in pub. docs. July 23, 1852, Gen. Manuel M. Franco, appointed from Bogotá, comandante general, in place of Gen. Antonio Morales, deceased. Aug. 6, 1852, Gov. Manuel M. Diaz summoned the provincial legislature to hold its yearly session. Sept. 1, 1853, Bernardo Arce Mata took possession of the office of gov. Jan. 1, 1854, José María Urrutia Añino, who had been chosen gov. of the prov., assumed his duties. Pan., Crón. Ofic., Aug. 22, 29, 1852; Sept. 4, 1853; Jan. 4, 1854; Pan. Gobern., in Pinart, Coll. Doc., MS., no. 43, 11. This governor seems to have been elected wholly by votes of the interior departments, which greatly displeased the citizens of the capital, who had hitherto controlled affairs. Añino was an honorable and just man, and fairly intelligent; but was made the object of ungenerous hostility and ridicule, and on one occasion, at least, his life was in danger. In 1855, under the pretext of an official visit in the interior, he went to his home and never returned. Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 10. The vice-gov., Manuel M. Diaz, took the executive chair on the 19th of May, and occupied it till the 18th of July. Pan., Gaceta del Est., July 28, 1855.

[XXV-59] This arrangement seems to have been against the wishes of the three last named. The national congress having asked the provinces for their opinion, the legislature of Chiriquí, on the 19th of Oct., 1852, approved a report of Nicolás Lopez to the effect that Veragua, Chiriquí, and Azuero should not be harnessed to the car of Panamá. Chiriquí, Ordenanzas, in Pinart, Pan. Coll. Doc., MS., no. 96, p. 64.

[XXV-60] The gen. govt ceded to Panamá the buildings that had been used as custom-houses till 1849 in Portobello and Panamá; also two others in the plazuela de armas and calle de Jirardot in Pan.; and likewise the fortresses of Panamá, Chagres, and Portobello, excepting the esplanades and artillery. Pan., Gaceta del Est., July 20, 1855.

[XXV-61] The governor's salary was fixed at $400 per month. The new order of things was formally communicated to the foreign consuls, all of whom offered their congratulations, etc. Id., July 28, Aug. 4, 1855; Veraguas, Ordenanzas y Resol., in Pinart, Pan. Coll. Docs., MS., no. 68, p. 68; Correoso, B., Statemt, MS., 3; Heraldo de Lima, Oct. 10, 1855. A decree of the assembly of Sept. 12, 1855, divided the state into seven departments: Colon, Panamá, Coclé, Herrera, Los Santos, Fábrega, and Chiriquí. Their respective chief towns were to be Colon, Panamá, Natá, Pesé, Los Santos, Santiago, and David. Governors were appointed by the executive, to enter upon their duties on the 1st of Aug. Pan., Gaceta del Est., Sept. 15, 1855.

[XXV-62] This assembly was the most able and responsible body of men that ever came together in Panamá, excepting only that which proclaimed the independence from Spain. Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 12-13. The officers on the day the constitution was signed were: Mariano Arosemena, president; Dionisio Facio, vice-president; Santiago de la Guardia, designado; Manuel Morro, deputy for Panamá, secretary. Among the other signers were Bernardo Arce Mata, José Arosemena, Bartolomé Calvo, Jil Colunje, Fermin Jované, José de Obaldía, Ramon Vallarino, four Fábregas, nearly all of whom have since held high office in the republic and the state. A general amnesty was also decreed on the 6th of Oct., for all political offences to Sept. 30th, whether the persons were sentenced or not. This included some who had in July last disturbed the peace in Azuero. Pan., Gaceta del Estado, Sept. 20, Oct. 13, 1855.

[XXV-63] It is understood that Fábrega accepted the jefatura superior only on condition that Bartolomé Calvo should assume the government secretaryship, which had been thrown up by Icaza Arosemena. Calvo became the secretary. Id., Oct. 3, 10, 27, 1855; Correoso, Statemt, MS., 3.

[XXV-64] Previous to it the executive had to go with troops to quell a disobedience to the authorities in Los Santos. No opposition being encountered, some prisoners were made, who afterward received a pardon on the 6th of March. Pan., Gaceta del Est., Feb. 2, 25, March 24, 1856.

[XXV-65] Some deputies of the opposition were arrested in the legislative chamber, and despotically exiled.

[XXV-66] This vessel hauled into shore and landed her marines to protect the whites. S. F. Alta, Oct. 2, 14, 1856.

[XXV-67] Pan. Star, Sept. 16, Oct. 1, 1856; Pan., Gaceta del Est., Nov. 20, 1856; Correoso, Statemt, MS., 3-4.

[XXV-68] 'Dejó el puesto sin haber merecido imputacion de que hubiese tomado del tesoro público otra cosa mas que sus sueldos.' Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 14.

[XXV-69] He had been meantime elected attorney-general of the republic, and his residence had to be in Bogotá. Pan., Gaceta del Est., May 20, 1858.

[XXV-70] He showed weakness during his short occupancy of the presidential seat at Bogotá, and afterward as governor of Panamá. He was also lazy and negligent.

[XXV-71] Capt Navarro and one soldier were killed, and two others wounded. The governor himself was struck on the head with a stone. An Am. force of marines landed from their ship, but had no occasion to use their arms. No damage was done to property. Id., Apr. 24, 1859; S. F. Alta, May 8, 1859.

[XXV-72] On the 29th it being feared that there would be another disturbance, the more timid of the citizens sought refuge in the foreign consulates. The intendente general, J. M. Hurtado, then asked the commanders of the Clio, and U. S. sloop of war St Louis, to land 100 men. It was done, and the trouble was warded off for the time. S. F. Bulletin, Oct. 29, Nov. 14, 1860; U. S. Govt Doc., Cong. 36, Sess. 2, Sen. Doc., 1, p. 15, vol. iii., pt. 1; Pan Scraps, 31.