[XXV-73] Member of a respectable family in the interior; he was an honorable man, and much respected by the whites. He was conservative, and became the victim of politics when exerting himself to develop every branch of his country's resources. Bidwell's Isth. of Pan., 200-2; Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 15-16.

[XXV-74] The gov. was authorized by the legislature on the 15th of Oct., 1861, to join the state to the new confederacy. The state was therefore thus annexed, and the foreign consuls were formally apprised of it. Justo Arosemena was appointed on the 8th of Jan., 1862, its plenipotentiary to the convention. Pan., Gaceta del Est., Sept. 27, 1861; Feb. 26, March 8, 1862.

[XXV-75] The Am. government, though willing to interpose its aid for the benefit of all nations in the execution of the neutrality treaty of 1846, feared to become involved in the revolutionary strife going on in Nueva Granada, besides incurring danger of misrepresentation by other powers if it should act without consulting them. The 35th art. of the treaty of December 12, 1846, says: 'And in order to secure to themselves the tranquil and constant enjoyment of these advantages, and as an especial compensation for said advantages, and for the favors they have acquired by the 4th, 5th, and 6th art. of this treaty, the U. S. guarantee positively and efficaciously to N. Granada, by the present stipulation, the perfect neutrality of the before-mentioned Isthmus, with the view that the free transit from the one to the other sea may not be interrupted or embarrassed in any future time while this treaty exists; and in consequence, the U. S. also guarantee in the same manner the rights of sovereignty and property which N. Granada has and possesses over the said territory.' Sec. Seward laid the request of Gen. Herran before the British and French governments to ascertain their views. Earl Russell thought there was no occasion as yet for armed intervention. Should it occur, his government would coöperate with the U. S. Thouvenel, French minister of foreign affairs, said if the railway should be in danger of interruption, he would not deem it improper for the U. S. to interfere. U. S. Govt Doc., Foreign Affairs, 1862, pp. 132, 164, 380-1.

[XXV-76] This occurred on the 25th of July, 1862. Pan., Boletin Ofic., July 27, 1862; La Voz de Méj., Aug. 26, 1862.

[XXV-77] At Paso de las capellanías del Rio Chico, or Matapalo. Towns were shamefully sacked by the victorious liberals, and several families, especially those of Guardia and Fábrega, were ruined. Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 16; Gaceta de Pan., Aug. 11, 1870. Santiago de Veragua was plundered Aug. 22. Pan., Boletin Ofic., Sept. 6, 1862. The constituent assembly of the state, sitting Aug. 9, 1865, passed an act recognizing that Guardia had lost his life in defence of right, and honoring his memory. Id., Sept. 11, 1865. Correoso, who served among his opponents, speaks of Guardia in the highest terms of commendation, and bewails the loss Panamá suffered with his death. Sucesos de Pan., 3.

[XXV-78] A decree was issued in Sept. for election of deputies; another calling to arms, for the defence of the state, all citizens between the ages of 18 and 60. Panamá was on the 2d of that month declared the provisional capital of the state. On the 20th of Oct. was convoked a constitutional assembly which met on the 28th of Nov., on which date the governor, in a message, made a statement of events. On Oct. 28th was issued an amnesty excepting only such persons as still refused to recognize the provisional government. Id., Sept. 6, 19, Oct. 1, 22, Nov. 3, 10, Dec. 11, 1862; S. F. Bulletin, Sept. 17, Nov. 26, 1862.

[XXV-79] May 8, 1863. Ratified the same day, by the representatives of Panamá, who were Justo Arosemena, Guillermo Figueroa, G. Neira, J. E. Brandao, Guillermo Lynch, and Buenaventura Correoso. Colombia, Const. Polít., 1-42; Correoso's Statemt, MS., 2-3; Pan., Boletin Ofic., June 25, 1863.

[XXVI-1] Its officers were: Pablo E. Icaza, president; Juan Mendoza, vice-president; J. J. Maitin, designado; Quintin Miranda, sec. by appoint. Id., May 11, 1863.

[XXVI-2] Dated July 4, 1863, and published the 6th of the same month. It contained 21 titles covering 112 articles, and was a most liberal fundamental law, intending to give, if honestly administered, every possible guaranty of life, liberty, property, and political rights. The death penalty, torture, and other cruel punishments were done away with. Corporal punishment in no case was to exceed ten years. Nearly all the public functionaries, representative, executive, and judicial, were made elective by popular vote. Id., July 11, 1863; Bidwell's Isth. Pan., 364-88.

[XXVI-3] Goitia took the presidency on the 5th of July, and soon after received the congratulations of several foreign consuls. Pan., Boletin Ofic., July 17, 1863.

[XXVI-4] Correspond. with foreign consuls and others. Id., Aug. 30, 1863.

[XXVI-5] Correoso's Statemt, MS., 4.

[XXVI-6] By the battalion Tiradores, of national troops. Calancha had no popularity in the country. He has been accused of scandalous corruption and connivance at robbery. However, he seems to have confined his peculation to the public revenue, a practice which was not new since Guardia's fall. Some time after, Calancha together with Gabriel Neira invaded the state with a force from Cauca; but while crossing the river Santa María in the hacienda Las Cruces, they were met by the government troops under Col Vicente Olarte, and routed with the loss of many killed, wounded, and prisoners, Neira being one of the latter. Calancha was again defeated at San Francisco near Natá, and delivered by his men to the victors. His brother Francisco was also taken. It is recorded that Mrs Jane White Ball, an American, together with other women, provided a hospital and nursed the wounded of both bands. Pan., Boletin Ofic., Apr. 22, June 7, Sept. 18, Oct. 10, 1865; Correoso's Statem., MS., 4; Bidwell's Isth. Pan., 211.

[XXVI-7] A colored man of good political ability, as he proved in the high official positions filled under the national government. He has been accused, however, of immoral practices. His administration was peaceable, but left evils that were never eradicated. He inaugurated the corrupt system of extorting contributions from political opponents, whereby, as the latter averred, he materially improved his own financial condition, though he had decreed himself only the modest salary of $200 per month. Pan., Boletin Ofic., Apr. 1, 1865. Every citizen who had a competency was made to contribute. One day he had all the respectable citizens arrested to extort money, for which he never accounted. The majority of the public employés had to sell their salary warrants for one half or one fourth of their value. The country derived no other fruit from his administration than poverty.

[XXVI-8] The assembly met, and its first act was to confirm all that Colunje had done. A pardon was decreed to political offenders on the 28th of Nov. Pan., Boletin Ofic., Apr. 20, 22, July 20, 25, Dec. 6, 1865; Pan., Informe Sec. Est., 1866, 1-4.

[XXVI-9] An attempted outbreak in March at Panamá, and one in August at David, were quelled. Pan., Mensaje Presid. Est., 1866, 1-3; Gaceta Nic., Apr. 7, 1866; Pim and Seemann's Dottings, 1-11.

[XXVI-10] He belonged to the liberal party; a well-disposed man, and a friend of peace, which he endeavored to foster, by trying to heal dissensions. He made himself popular among the better class of the community by his just proceedings, and efforts to better the condition of the country, though not a native of the Isthmus. Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 20. It has been, however, said of him that he appropriated considerable amounts from the public treasury, and placed them in London through the agency of a Jamaican who lived in Colon.

[XXVI-11] 'Ante la imponente autoridad de su sable á la cabeza del batallon Tiradores.' Id.

[XXVI-12] They plotted an assault on the battalion in its barracks, but were detected by Olarte. The assault was made at midnight, and a fight ensued, in which the negroes lost heavily, including almost all their leaders, and among them Gregorio Sigurvia. Id., 20-1.

[XXVI-13] It must be borne in mind that whatever the words liberal and conservador may mean in other Spanish American countries, in Panamá the former has been appropriated by the colored portion of the inhabitants, who have been joined by a few whites for their own political and pecuniary aims. The conservador party was made up mostly of white men and property holders, and they have often been victimized by the gamonales, or leaders of the other party, whenever the latter has been in power.

[XXVI-14] The circumstances connected with the sickness and death of Gen. Olarte and Manuel M. Morro afford presumptive evidence of foul play. After a banquet in San Miguel, on the last day Olarte was to be there, wine prepared with fish poison was served him and his secretary, José M. Bermudez. The latter, by accident, escaped the fate prepared for him, and Morro, being invited by Olarte to join him, partook of the wine. Olarte, having his stomach full of food and wine, immediately threw up all. Morro, on feeling the effects, took two doses of ipecacuanha, and succeeded in vomiting. But neither victim saved himself. Both were taken to Panamá, where Olarte died in five days, and Morro in about eleven. The facts have been strenuously denied. Correoso, Statem., MS., 5, asserts that Olarte contracted a fever in his visit to Darien. The first diagnosis of the physicians, it is understood, was that the patients were suffering from yellow fever, or some other malignant disease. Morro was a talented young man belonging to one of the prominent families of the city, and much liked by all.

[XXVI-15] Details on his funeral in Pan., Mercantile Chronicle, March 4, 1868; Pan. Star and Herald, March 5, 7, 12, 1868; Pan., Boletin Ofic., March 7, 1868.

[XXVI-16] Amador finally declined the office. Id., March 7, 1868.

[XXVI-17] He was afterward exiled, and went to California. S. F. Times, Aug. 3, 1868; S. F. Bulletin, Aug. 1, 1868. The negroes declared Diaz a traitor, but the public never saw any evidence of it. Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 23.

[XXVI-18] The acta appears in full in Boletin Ofic., July 8, 1868; Nic., Gaceta, July 25, 1868; S. F. Times, July 25, 28, 31, 1868; S. F. Call, July 25, 1868; S. F. Bulletin, July 25, 27, 1868.

[XXVI-19] Ponce's first act was to declare martial law by a decree of July 6th, countersigned by Dídimo Parra, as secretary of state. The superior court, in view of the situation, on the same date adjourned, to escape participation in the infringement of the constitution, which had been just perpetrated.

[XXVI-20] Even Chiriquí, which had held back, finally recognized the new government. Pan., Boletin Ofic., July 30, 1868; Nic., Gaceta, Aug. 22, 1868.

[XXVI-21] The Panamá assailed the barracks of the other troops, and captured it, Captain U. Meza being killed, and Alejandro Arce and Rafael Aizpuru slightly wounded. Ponce was seized and carried to the barracks, where much enthusiasm for him, it is said, was manifested; but he was not satisfied with the condition of affairs, resigned, and left the state. Pan., Boletin Ofic., Sept. 5, 1868; Correoso's Statement, MS., 5; Nic., Gaceta, Sept. 19, 1868; Pan. Star and Herald, Sept. 1, 10, 1868; Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 24.

[XXVI-22] His public life began when he was 18 years old, and he has, in the civil service of the state, held every office from alderman to president or governor, both inclusive. In the judiciary, he has served as district judge and member of the superior court. In the military service he began as a lieut in 1854, and rose to be gen. of division. He was a deputy of the state legislature, and a senator in the national congress, and also for a while vice-president of the republic, besides being a member of several conventions. He represented his country as minister plenipotentiary near the five republics of Central America, and always belonged to the liberal party, and fought for it. Correoso's Statem., MS., 1-2.

[XXVI-23] In assuming the executive office, Correoso found no money in the treasury. He at once resorted to the device employed by his predecessor Colunje of arresting the prominent citizens of the capital, whom he kept in confinement till they paid the amounts severally demanded. The same outrage was afterward practised in the interior. The result was an increase of poverty from day to day.

[XXVI-24] The government was left for the transaction of local affairs in charge of Juan Mendoza, governor of the capital. Pan., Boletin Ofic., Oct. 9, 1868. During this revolution, the U. S. consul was directed by his government to warn Am. citizens from taking part in the broils of the country. He was also to see that unoffending Americans were not compelled to do military service, or to contribute in the form of forced loans or otherwise. S. F. Call, Dec. 4, 1868; S. F. Times, Dec. 4, 1868. Nevertheless, the government doubled the commercial tax against the solemn protests of foreign consuls, and much foreign property was seized. Pan. Star and Herald, Oct. 24, 1868; Pan., Boletin Ofic., Nov. 14, 1868.

[XXVI-25] The fighting took place between 9 and 12 o'clock of the 12th of Nov. Both sides behaved well, but Correoso's men, having better arms, were victorious. According to Correoso's account there were in all about 200 killed and wounded, Gen. P. Goitia being among the latter. Correoso's Statemt, MS., 6. The negroes with relentless ferocity gave no quarters to the greater part of the prisoners, who were shot. They also plundered to their heart's content. Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 25. Arístides Obaldía was slain and his untimely end was much regretted. He was severely wounded early in the action, and his friends took him out of harm's way; but during the route some of Correoso's men discovered and put him to death. His remains were interred with military honors by Correoso's orders. Pan. Star and Herald, Nov. 19, 1868; Pan., Mercantile Chronicle, Nov. 17, 1868; S. F. Times, Dec. 4, 11, 1868; Nic., Gaceta, Nov. 28, 1868.

[XXVI-26] Cervera appointed J. M. Lleras his secretary of state, and on the same day called several officers of the militia to active service, the chief, Col. Rafael Aizpuru, being made comandante gen. of the forces of the state. Gaceta de Pan., Apr. 19, 1873.

[XXVI-27] The farce was performed to have Neira chosen president, and Correoso 1st designado; and then it was expected that the former would after a while resign, and enable the latter to again assume the presidency without violating the constitution. The elections took place as desired. Pan. Star and Herald, Apr. 8, 1873.

[XXVI-28] One hundred men occupied the railway station, and 100 were stationed in the town hall. Capt. Kennedy, of the Brit. war ship Reindeer, offered his coöperation if needed.

[XXVI-29] This arrangement was arrived at through commissioners; namely, Gregorio Miró and Francisco Ardila for the Pichincha no. 8; José Agustin Arango and Florentino Dutari, for Cervera. Pan. Star and Herald, May 10, 13, 1873. Correoso claims that upon hearing in Costa Rica, where he was then accredited as Colombian minister, of the revolution against Neira, he returned in haste to Panamá, and by his influence induced the revolutionists to replace Neira. Statement, MS., 6; S. F. Bulletin, May 19, 26, June 6, 1873; S. F. Alta, May 20, 1873; S. F. Chronicle, May 20, 26, June 7, 18, 1873.

[XXVI-30] The latter resigned the command June 23d, Gaceta de Pan., June 7, July 5, 1873. Aizpuru, who had been kept a prisoner was afterward released.

[XXVI-31] Senators: Pablo Arosemena, B. Correoso, and Agustin Arias. Representatives: Fernando Casanova, Man. de J. Bermudez, Juan C. Carranza, Marcelino Villalaz, and José de la Rosa Jurado. A corresponding number of suplentes or substitutes was also chosen. Gaceta de Pan., July 19, 1873.

[XXVI-32] During its occupation over 500 women and children sought its protection. The whole force retired about the 7th or 8th of October. Pan. Star and Herald, Sept. 25-30, 1873.

[XXVI-33] The minister reminded the executive of Colombia that though the American government guaranteed by the treaty of 1846 the neutrality of the Isthmus, it did not imply protection to the road against such factions. Pan., Informe Sec. Est., 1874, 9-10, annex A.

[XXVI-34] 1st, Gregorio Miró; 2d, J. M. Bermudez; 3d, Mateo Iturralde; 4th, Tomás Herrera; 5th, Joaquin Arosemena. All Neira's acts were approved; and thanks were voted to both the national and state troops for their services. Gaceta de Pan., Oct. 2, 1873.

[XXVI-35] The assembly granted the president additional powers to restore peace, among which was that of obtaining $60,000 by means of voluntary or forced loans. Those powers were rescinded on the 14th of Nov. Id., Oct. 11, 18, Nov. 1, Dec. 5, 1873; U. S. Gov. Doc., H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 43, Sess. 1, 351.

[XXVI-36] Under this constitution the legislative assembly appoints the five substitutes of the president of the state, and also the three justices of the superior court. A council of state is created, to be composed of the president of the state, the last president of the legislative assembly, the president of the superior court, and the attorney-general of the state. For all important affairs, the executive is to consult the council. Id., Nov. 15, 1873.

[XXVI-37] He made the pledge required by law before the assembly, the foreign consuls, public functionaries residing in the city, and a large number of citizens. Id., Dec. 5, 1873; Jan. 17, 1874; Mex., Mem. Min. Rel., 1875, 10.

[XXVI-38] Id., Aug. 7, 15, 1874; Pan., Informe Sec. Est., 1874, 30.

[XXVI-39] The persons appointed to fill them were José M. Bermudez, who had been acting as secretary-general for sec. of state, and Dionisio Facio for sec. of the treasury. Gaceta de Pan., Apr. 17, 1875.

[XXVI-40] The president on the 25th of Aug., 1875, delegated his powers to J. M. Bermudez to preserve order in the interior or restore it as the case might be. Id., Sept. 4, 1875; Pan. Star and Herald, Aug. 24, 1875.

[XXVI-41] He had been on the 2d of July declared elected president of the state. At the same time the following persons were declared to have been chosen to represent Panamá in the national congress: Senators, Justo Arosemena, José M. Bermudez, and Marcelino Villalaz; representatives, Juan J. Diaz, Juan J. Miró, Joaquin Arosemena, B. Asprilla, and M. R. de la Torre. These were subsequently annulled by the constituent assembly, Dec. 11th. Gaceta de Pan., July 24, Dec. 16, 1875.

[XXVI-42] Particulars of the insurrection and arrest of Arosemena appear in Camargos' despatch, in Colombia, Diario Ofic., Nov. 13, 15, 1875; Gaceta de Pan., Oct. 5, 7, 16, 23, Nov. 13, 17, 23, 1875; S. F. Call, Nov. 5, 1875; Correoso's Statem., MS., 7.

[XXVI-43] Oct. 18th, he empowered B. Correoso, comandante gen., to use his best endeavors to restore order in the departments of Coclé, Los Santos, Veragua, and Chiriquí. His government was recognized at once by the foreign consuls. Gaceta de Pan., Oct. 16, 23, 1875.

[XXVI-44] The executive is vested in a president, to be elected by popular vote for two years. The legislative assembly elects the justices of the superior court and their suplentes, the five substitutes of the president, the attorney-general, and his suplente; also the administrator-gen. of the treasury, and the contador by absolute majority. No change was made in the council of state. Gaceta de Pan., Jan. 1, 1876; Pan., Constit. Polít. del Est. Sobo., 1-20.

[XXVI-45] His government was soon after recognized by the national executive. On the 13th of Dec., 1876, the legislative assembly chose Dámaso Cervera, Francisco Ardila, José R. Casorla, Quintin Miranda, and M. Losada Plisé, designados for the presidency, in the order named. Gaceta de Pan., Jan. 8, Feb. 20, Dec. 17, 1876.

[XXVI-46] Pan. Leyes, 1876-7, 11.

[XXVI-47] Pan., Mem. Sec. Est., 1876, 1-6. On Sept. 25, 1876, the president assumed personal command of the state troops. Gaceta de Pan., Oct. 15, 1876.

[XXVI-48] The president attempted both recourses; till on the 10th of March the citizens tendered a loan of $30,000. Id., March 1, 8, 22, 1877; Salv., Gaceta Ofic., Feb. 18, 1877.

[XXVI-49] Dec. 30, 1878. Correoso's Statem., MS., 9; Pan., Mem. Sec. Hacienda, 1878, i.-xl.; Gaceta de Pan., March 10, May 30, July 21, 28, Sept. 26, Oct. 13, Nov. 17, Dec. 8, 19, 1878; Pinart, Pan. Col. Docs., MS., no. 101; Colombia, Diario Ofic., Jan. 31, 1879; Pan., Mem. Sec. Gob., 1878.

[XXVI-50] The object was to upset the state government; but it was defeated by the state troops, after a fight that lasted till the 18th, and caused great havoc. Among the killed were the commander of the battalion, Col Carvajal, and his son, Lieut Carvajal, who were trying to check the infuriated soldiery. Pan., Mem. Sec. Gob., 1879, 5-6.

[XXVI-51] The government sent troops against the revolutionists, and some fighting ensued without decisive results. At last the contending parties came to an arrangement by which Aizpuru agreed to surrender the person of Casorla, and to recognize the 2d designado as the provisional president. He also agreed to lay down his arms. The government consented to pay Aizpuru's war expenses, and to issue a general amnesty. Pan., Mem. Sec. Gob., 1879, 7-12; S. F. Chronicle, June 19, 25, 1879.

[XXVI-52] Mateo Iturralde was made secretary of government, and Juan José Miró of the treasury. Several changes took place afterward, and the final secretaries were: of government, Benjamin Ruiz, and of the treasury, Juan B. Amador. José Vives Leon was government secretary in Sept. 1881.

[XXVI-53] The assembly to be formed of one deputy for every 6,000 inhabitants, and every fraction of 3,500 and upwards. Gaceta de Pan., June 17, 1881.

[XXVI-54] His candidature had been opposed by Correoso, Icaza Arosemena, Ardila, Ortega, and others, for the sake of union in the liberal party. Pan. Canal, June 25, 1881.

[XXVI-55] His election as first designado by the legislature was on the 28th of June, 1881. The other substitutes chosen were the following, in the order named: Miguel Borbúa, Benjamin Ruiz, José M. Vives Leon, and Antonio Casanova. Pan., Mem. Sec. Fomento, 1882, 1; Correoso, Sucesos de Pan., 5, 6.

[XXVI-56] Pan. Canal, Nov. 20, Dec. 6, 1882; Pan. Star and Herald, Nov. 20, 1882; Jan. 29, 1883.

[XXVI-57] Pan. Cronista, Jan. 3, 1883. Dec. 3, 1882, a deputation composed of Correoso, Iturralde, and Diaz had waited on him to request that he should resign his position of 1st designado and acting president, which he declined. Pan. Canal, Dec. 5, 1882.

[XXVI-58] Nuñez had been chosen for a term ending Oct. 31, 1884. On the other hand, the constitution said that the president elect should assume office on the 1st day of Nov. following his election. Pan. Star and Herald, Jan. 29, 1883.

[XXVI-59] His sec.-gen., Victor Dubarry, countersigned the decree. This measure was intended to rid the government of an incubus, and to effect a yearly saving of about $16,000. Pan. Canal, March 19, 1883.

[XXVI-60] At Popayan, Aug. 27, 1883. Joaquin M. Perez was Panamá's commissioner. The convention was ratified Sept. 10th, by Cervera, countersigned by J. M. Casís, sec.-gen. Pan., El País, Sept. 21, 1883.

[XXVI-61] He adopted for all his confidence precautionary measures to preserve public order. Pan. Cronista, Oct. 24, 1883.

[XXVI-62] In the first part of 1884 there were about 14,000 men on the canal-works. Still another source of danger was the mongrel population of Santa Ana and Calidonia districts, in the city of Panamá, ever disposed to seize opportunities for plunder, as was made evident in the last fire. J. M. Rodriguez, of Panamá, moved in the national senate that the federal force should be increased to 800 or 1,000 men. Cent. Am. Miscel., no. 1.

[XXVI-63] The representatives were, S. Jurado, J. del C. Pino, Leonidas Flores, Waldino Izasa, and Cárlos Otálora. Pan. Cronista, Oct. 20, 1883.

[XXVI-64] By Juan P. Jaen, president of the superior court. Id. Jan. 2, 1884.

[XXVI-65] Cervera had likewise claimed immunity from prosecution, as a senator elect.

[XXVI-66] Correoso stated in the Pan. Star and Herald of July 12th that Ruiz' government had been upset 'á punta de sable' by Porto, whose authority sprang from the condescension of Ibañez in recognizing as authentic a telegram received that morning by Porto. He repeats the charge in his Sucesos de Pan., 7. The fact was that Ibañez' brigade was by the telegram incorporated with the 3d division, and thus came to be under the control of Porto, who was chief of staff of that division. Pan., Cronista, July 9 to Aug. 2, Aug. 13, 1884.

[XXVI-67] In Coclé, Chiriquí, and Panamá. Gaceta de Pan., Oct. 15, 1884; Cent. Am. Miscel., no. 2.

[XXVI-68] The Morro was a British boat, which the rebels seized in the night from the 14th to the 15th, and then went on her alongside the Alajuela, which was a Costa Rica vessel, seized her, and proceeded to sea, leaving the Morro behind. S. F. Cronista, Oct. 18, 1884; La Estrella de Pan., Oct. 23, 1884; Pan. Star and Herald, Oct. 17, 23, Nov. 26, Dec. 30, 1884; Cent. Am. Miscel., nos. 3, 9, 10.

[XXVI-69] A Colombian armed steamer was ordered to Panamá; and Gen. Santodomingo Vita was despatched to coöperate with the commander of the federal forces. The decree was issued Oct. 22, 1884. Gen. Benjamin Ruiz was on the 28th dismissed from the Colombian army. Bogotá, Diario Ofic., Oct. 30, 1884.

[XXVI-70] The assembly, being notified that the legally constituted authorities were now recognized, passed a vote of thanks to Cervera, his secretaries, Victor Dubarry and J. F. Ucrós, and Gen. C. A. Gónima, for their successful efforts for peace. La Estrella de Pan., Nov. 6, 13, 1884; Pan. Star and Herald, Nov. 6, 1884; Pan. Cronista, Nov. 8, 1884.

[XXVI-71] 27,505 votes against 1,550 for Justo Arosemena, and 95 in Colon for B. Ruiz. An attempt had been made by what was called the Alianza Liberal to have Justo Arosemena as its candidate, but he virtually declined it, and his name was retired from the field early in July. Id., July 30, Oct. 18, 1884; La Estrella de Pan., Sept. 4, 1884.

[XXVI-72] Gónima telegraphed Nuñez at Bogotá, on the 30th of Sept., the day before the assembly met, that it would call a convention, and adds that, thanks to the patriotic efforts of Cervera, 'Lambert no será presidente. Sus indicaciones oidas.' Bogotá, Diario Ofic., Oct. 8, 1884; Bogotá, La Luz, Oct. 8, 1884. Lambert, on the 12th of November, in an address to the Colombian people, protested against the unjustifiable interference of the federal govt in the internal affairs of Panamá, by which he had been prevented from assuming the chief magistracy he had been chosen to by the suffrages of his fellow-citizens. At the same time he made known his intention to cause no disturbance, but to remain peaceably in private life. La Estrella de Pan., Oct. 30, Nov. 20, 1884.

[XXVI-73] Details may be found in Pan. Star and Herald, Oct. 23, 1884; Pan. Cronista, Oct. 22, 1884.

[XXVI-74] The assembly adjourned sine die on the 13th of Nov.

[XXVI-75] The convocation was not made according to the requirements of the constitution; and moreover, martial law existing in many parts of the state, no free elections could be effected in such localities.

[XXVI-76] Gen. Lorenzo Segundo was made comandante gen., and Col F. Figueroa his second in command. La Estrella de Pan., Jan. 8, 1885.

[XXVI-77] Pan. Cronista, Nov. 29, 1884; La Estrella de Pan., Dec. 4, 1884.

[XXVI-78] He took possession the next day. Pan. Cronista, Jan, 7, 10, 1885; Gaceta de Pan., Jan. 9, 1885; Pan., Actualidad, Jan. 8, 1885; La Estrella de Pan., Jan. 15, 1885; Cent. Am. Miscel., no. 20; Correoso, Sucesos de Pan., 7-8.

[XXVI-79] Pan. Cronista, Jan. 7, 1885.

[XXVI-80] Isidoro Burges, sec. of gov.; L. C. Herrera, of treasury; José M. Aleman, of fomento. Gaceta de Pan., Jan. 9, 1855; Cent. Am. Miscel., no. 22.

[XXVI-81] The government had now only a small force in Colon or Panamá, having on the 9th sent away the federal troops to uphold the general government at Barranquilla, against rebels in arms. Pan. Cronista, Jan. 21, 24, 1885.

[XXVI-82] It seems that some of its members were implicated in this plot, and orders for their arrest were issued. That body alleged that legislation had been hampered by the government. Pan. Star and Herald, Feb. 11, 1885; Pan., El Cronista, Feb. 14, 1885; Correoso, Sucesos de Pan., 11.

[XXVI-83] Id., Feb. 18, 1885; Cent. Am. Miscel., no. 28; Gaceta de Pan., Feb. 18, 1885.

[XXVI-84] During that morning the revolutionists compelled merchants having arms in their warehouses to deliver them. They thus provided themselves with upwards of 600 rifles.

[XXVI-85] There had been many killed and wounded on both sides. An outsider, a French citizen, who imprudently put out his head, also lost his life. Much property was stolen, destroyed, or injured. At midday on the 16th the prisoners in the jail effected their escape, and made themselves conspicuous with their cries of Viva la libertad! The government force made several prisoners, and seized a number of arms in the arrabal. A number of young Panameños formed themselves into a guard to protect the city during the night of the 17th. Pan. Cronista, March 18, 21, 25, 1885.

[XXVI-86] A mulatto from Cartagena. In 1881, when a member of the legislative assembly from Colon, he was concerned in a personal rencontre with and killed M. Céspedes, and an Englishman. He was tried and acquitted, and his immediate release from prison was demanded by the assembly. Pan. Canal, June 7, 1881.

[XXVI-87] Correoso blames Gónima for leaving Colon utterly defenceless. Sucesos de Pan., 12.

[XXVI-88] Those who refused to furnish the supplies were imprisoned, and their goods confiscated. La Estrella de Pan., March 19, 1885; El Universal de Pan., March 20, 1885; Pan. Star and Herald, March 31, 1885.

[XXVI-89] The object of the notifications was to allow time for non-combatants to get out of harm's way. Families accordingly abandoned the city, and business houses were closed. About 8 o'clock Gen. Ibañez visited Aizpuru's camp, and brought back assurance that no assault would be made that night.

[XXVI-90] Gónima despatched Correoso and Jerardo Ortega as commissioners, the former to Aizpuru, and the latter to Prestan. Both missions resulted in nothing satisfactory. Aizpuru proposed the following terms: 1st. Recognition of Gónima as civil chief of the state; 2d. Aizpuru to have the command of the troops, which were to be increased to 1,000 men. Prestan to be the prefect at Colon. After reflecting a moment, Gónima, rejected the proposals. Correoso then resigned the office of secretary-general. Pan. Star and Herald, Apr. 9, 1885; La Estrella de Pan., March 28, Apr. 4, 1885; Pan. Cronista, March 28, 1885; S. F. Cronista, Apr. 4, 1885; Correoso, Sucesos de Pan., 13-16.

[XXVI-91] Prestan demanded the arms on the Colon, and being refused, first arrested Connor, then after grossly insulting Mr Burt, the superintendent of the Panamá R. R. Co., took possession of the wharf, placed a guard on the Colon, and made a search for the arms, but could not get at them. Pan. Star and Herald, March 31, 1885; La Estrella de Pan., Apr. 4, 1885; Pan. Cronista, Apr. 4, 1885.

[XXVI-92] They had been taken to Monkey Hill at 3 a. m. on the 31st, and placed in a dangerous position under guard, but in the mêlée that followed they escaped.

[XXVI-93] At 1:30 a. m. of the 30th 160 men, under cols Ulloa and Brun, were despatched from Panamá to attack Prestan at Colon.

[XXVI-94] Prestan succeeded in joining the rebels against the national government, who were beleaguering Cartagena, and was received into their service, even though their chiefs had been made aware of his conduct at Colon. He was afterward captured, brought to Colon, tried by court-martial, and hanged on the 18th of August. Two of his principal men, captured by the Galena's force, had been also tried by a Colombian court-martial, convicted of incendiarism, and publicly hanged on the 6th of May. They were named Geo. Davis, a West Indian negro, and Antoine Portuzelle or Pautrizelle, a native of Hayti, who left a letter charging Prestan with the infamous act of destroying Colon. Three other accomplices, Grant and Guerrero, and a Cuban named F. G. de Peralta, were subsequently sentenced to imprisonment for a number of years. La Estrella de Pan., May 9, 16, Aug. 15, 1885; Pan. Star and Herald, Aug. 19, 22, Dec. 11, 25, 1885.

[XXVI-95] The only buildings that remained standing were those of the railway, Pacific mail, and canal company. Ten thousand persons were left without shelter.

[XXVI-96] Pan. Star and Herald, April 10, 1885. Burt and the canal company's officers caused supplies to be brought to Colon. Their houses and offices offered shelter to the destitute inhabitants. Kane and his officers and men labored day and night to relieve suffering, and won themselves the gratitude of the distressed community. La Estrella de Pan., Apr. 4, 1885. According to later accounts, the losses by the burning of Colon were 18 lives, and about $6,000,000. Pan. Ev'g Telegram, Apr. 3, 1886.

[XXVI-97] The number killed probably did not exceed 25. The prisoners were treated with every consideration, and soon after released. Much property was damaged. Pan. Cronista, Apr. 11, 1885; Nueva Era, of Paso del Norte, Apr. 1, 1885; La Estrella de Pan., Apr. 4, 1885.

[XXVI-98] Sec. of gov., C. A. Mendoza; of war and fomento, Jerónimo Ossa; of treasury, Cárlos Icaza Arosemena. The last two declined the appointments. Commander of the state forces, B. Correoso. Gaceta de Pan., Apr. 7, 1885; Pan. Star and Herald, Apr. 9, 1885; Cent. Am. Miscel., no. 29, 41-3.

[XXVI-99] Toward the latter part of April, there were about 400 in Panamá city. Total number of marines on the Isthmus 600, their commanding officer being Brevet Lieut-col. Charles Heywood, who commanded at Panamá. McCalla held command in Colon. In case of need, the Am. squadron could place on shore 1,800 men, and 30 pieces of artillery. Pan. Star and Herald, Apr. 23, 1855; La Estrella de Pan., May 2, 1885.

[XXVI-100] Aizpuru expected soon to be attacked by a superior force from Cauca. He despatched B. Correoso and A. Clément as peace commissioners to Buenaventura, but they were arrested there. Pan. Star and Herald, Apr. 25, 27, May 4, 1885.

[XXVI-101] After which it was to proceed to Cartagena. La Estrella de Pan., May 4, 1885.

[XXVI-102] Aizpuru's terms were as follows: 1st. To resign his powers into the hands of Vives Leon, Pablo Arosemena, or any other constitutionally entitled to receive them. 2d. General pardon for all offences of a strictly political character, but the punishment of the guilty of crimes in Panamá, Colon, or elsewhere on the Isthmus. Id., Apr. 29, 1885.

[XXVI-103] On the 4th he claimed to have delivered a larger number of arms than his commissioners had bound him to surrender. La Estrella de Pan., May 3, 9, 1885.

[XXVI-104] La Estrella de Occid., May 16, 1885. Both Aizpuru and Correoso were subsequently deprived of their military rank. The former, being tried by court-martial in Bogotá, was sentenced, Nov. 3, 1885, to 10 years' exile, with loss of offices, income, and political rights during that time, and payment of costs and of damages caused by his rebellion. Pan. Star and Herald, Oct. 1, Dec. 10, 24, 1885.

[XXVI-105] Upon which they were publicly complimented by Rear-admiral Jouett in general orders.

[XXVI-106] 'No siembran mas que lo que justamente consumen por temor de ser robados en la forma de contribuciones.' Maldonado, Asuntos Polit. Pan., MS., 25.

[XXVI-107] Witness the proceedings of the troops brought by Santa Coloma, and later, at different times, by the battalions Tiradores, Pichincha, 3d de línea, and others. Upon the subject of undue federal interference with the domestic affairs of the Isthmus, the following charges preferred by M. J. Perez from Panamá in a letter of Oct. 22, 1884, to Aníbal Galindo, are worthy of notice: 1st. Public intervention of the general government in internal affairs of the state; 2d. Barefaced protection by the gen. govt to rebels in arms against the constitutional govt of the state; 3d. Intimate alliance of the federal force with the opposing conservatives and with the radicals to disarm the government, and exercise pressure on the assembly, forcibly hindering its performance of constitutional functions; 4th. Consequences of the foregoing course; acts of piracy on the part of the rebels, violence, bloodshed, international claims, humiliation. Pan. Cronista, Oct. 25, 1884. Correoso corroborates all this in his remarks on the conduct of the Guardia Colombiana on the Isthmus, in 1860, 1865, 1868, 1873-5, 1878, and subsequently. Sucesos de Pan., 3-8.

[XXVI-108] 'No solo es víctima de sus propios males, sino tambien de los que le vienen de fuera.' Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 26.

[XXVI-109] Discussions in the national Consejo de Delegatarios, in Nov. and Dec. 1885, and law of Dec. 11, 1885, to regulate the gov. of Panamá. Pan. Star and Herald, Jan. 6-15, 1886.

[XXVI-110] Id., March 20, 29, supplem., 1886. The publication of the journal was restored after the term of suspension expired. Vila's course was disapproved by the general government, and he was peremptorily recalled for disobedience of orders. The proprietors of the journal have made a claim for heavy damages. Buenaventura Correoso, Sucesos de Panamá Informe á la Nacion, Buga, 1886, 4to, 24 pp. The writer, one of the prominent political men of Panamá, in this pamphlet purposes, as he assures us, to point out the source of the almost continuous disturbances that have occurred on the Isthmus since 1860, laying particular stress on the events from 1880 to 1885. It might be expecting too much that he should express an impartial and wholly unwarped judgment on those events, and on his political opponents. It must be acknowledged, however, that his statements appear to be fair enough, and that his assumption of responsibility for some of the acts which he censures is frank. Simon Maldonado, Asuntos Políticos de Panamá, MS., 42 pp. The author of this review is a native of Panamá, and has filled responsible positions in his country, more especially in the judiciary. His views of affairs there are impartial, and entitled to consideration for their soundness.

[XXVII-1] An official doc. of the U. S. govt gives 174,800; Am. Cyclop., of 1873-6, 178,277; Crowe, Gospel in Cent. Am., roughly computes it at 200,000. Other authorities widely differ. I refer the reader to the following maps, namely: John Baily's, 1850; Max. Von Sonnenstern's offic. maps of Salv., 1858, and Guat., 1859; Herman Au's, of Guat., 1875; Paul Levy's, of Nic., 1873; Molina's map of Costa R. in his Bosquejo.

[XXVII-2] 'Never so great as during the summer months in England.' Dunlop's Cent. Am., 258; Crosby's Statem., MS., 114-17: Guat., Mem. Min. Hac., 1883, 15-16.

[XXVII-3] The same may be said, though in a less degree, of the northern and eastern coast of Hond. from Omoa to Gracias á Dios.

[XXVII-4] La Union, San Miguel, Acajutla, Sonsonate, etc., owing to local causes.

[XXVII-5] The average temperature at Tegucigalpa, Comayagua, Juticalpa, and Gracias is about 74°. Squier's Notes on Cent. Am., 25-7; Belly, A travers l'Amér. Cent., i. 53-4.

[XXVII-6] Cold and salubrious on the table-lands in the interior, the thermom. ranging from 65° to 75° Fahr. Molina, Bosq. Costa R., 28. The climate of Costa R. varies from 50° to 60° Fahr., according to elevation. Galindo, in Journ. Royal Geog. Soc. of London, vi. 134; Laferrière, De Paris à Guatém., 47-8.

[XXVII-7] This is by far the pleasanter season, the forenoons being usually cloudless, with a clear, elastic, and balmy atmosphere. Owing to local influences in some portions of the eastern coasts it rains more or less the whole year. Crowe's Gospel, 1-12.

[XXVII-8] Consisting of three groups; viz, the Costa Rican traversing that republic and Panama, the Honduran and Nicaraguan, and the Guatemalan.

[XXVII-9] Some of the summits are 17,000 ft high. Several spurs from the Sierra Madre—the main ridge—cut the plains at right angles, and sometimes reach the sea-shore.

[XXVII-10] All the volcanoes of Cent. Am. are on the Pacific coast, almost in a line, and running due north-west and south-east, beginning with the Cartago or Irazú, in Costa Rica, which is 11,480 ft high, and has left traces of violent eruptions before the historic period; the only proof of its present activity being a small rill of smoke visible from the foot of the mountain. There are hundreds of other volcanic peaks and extinct craters on the line, the most notable being the Turrialba, which was in active eruption in 1866, the ashy matter from it having been beneficial to the coffee plantations; Chirripó, Blanco, Závalo, Barba, Los Votos 9,840 ft high, also in Costa R. Abogado, Cerro Pelado, Tenorio, Cucuilapa, Miravalles, Rincon de la Vieja, La Hedionda, Orosi, Madera, Ometepec, Zapatera, Guanapepe, Guanacaure, Solentinami, Mombacho, Chiltepe, Masaya or Nindirí; this last said to have been in a state of eruption upwards of 250 years ago, and still continues active; it had a small eruption Nov. 10, 1858; Managua; Momotombo, 6,500 ft high, near the Managua or Leon Lake, about which the Indians had a tradition of a tremendous eruption some 100 years before the coming of the Spaniards, the lava running into the lake and destroying all the fish; the latter part of the story seems to be incorrect, there being evidence that the lava did not reach the lake shore; it partially revived in 1852; Las Pilas, Asososca, Orota, Telica, Santa Clara, El Viejo 6,000 ft high; El Chonco; Cosigüina, whose first eruption was Jan. 20, 1835, believed to have been the most violent ever recorded in history; and Joltepec—all in Nic. El Tigre, Nacaome, and Amapala, or Conchagua, in Hond. In the republic of Salv. are several; namely, the San Salvador, which had not broken out in upwards of three centuries; but in old times it ejected immense masses of lava and scoriæ to a distance of more than 18 miles. It is of great depth, computed by Weems, an American who descended it, at about 5,000 varas; the bottom is occupied by a lake; San Miguel, about 15,000 ft high. In old times it ejected large quantities of cinders and half-melted stones of immense size. The country for 30 miles or more, including the site of San Miguel, one of the oldest towns in Am., being covered with lava and scoriæ; San Vicente; Izalco, which broke out about 100 years ago, is in constant activity, but has not caused any serious damage; Paneon, and Santa Ana. In Guat. are the Pacaya; the Volcan de Agua; the Volcan de Fuego constantly smoking with occasional explosion and shocks, its last eruption being in 1880; Encuentro, Acatenango; Atitlan so remarkable at one time for frequent and violent eruptions, the last ones being in 1828 and 1833, which caused much destruction on the coast of Suchitepequez; Tesamielco, Zapotitlan, Amilpas, Quezaltenango, and Cerro Quemado whose last eruption was in 1785. There are many other nameless ones. Near a number of the active and extinct volcanoes are small and almost circular openings in the ground, through which is ejected smoke or steam. The natives call them ausoles or infiernillos, little hells. Dunlop's Cent. Am., 3, 13-17, 52-5, 91-2, 118-20, 284-90; Squier's Trav., ii. 101-19; Squier's Cent. Am., 359-61, 492-8. Other authorities speaking of the volcanoes of Cent. Am. are: Stout's Nic., 143; Silliman's Journal, xxviii. 332; Levy, Nic., 75-85, 147-53; Guat., Gaceta, Feb. 10, 1854; Diario de Avisos, Nov. 22, 1856; Nic., Gaceta, June 5, Aug. 7, 1869; March 18, 1871; Salv., Diario Oficial, Oct. 11, Nov. 15, 1878; Overland Monthly, xiii. 324; La Voz de Méj., March 17, 1866; Pim and Seemann's Dottings, 39-40; Baily's Cent. Am., 75-8; Wells' Hond., 231-2; Harper's Mag., xix. 739; and the Encyclopædias; Guat., Revista Observatorio Meteor., i. 21-3.

[XXVII-11] About 300 have been recorded in 3½ centuries, which are probably the hundredth part of the actual number.

[XXVII-12] Hist. Cent. Am., ii. 719-21, this series.

[XXVII-13] June 20th, at 3 a. m., was felt a heavy shock in Guat.; no great damage was done. In Comayagua and Tegucigalpa the shocks continued from the 20th to the 25th; the people abandoning their dwellings. Many buildings, both public and private, were much injured. The shocks were also felt in Trujillo.

[XXVII-14] Apr. 23, 1830, Guat. experienced one said to have been the most severe since that of 1773. Feb. and Sept. 1831, a great part of San Salvador was ruined. The authorities and most of the people fled to Cojutepeque. This was the sixth time the city had been more or less damaged by earthquakes. Sept. 2, 1841, Cartago, in Costa R., was nearly levelled to the ground; of 3,000 houses previously existing, not 100 remained entire; of the 8 churches, the smallest and ugliest was the only one escaping uninjured. May 1844, the city of Granada was nearly ruined; the town of Nicaragua was greatly damaged, the lake of this name rising and falling several times, as if having a tide. Amatitlan, Petapa, Palin, and other places near the volcano of Pacaya, hardly had a house left standing in the end of March and in beginning of April 1845. In the repub. of Guat. shocks have been repeatedly experienced, those of 1884 and 1885 causing devastation in Amatitlan. San Salvador experienced heavy ones in 1575, 1593, 1625, 1656, and 1798, and was completely ruined in 1839, 1854, and 1873, and several other towns in the republic fared almost as badly in the latter year. Oct. 2, 1878, there was loss of life. Dec. 27-29, 1879, Ilopango, Candelaria, and other places were demolished. In Costa R. the destruction of Puntarenita occurred Aug. 4, 1854; and in 1882 the towns of Alajuela, San Ramon, Grecia, and Heredia were damaged, with heavy loss of life. In Dec. 1867, a tidal wave swallowed the island of Zapotilla, in Golfo Dulce, drowning all the inhabitants. The earthquake shocks seem to be of two kinds, namely, the perpendicular, which are felt only in the vicinity of volcanoes, and the horizontal, reaching great distances from the places where they originate, being very unequal in their progress, in some parts rocking the ground violently, and in others, in their direct line, nearer their source, being but slightly felt. Dunlop's Cent. Am., 290-3; Squier's Cent. Am., 298, 304-7, 465; Squier's Travels, ii. 85, 120-6; Ponton's Earthquakes, 69, 76-7; Reichardt, Cent. Am., 83-4; Nouv. Annales Voy., clxv. 360-1; lxxxv. 264; lciii. 121; Montúfar, Reseña Hist., iii. 608-9; Wagner, Costa R., Pref. viii.; Costa R., Col. Ley., vii. 101-3; Id., Gaceta, Sept. 10, 1853; July 15, Aug. 5, 26, Sept. 2, 1854; Id., Boletin Ofic., Aug. 31, Dec. 23, 1854; Niles' Reg., lxi. 257; Pim's Gate of the Pac., 26; Mission Scient. au Mex. Geol., 13-16, 511-12; Wells' Hond., 233; Salv., El Siglo, May 28, June 3, 1851, Sept. 3, 1852; Id., Diario Ofic., Oct. 5-27, 1878; Jan. 13, 14, 1880; Id., Gaceta, May 20, 1854; Id., El Rol, Oct. 13, 20, Nov. 10, 17, Dec. 1, 1854; Feb. 9, 1855; Guat., Gaceta, Oct. 21, 1853; May 5, 1854; Nic., Gaceta, March 26, 1864; Feb. 10, 1866; Jan. 18, May 9, Oct. 31, 1868; Jan. 8, June 18, Aug. 20, 1870; La Union de Nic., Jan. 12, 1861; El Porvenir de Nic., Oct. 15, 1871; U. S. Gov. Doc., H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 43, Sess. 1, i. pt 1, 796, 808, 814; Id., Cong. 44, Sess. 1, i. pt 1, 129; Uriarte, Terremotos de Cent. Am., in Mex. Soc. Geog., Boletin, ii. 189-95; Mex., Eco Mercantil, Apr. 24, 1882; Pan. Star and Herald, Jan. 5, 7, 11, 1886. Very full information from 1469 to 1882 in Guat., Revista Observatorio Meteor., i. 24-39.

[XXVII-15] Worthy of mention were the shocks of July 11, 1854, felt throughout the Isthmus, Sept. 11th, the same year, felt in Chiriquí; 1857, 1858, 1868, and Sept. 7, 1882; this last was a heavy one, damaging public and private buildings; also delaying the transmission of passengers and merchandise over the railway. Salv., El Rol, Dec. 1, 1854; Costa R., Gaceta, Oct. 21, 1854; S. F. Alta, Oct. 2, 1857; Sac. Union, Aug. 2, 1858; S. F. Call, June 23, 1868; Sept. 8, 9, 25, 1882; S. F. Chronicle, Sept. 9, 1882; La Estrella de Pan., Sept. 14, 1882; Pan. Star and Herald, Sept. 14, 1882.

[XXVII-16] The most important ones are the Usumasinta, known also under the names of Lacandon, Pasion, etc., in Guat., of about the size of the Garonne or Elbe in Europe, or the Hudson in the U. S., which drains nearly half of the state, and pours its waters through several mouths into the bay of Campeche and the laguna de Términos. The Dulce unites the bay of Hond. with the Dulce Gulf. The Hondo; the Belize, or Old River, famous for the fine mahogany its banks have yielded; the Motagua and the Polochic; the Black or Tinto in the Poyais country; the San Juan del Norte, Coco, also named Telpaneca and Wanks, Grande or Chocoyos, and the Mico or Blewfields; the Tipitapa, uniting lakes Nicaragua and Managua; the Paz, separating Guat. and Salv.; and the deep and rapid Lempa, the largest on the western shore, at its lowest ebb exceeds 140 yards in breadth.