[XXVII-17] The following are the notable ones: Atitlan, in Guat., covering upwards of 250 square miles; declared to be unfathomable, a line of 300 fathoms not reaching the bottom. Though receiving the waters of many rivers, no outlet has been found for its dark and benumbing waters; still, it is probable that a subterraneous outlet exists, as in the lakes of Guijar and Metapa in Salv., which are united by a subterraneous communication. Golfo Dulce, or Izabal Lake, of about 50 miles in circuit, subject to violent agitations, and forming the port of Izabal on the Atlantic coast of Guat. The small Amatitlan, about 20 miles from the city of Guat., which, notwithstanding its hot springs and brackish waters, abounds in a delicate fish called mojarra, in other small fish, and in wild fowl. In Hond. is the Yojos. In Nic., the lake of the same name, whose surplus waters run to the Atlantic by the San Juan del Norte River; an inland sea, 96 miles long, and 40 miles in its greatest breadth, forming an ellipse with its main axis due N. W. to S. E. Its depth in some parts is of 45 fathoms, and its area must be at least 2,000 square miles. It contains a small archipelago. Lake Managua is 38 or 35 miles in length, and 16 in its greatest breadth. It has little depth, and several sand banks render navigation difficult. The laguna de Masaya, 340 ft lower than the city of the same name, which is 750 ft above the sea level. Its area is of about 10 square miles. Lévy, Nic., 86, 95-8.

[XXVII-18] From 8° to 11° 16´ N. lat., and 81° 40´ to 85° 40´ long. W. of Greenwich. Molina, Bosq. Costa R., 25. Between 8° and 17° 30´ N. lat., and 11° 50´ to 22° 32´ W. of Santiago de Chile, which is situate in meridian 70° 38´ 6´´ west of Greenwich. Astaburuaga, Cent. Am., 2. Am. Cyclopædia, v. 393, gives it betw. 8° 11´ and 11° 8´ N. lat., and long. 82° 28´ to 85° 45´ W. of Greenwich. Between about 8° and 11° N. lat., and 82° to 86° W. long. Encyclopædia Britannica, vi. 397.

[XXVII-19] By the law of March 27, 1835, the country was divided into three departments; namely, Cartago, Alajuela, and Guanacaste, with a jefe político at the head of each. Repealed by executive decree of April 28, 1843, after having had several amendments. Costa R., Col. Ley., iv. 180-3.

[XXVII-20] San José has 9 regidores, Cartago and Heredia 7. Each municipality chooses a president and vice-president from among its own members, and a secretary. At each cantonal head town there are alcaldes, and in each barrio a juez de paz. Costa R., Id., iii. 226-40; x. 465-92; xi. 89-138; xvii. 161-98; xix. 168-74; Costa R., Mem. Instruc. Púb., 1884, annexes 12-17; Id., Mem. Gobern., 1852-84; El Costaricense, Nov. 24, 1849; Costa R., Gaceta, Feb. 9, 16, March 2, 1850.

[XXVII-21] San José, the national capital, was founded a little more than 100 years ago, owing its existence to the earthquakes which nearly destroyed Cartago, the old capital. San José is situated on an elevation of about 4,500 ft., upon the table-land formed between the mountains of Dota or Herradura on the south, and those of Barba on the north. On one side flows the river Torres, and on the other the María Aguilar. Its streets are paved, straight, and forming right angles. The dwellings are mostly of a single story, with spacious courts; there are, however, a good many buildings of two stories. The majority are made of adobe, plastered over; but the national palace is of stone, and a fine building. An aqueduct supplies the city with water from the Torres, though a large portion of the fluid consumed is drawn from the wells existing in almost every house. Besides, the government palace, the university, Mora theatre, some of the churches, and a few other buildings, do honor to the city. The electric light was introduced in 1884. Cartago, the oldest town in the state, though it has lost its political importance, and has been shattered by earthquakes, retains some traces of its former magnificence. It is gradually improving. Molina, Bosq. Costa R., 51; Astaburuaga, Cent. Am., 50; Squier's Cent. Am., 463-4; Boyle's Ride Across a Continent, ii. 217; Laferrière, De Paris à Guatém., 47; Wappäus, Mex. und Cent. Am., 364-5; Costa R., Informe Gobern., 1874, 2-3; El Cronista, S. F., Oct. 18, 1884.

[XXVII-22] It is situated between lat. 10° 45´ and 14° 55´, and between long. 83° 15´ and 87° 38´. Am. Cyc., xii. 420. Between 10° 30´ and 15° lat., and from 83° 11´ to 87° long. Encyclop. Brit., xvii. 490. Between 9° 45´ and 15° lat. N., and between 83° 20´ and 87° 30´ long. W. Squier's Cent. Am., 348. Between 10° 50´ and 15° N. lat., and between 83° 13´ and 87° 37´ long. W. of Greenwich. Nic., Gaceta, Jan. 18, 1868.

[XXVII-23] That is the civilized region. There is, besides, a wild portion comprising about 24,000 geographical miles. Lévy, Nic., 372.

[XXVII-24] In the absence of the prefecto the first alcalde of the head town acts in his place ad int., with the full pay of the office. Nic., Acuerdos y Dec., 1857-8, 70-8, 203-5; Rocha, Cód. Nic., i. 58-77, 145-8, 195-6; ii. 5-20; Nic., Boletin Ofic., Apr. 16, 1856; Feb. 8 to Nov. 15, passim, 1862; Id., Gaceta, March 5, 1864; Id., Informe Gobern., 1863-83.

[XXVII-25] The corporations are formed, according to the importance of the locality, with one or two alcaldes, and their respective suplentes, regidores, one secretary, one síndico, and the agricultural judge, all serving without pay. The prefecto controls the municipal affairs of his whole department, and especially those of the chief town. He presides ex-officio over all the municipalities, and in case of a tie has a casting vote. He cannot be accused except before the senate, and is consequently a petty president in his department. Lévy, Nic., 331-5.

[XXVII-26] It was made a city in 1846, and special ordinances were provided for it from time to time. Rocha, Cód. Nic., i. 148; Sandoval, Rev. Polít., 58; Nic., Registro Ofic., 342; Id., Dec. y Acuerdos, 1863, 2, 46, 118-19; Id., Dec. y Acuerdos de la Junta, 12-13, 145-8.

[XXVII-27] It has been greatly damaged by military operations, but never burned down, like Granada.

[XXVII-28] Leon was connected in 1881 with Corinto by rail; and the line has been afterward extended to Leon Viejo, on Lake Managua, and thence to Granada. Notable places in the department of Leon are Telica, birthplace of Miguel Larreyuaga, an oidor of the last Spanish audiencia, or superior court of judicature, who drew up the declaration of independence; El Sáuce, Santa Rosa, El Jicaral or San Buenaventura, and San Nicolas.

[XXVII-29] Granada has a good commercial position on the N. W. end of Lake Nicaragua, and at the foot of the Mombacho volcano. It was burned by pirates in 1665, nearly ruined by the freebooters in 1670, the raiders having come on both occasions by the San Juan River and the lake; and a third time destroyed by fire in 1685, the work of pirates who landed at Escalante on the Pacific. In 1844 it was greatly damaged by earthquakes. In 1856 it was burned by William Walker, the filibuster. But it has risen from its ashes, and become prosperous. The city is irregular in its construction, the streets not being straight or rectangular. They are mostly unpaved, and generally in a bad condition. The city obtains water for consumption from the lake, distant about a mile, brought by men on their shoulders; and its food supplies, not from the surrounding fields, but from numerous Indian pueblos on the S. E. Masaya was an Indian town, but raised to the rank of a city in 1839. Rocha, Cód. Nic., i. 148. It is supplied with water from the deep lagoon south of and near the city. There were women who for 80 cents monthly supplied two large jars of water every day. A steam-pump was put up in 1872 to raise the water of the lake to the plaza. There is no building worthy of mention in the place. Other notable towns in the department of Granada are Nandaimé, Jinotepe, San Rafael de la Costa, Diriomo, Tipitapa, Nindirí, and Zapatera Island. The towns of San Cárlos and El Castillo, on the San Juan, belong to the same department, though governed in a special manner. San Juan del Norte, alias Greytown, has little importance now; its houses are of wood and palm-thatched. Rivas bore the name of Nicaragua till the early part of the present century. The city has suffered greatly from earthquakes, particularly in 1844. It was partially destroyed during the Walker war. A real curiosity in the department of Rivas is the island of Ometepe in the lake, having two towns, the Pueblo Grande, or villa de Altagracia, and the Moyogalpa, united by a good wagon road. Chinandega is one of the most beautiful spots in Nic. It is a perfect garden. In the wild or uncivilized portion of the territory lies the Mosquito region, whose chief town is Blewfields, having two wooden buildings; the rest being mere huts. Lévy, Nic., 373-90; Laferrière, De Paris á Guatém., 73-6; Saravia, Bosq. Polít. Estadist., 10-11; Marure, Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am., 153-4; Froebel's Cent. Am., 19, 29-47, 62-75, 92-104; Froebel, Aus Amerika, i. 250-80, 311-17, 350-4; Squier's Trav., i. 138-40, 146-50, 211-15, 258-67, 339, 353-6, 365; Squier's Cent. Am., 346-7, 356-9, 366-76; Squier's Nic., 646; Belly, Nic., i. 196-9, 212, 225-9, 249; Stillman's Golden Fleece, 206-8; Dunlop's Cent. Am., 6-8; Stout's Nic., 27-9, 41-5, 98-100, 156-64; Baily's Cent. Am., 117-18; Bates' Cent. Am., 131-2; Marr, Cent. Am., i. 158-9, 165-71, 228-30; Boyle's Ride, i. 13, 83-91; ii. 8; Reichardt, Nic., 6-18, 20-7, 59, 62-3, 71-2, 81-9, 105-6, 129-31, 134, 155-9, 165-9, 231; Wells' Hond., 39, 42, 72-4.

[XXVII-30] Hond. is therefore betw. 13° 10' and 16° lat. N., and within 83° 20' and 89° 30' long. W. Squier's Cent. Am., 68; Encyclop. Brit., xii. 133. Between 13° 10' and 16° 5' N. lat., and within 83° 12' and 89° 47' W. long. Am. Cyclop., viii. 787.

[XXVII-31] The towns have their municipal corporations, whose members are required by law to be able to read and write.

[XXVII-32] Before 1827 it was a prosperous city; but the serviles burnt it that year. Since then it has suffered several times, especially in 1872 and 1873.

[XXVII-33] Squier's Cent. Am., 129-30; this authority also gives a cut of the cathedral on p. 261; Wappäus, Mex. und Cent. Am., 310-11; Huston's Journey, 24-7.

[XXVII-34] The town stands on the right bank of the Choluteca River in an amphitheatre among the hills. It has a fine stone bridge of ten arches spanning the river. Wells' Hond., 186-8; Laferrière, De Paris á Guatém., 95-6; Squier's Cent. Am., 155.

[XXVII-35] Omoa is situated about a quarter of a mile from the beach on level ground, but the back country rises rapidly into a chain of high mountains, beginning abruptly at Puerto Caballos, now called Puerto Cortés. Owing to its position, Omoa is generally cool and healthy, has seldom been visited by epidemics. The place is defended by the San Fernando castle. Trujillo lies close by the sea at the foot of a lofty mountain covered with vegetation, and reaching to the very edge of the water. The town was at one time of considerable importance, both in a commercial and military point of view; but now it has an antique, dilapidated, and abandoned appearance. Amapala, on the island of Tigre, was in old times a favorite resort of pirates; it was here that Drake had his depot during his operations in the Pacific. Owing to the visits of those marauders, the Indian population of Tigre and Zacate Grande retired to the mainland, and the islands remained almost entirely deserted till 1838, when Amapala was made a free port, since which time it has become a very important place. It has a salubrious climate. Further details on the towns of Honduras may be found in Montgomery's Narr. of a Journey to Guat., etc., in 1838, 31; Squier's Cent. Am., 98-129, 142-161; Squier's Hond. R. R., 74-84, 99-102; Squier's Trav., ii. 164-8; Young's Resid. Mosq. Shore, 138-40; Wells' Hond., 324-5, 574-9; Reichardt, Cent. Am., 89-90, 93-5; Wappäus, Mex. und Cent. Am., 311-19; Froebel's Cent. Am., 177-83; Pim's Gate of the Pac., 28-9.

[XXVII-36] It is comprised within lat. 13° and 14° 30' N., and long. 87° 30' and 90° 20' W. Am. Cyclop., xiv. 610. Between 13° and 14° 10' N. lat., and between 87° and 90° W. long. Squier's Cent. Am., 279; Laferrière, De Paris á Guatém., 111.

[XXVII-37] By decree of President Gonzalez, July 14, 1875, the department of San Miguel was cut up, and that of Gotera created with the districts of Gotera and Osicala. San Miguel was compensated with Chinameca, detached from Usulutan. Salv., Diario Ofic., July 20, 1875.

[XXVII-38] It is made a part of the governor's duty to keep the gen. govt apprised of every important occurrence within his department or its vicinity; in addition to which he must furnish annually a gen. report on every branch of the public service, with suggestions for the further improvement and progress of the communities under his charge. His subordinates in districts and towns report to him. A number of governors' reports may be seen in Salv., Gaceta, Sept. 3 to Dec. 24, 1876; Jan. 2 to Dec. 18, 1877; Id., Diario Ofic., May 17 to Dec. 3, 1879; Jan. 15, 1880, etc.

[XXVII-39] Towns of from 200 to 2,000 inhabitants two regidores, of upwards of 2,000 to 10,000 four, and those exceeding the latter number six. Each corporation elects a competent clerk to authenticate its acts and those of the alcalde.

[XXVII-40] Id., May 1-16, 1875; March 5-22, 1879.

[XXVII-41] Like other Spanish towns, it covers a large area in proportion to the population. The houses are built low, of a single story, and adapted to resist the constant shakes of the earth. Each house has an inner court, frequently containing a fountain and garden. The dwellers run out to the court on feeling a temblor of some force. When the shocks are heavy and continuous, they seek safety in the plazas and open fields, where they erect tents.

[XXVII-42] It is situated between N. lat. 13° 50' and 18° 15', and within W. long. 88° 14' and 93° 12'. Am. Cyclop., viii. 288. Between 13° 42' and 18° lat. N., and between 88° and 93° 5' W. long. Encyclop. Brit., xi. 211.

[XXVII-43] The chief towns have the same names as the departments to which they belong, excepting those of Sacatepéquez, Quiché, Peten, Baja Verapaz, Alta Verapaz, and Santa Rosa, whose respective names are Antigua, Santa Cruz del Quiché, Flores, Salamá, Coban, and Cuajiniquilapa. Salv., Gaceta Ofic., June 6, 1877; Guat., Mem. Sec. Gobern. y Just., 1884, 4-5, annex 4; El Guatemalteco, May 10, 1884.

[XXVII-44] Under the old system the department was under a corregidor who was not only civil governor, but also military chief, judge, revenue collector, and postmaster. Berendt, in Smithsonian Rept, 1867, 424.

[XXVII-45] Under art. 34 of this organic law the jefes were required to send the supreme gov. for approbation police regulations, under the instructions furnished them for the sake of uniformity. They did not fail to comply. Guat., Mem. Sec. Gobern. y Just., 1880, 1-2.

[XXVII-46] The law determined with precision the manner of organizing the municipalities, and the functions of the councilmen, increasing at the same time the number of committees; at that time they had committees of finance, supplies, water, police, health, ornamentation, schools, vaccination, roads, and statistics. Further information on internal administration, police, and gen. condition of the departments may be found in Guat., Recop. Ley., i. 492-512, 527-75; Barrios, Mensaje, 1876; Salv. Diario Ofic., May 13 to 16, 1875; Guat., Mem. Sec. Gobern., 1880, 1881, 1882, 1884; Batres' Sketch Guat., 23; Conkling's Guide, 341.

[XXVII-47] With only three exceptions every department had a surplus. The three excepted had deficits amounting together to $3,578.

[XXVII-48] I will name a few of the authorities: Dillon, Beautés de l'hist., 218-38; Thompson's Guat., 465-9; Stephens' Trav. Cent. Am., i. 192-4; Nuevo Viajero Univ., iii. 602-7; Baily's Cent. Am., 49-54; Valois, Mexique, 291-6; Reichardt, Cent. Am., 54; Crosby's Statem., MS., 86-90; Belly, Nic., i. 114-16; Laferrière, De Paris à Guatém., 259-60; Dicc. Univ. Hist. Geog., iii. 724-7; Dunlop's Cent. Am., 76-86; Squier's Cent. Am., 497-50; U. S. Gov. Doc., H. Ex. Doc. Cong. 43, Sess. 1, i. 444-5; Astaburuaga, Cent. Am., 78-9; Am. Cyclop., viii. 290-2; Encyclop. Brit., xi. 214.

[XXVII-49] There are two fortresses, the Matamoros and San José. Among the open places are the plaza mayor, and the recently laid out plaza de la Concordia, now the favorite resort of the inhabitants. There is another plaza containing a fine theatre.

[XXVII-50] San Francisco, La Recoleccion, La Merced, and Santo Domingo are among the notable ones.

[XXVII-51] The govt in late years has provided for an increase of the water supply to meet the future requirements of a town whose population is rapidly growing. Guat., Mem. Sec. Fomento, 1884, 43-4; 1885, 49-51, 56-8.

[XXVII-52] With government aid, a jockey club was also established in 1882. Guat., Mem. Sec. Fomento, 47-50, 75.

[XXVII-53] Antigua, or Old Guat., presents its majestic ruins, much the same as they were left by the earthquakes of 1773. Many of the buildings appear like fortresses. Among the best preserved are the old government palace and the university. The place was much damaged by an earthquake in 1874. Thompson in his Cent. Am. has a description of the ruins as they were in 1825, 245-9; others have described them at later dates. Stephens' Trav., i. 266-71, 278-80; ii. 204; Reichardt, Cent. Am., 53-5; Macgregor's Prog. of Am., i. 791-2; Valois, Mexique, 376-8, 390; Squier's Cent. Am., 456, 504-10; Batres' Sketch, 27-9, 40. Quezaltenango is 8,130 feet above the sea. It is every day growing in importance and wealth. Living is cheap there; the climate is cool and healthy. Most of the streets are narrow, but they are well paved and have flagstone sidewalks. The houses are of good appearance, some of them of two stories. Among the public buildings are the penitentiary, on the plan of that in Philadelphia, the Indian cabildo of two stories, the hospital, national institute, and other educational establishments, some fine churches, etc. Boddam Whetham's Across Cent. Am., 66-7; Conkling's Guide, 334, 337, 343. The city of Flores, head town of the department of Peten, is worthy of mention for its picturesque position on one of the islands of Lake Itzal, and its charming view from a distance. The place is hot, however, and uncleanly.

[XXVII-54] Occupying the Isthmus which connects North and South America, between lat. N. 6° 45´ and 9° 40´, and within long. W. 77° and 83°. The area is of about 31,921 square miles. In its general form it is an arc curving from east to west, with the convex side toward the north. In the widest part from sea, to sea it is about 120 miles, in the narrowest from the gulf of San Blas to the mouth of the Bayano River about 30, and along the line of the railway 47½ miles. Am. Cyclop., xiii. 31.

[XXVII-55] In addition to these are Taboguilla, Urabá, Naos, Perico, Culebra, San José, Tórtola, Tortolita, Iguana, Washington, Napoleon, Stanley, and many smaller ones. Tavares, Gulf and Isthmus of Darien, March 31, 1761, MS., 52-65; Imray's Sail. Directions, 6-12; Humboldt, Tableau, 710.

[XXVII-56] The largest being the Tuira, 160 miles long, navigable about 102 for barges, empties into the gulf of San Miguel; the Chagres, navigable for bungos about 30 miles, runs into the Caribbean Sea; the Chepo flows into the bay of Panamá.

[XXVII-57] The principal town of Coclé is Penonomé; of Chiriquí, David; and of Veragua, Santiago. The rest bear the same names as their respective departments.

[XXVII-58] The governor and prefectos report yearly to the chief of the Isthmus the state of their respective departments. Pan., Mem. Soc. Jeneral, 1877, etc.

[XXVII-59] Just prior to the influx of the foreign element, upon the discovery of the gold placers in California, the town had a gloomy and ruinous aspect. There was nothing to be seen all around but ruin and poverty; whole blocks and streets of old, dilapidated buildings, propped-up houses with people living in them, and luxuriant vegetation in the plazas, walls, etc. With the coming of foreigners a great change took place within the short space of three or four years. Nearly all the old dwellings underwent repairs, and new ones were built. In lieu of the old sad appearance and silence, all was now bustle and movement. Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 7.

[XXVII-60] The cathedral has nothing to recommend it except its two fine towers. It is in a ruinous condition, and though repaired a few years ago and reduced to a single nave, further repairs are loudly called for. This building as well as the cabildo face the main plaza.

[XXVII-61] Efforts have been made in late years by the state government for the construction of an aqueduct; but without success. Pan., Gaceta, May 16, 1874; Apr. 9, 30, 1876; Pan. Star and Herald, May 19, 1874; Feb. 14, Apr. 13, 1876.

[XXVII-62] The following are among the authorities giving more or less detailed descriptions of the city of Panamá: Cash's Sketch, 54-61, 29-71; Bidwell's Pan., 1-9, 75-7, 119-35, 341-8; Beechy's Voy., i. 11-17, 23-4; Scarlett's South Am., ii. 189-211, 221-9, 254-69; Seemann's Narr., 84-8, 275-95, 289-94; Wilson's Trav. in Cal., 9-10, 17-19; Wortley's Trav., 320-2; Scherzer, Narr., ii. 424-5; Pim's Gate, 209-20.

[XXVII-63] Gisborne's Darien, 160-70, 205-9; Otis' Isth. Pan., 70-127; Harper's Mag., xvii. 19-28, 32-9; Tomes' Pan., 40-66. The following contain descriptions of other places as well as of the transit between the two seas: London Geog. Soc. Jour., i. 69-101; xxiii., 184; Niles' Reg., xxxviii. 141; Reichardt, Cent. Am., 201-2; Willey's Person. Mem., 37-8; Masset's Exper. of a '49er, MS., 1; Lachapelle's Raousset-Boulbon, 43-7; Champagnac, Voyageur, 175-6; Froebel, Aus Amerika, 211-31; Nic., Cor. Ist., May 30, 1850; Marryatt's Mountains, 1-17; Holinski, La Californie, 45-61; Rouhaud, Reg. Nouvelles, 167; Nouv. Annales des Voy., cxxiii. 220-2, 226-7; cxlv. 17-22; cxlvii. 15-17; Polynesian, v. 29; vi. 121; Thornton's Or. and Cal., ii. 348-54; Oswald Cal. und Seine, 87-92; Kelley's Canal Mantimera, 27-8; Auger, Voy. en Cal., 35-92; Saint-Amant, 25-62, 80-97; Griswold's Pan., 41-7; Rossi, Souvenirs, 47-50; Esguerra, Dicc. Geog. Colombia, 2-275; Pan., Gaceta, Jan. 23, 1881.

[XXVII-64] Department of Pan., including 18,378 in the city, 43,462; Coclé, 33,134; Colon, including 4,000 in that port, 1,057 in Chagres, and 1,319 in Portobello, 8,276; Los Santos, 37,670; Veragua, 36,210; Bocas del Toro, 5,250; Darien, 1,036. Pan., Mem. Sec. Fomento, 1882, 43-6. The population at the time the Isthmus seceded from Spain was variously estimated at from 80,000 to 111,550; 1843, 129,697; the census of 1863 yielded 180,000; but it is believed the population was made to appear larger than it really was, so as to gain one more representative in the national congress. The best informed citizens computed it at only 150,000. In 1868, 220,542, authorities keeping the same figures till 1879, excepting one estimate for 1874 reducing it to 174,000. Humboldt, Pers. Narr., vi., pt i. 142; Seemann's Voy., i. 296; Imray's Sail. Dir., 14; Bidwell's Isth. Pan., 178-80; Pan. Star and Herald, Feb. 18, 1868; Mex. Soc. Geog. Boletin, 3d ép. i. 728; Colombia, Diario Ofic., Sept. 6, 1872; Aug. 4, 1874; March 1, 1876; Esguerra, Dicc. Geog. Colomb., 171.

[XXVII-65] Veraguas, Decr. de la Cám.; Id., Notas Ofic.; Id., Ordenanzas, 1853; Chiriquí, Corresp. Gob. Nac., 1851; Id., Ofic. del Gob.; Id., Comp. de Fomento, 1855; all in Pinart, Pan. Coll. Doc., MSS., nos. 63, 65, 69, p. 25-7, no. 39, 4-9, no. 88, p. 22, no. 40, 1-4; besides other doc. in the same Coll., no. 31, p. 40-1, nos. 49, 50, 52, 103; U. S. Gov. Doc., H. Ex. Doc. 41, Cong. 36, Sess. 2, vi. 55; El Noticioso del Istmo Am., in the Californian, S. F., ii., June 12, 1847.

[XXVII-66] For their dwelling-places I refer to Native Races of the Pac. States, i. 795-7, this series.

[XXVII-67] In 1835. Veraguas, Dec. de la Cám., in Pin., Pan. Col. Doc., MS., no. 57, 17-22; Id., Informe, in Id., MS., no. 78.

[XXVII-68] Their chief at times visited the British consul at Panamá, but never agreed to his returning the visit at their homes. Seemann's Voy., i. 321. Neither would they accept presents from any white person. One of their chiefs who accepted a present was degraded by his tribe, and the present was sent back. Bidwell's Isth. Pan., 36.

[XXVII-69] Many persons were killed by the Bayanos in Oct. 1870; and their hostilities were repeated in 1874. Pan., Gaceta, Nov. 10, 1870; Dec. 23, 1873; Apr. 14, 1874; Id., Star and Herald, Feb. 17, March 12, 1874; Id., Informe Sec. Est., 1874, 18-19.

[XXVII-70] The lower classes are improvident and fond of dress and finery.

[XXVII-71] Low dresses without sleeves, and with lace trimmings on the bust.

[XXVII-72] There are many of them given to gossiping and propagating scandalous reports even about their friends. Politics and the bottle have in late years debauched many a fine young man, the vice of drunkenness of late gaining ground.

[XXVII-73] There are associations of various kinds, including secret ones, like the masonic, of which there are several lodges, with many native Panamanians among their members. The natives still observe the custom of long mournings as of old. In a community where families are more or less connected by ties of blood or marriage, the result is that mourning often seems to be the common dress.

[XXVII-74] Details in Constitucional del Istmo, Nov. 21, 1832; Colegio de Pan., Decreto, 1-2; El Movimiento, Dec. 1, 1844; N. Granada, Gaceta, Feb. 22, 1846; Bogotá, Gac. Ofic., Feb. 6, 1848; Chiriquí, Decretos, MS., 1849; Pan., Crón. Ofic., Nov. 9, 1849, to March 1, 1854, passim; Chiriquí, Inf. del Gob., MSS., 1851-2; Pan., Gaceta Extraord., Dec. 23, 1857; March 30, 1858.

[XXVII-75] In 1869 there were no public primary schools in the state. Parents with means had teachers at home, or sent their children to the few private schools then existing, to Bogotá, the national capital, or abroad. Children of poor parents had to grow in utter ignorance.

[XXVII-76] In 1874 there were in the state 17 primary schools with 1,065 pupils. The numbers steadily increased till 1882, when the schools were 59 and the pupils 2,167. There were appropriated for supporting the schools in 1873 $14,191, and every year after there was an increase; the amount allowed in 1882 being $33,310, and in 1883 $63,962, the govt now becoming alive to the fact that the funds formerly supplied were insufficient, as appeared in the report of the educational bureau on Nov. 15, 1881. Pan., El Elector, May 1, 1883; Pan., Inf. Sec. Est., 1866; Id., Mensaje, 1872; Id., Mem. Sec. Est., 1876; Id., Informe Direct. Gen. Instruc. Púb., 1877-80; Id., Leyes, 1876-7, 26-32; Id., Mem. Sec. Gob., 1877; Id., Min. Sec. Gob., 1879; Pan., Boletin Ofic., May 28, 1863, to Sept. 8, 1869, passim; Id., Gaceta, July 28, 1870, to Feb. 20, 1881, passim; Colombia, Diario Ofic., Feb. 18, Aug. 14, 1874; Jan. 27, March 2, 1876.

[XXVII-77] It began its existence as the Panamá Star, a very small sheet, in 1849; now it has eight large pages. S. F. Times, March 13, 1869; S. F. Alta, March 13, 1869; Pan. Star and Herald, Jan. 11, 1886.

[XXVII-78] I have had occasion to quote both publications repeatedly on narrating events on the Isthmus and in Central America.

[XXVII-79] The bull is led by a rope into the most public streets. A number of men challenge the brute, which occasionally rushes at its tormentors; but as the rope holds it, only by a rare chance is any one hurt. The bull is thus worried by the men-brutes till it is ready to drop.

[XXVII-80] Games of chance and night orgies having become prevalent, in 1878 a heavy tax was levied on gambling-houses, and a severe decree issued to check orgies and brawls. Pan., Gaceta, Jan. 31, Aug. 15, 1878.

[XXVII-81] The following authorities have spoken of the manners and customs of the Isthmus, and character of its people at different periods from 1845 to late years: Macgregor's Progress of Am., i. 820-34; Seemann's Narr., i. 140-1, 299-310, passim; Oliveira, in Nouv. Ann. Voy., cxxiii., 216-27; McCollum's Cal., 16-26; Worthy's Trav., 335-6; Johnson's Sights, 11-87; Foote's Recoll., 135-47; Merrill's Statem., MS., i.; Fremont's Am. Trav., 57-65, 166-7; Griswold's Isth., 130-68, 179-80; Gisborne's Darien, 170-216, pass.; Delano's Chips, 80-92; Helper's Land of Gold, 209-23; Mollhausen's Diary, ii. 374-9; Harper's Mag., xix. 433, 437-54; Trollope's W. Ind., 240, 248-50; Pim's Gate of the Pac., 210-14; Gazlay's Pac. Monthly, i. 17-30; Baxley's What I Saw, 30-45; China Route, Sketch of New, 54-74; Gordon's Guide, 14-15; Eardley-Wilmot's Our Jour., 66-71; Pan. Star and Herald, Feb. 7, 1875.

[XXVII-82] In 1840 small-pox prevailed in Chagres among the natives; foreigners, being mostly vaccinated, escaped unscathed. It visited the Isthmus again as an epidemic in 1863, 1880, and 1881, with great ravages each time, owing to neglect of the common rules of hygiene, or aversion of the lower classes to vaccination. Niles' Reg., lix. 17; Bidwell's Isth. Pan., 222-3; Cash's Sketch, 62-3; Pan., Gaceta, March 14, Aug. 1, Oct. 17, 1880; Sept. 22, 1881; El Coclesano, Aug. 5, 20, 1881; S. F. Bulletin, July 16, 1881.

[XXVII-83] The Isthmus seems to have been spared on its first visit to Am. in 1832-4. Pan., Doc. Ofic., in Pinart, Col. Doc., MS., no. 31, 41-4.

[XXVII-84] The havoc, however, was greater among transient foreigners and the native colored population. Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 7-8. It was most virulent from Jan. to July 1849. There were cases nearly to the end of 1850. Williams' Statem., MS., 2; Willey's Pers. Mem., MS., 48-53; Roach's Statem., MS., 1; Cannon's Statem., MS., 1; S. F. News, Nov. 8, 1850. Chiriquí escaped the infliction by the timely establishment of a rigorous quarantine against Pan. Chiriquí, Dec. Gobern., in Pinart, Pan. Col. Doc., MS., 89, 2-5, 25; Veraguas, Dec., in Id., MS., nos. 70-2.

[XXVII-85] If we except Colon, Chagres, and Portobello, the climate is healthy. Men abstaining from the abuse of alcoholic drinks, and observing the common rules of hygiene, need not be apprehensive of the climate.

[XXVII-86] The symptoms were cramps, severe pain in the spine, vomiting, and fever, followed by loss of consciousness. The attack generally lasted several days.

[XXVII-87] Pan., Gaceta, Oct. 11, 1877; Apr. 29, 1880.

[XXVII-88] There was, however, a private hospital, mainly supported by the French and Italians, where sick foreigners found good attendance. Many a life has been saved in it.

[XXVII-89] Four disastrous conflagrations visited the present city of Panamá prior to 1825; namely, in 1737, 1756, 1781, and 1821, the first being the work of incendiaries from Guat. Seemann's Voy., 288. Chagres was nearly all burned down Dec. 9, 1847. Polynesian, in S. F. Californian, iii. no. 4, Aug. 14, 1848. Gorgona was ruined in 1851. Panamá had property destroyed in 1856 valued at half a million dollars. Colon was afflicted in 1863 and 1868, and finally ruined by the incendiaries Prestan and others in 1885. Panamá had three great conflagrations; viz., June 5, 1870, Feb. 19, 1874, and March 6, 1878. The loss of property in the three probably exceeded four million dollars. Pan., Merc. Chronicle, March 29, 1868; Nic., Gaceta, Feb. 7, 1863; Apr. 25, 1868; June, 1870; Id., Boletin Ofic., June 18, Dec. 25, 1870; Jülfs, Die Seehäfen, 3; S. F. Chronicle, June 21, 30, 1870; March 10, 1878; S. F. Alta, July 1, 1870; Feb. 28, March 9, 1874; S. F. Call, June 9, 1870; March 9, 1874; Apr. 2, 1878; Pan. Star and Herald, Feb. 21, 24, 1874; Pan., Gaceta, July 10, 1874; March 17 to July 1, Dec. 15, 1878; Colombia, Diario Ofic., May 30, 1874, p. 1749; S. F. Post, Feb. 28, 1874; March 8, 1878.

[XXVIII-1] Being an estimated increase since 1877 of 245,847. Salv., Gaceta Ofic., Dec. 4, 1877. The population was computed in 1810 at different figures, none reliable. The one deemed most accurate was as follows: 646,666 Indians, 313,334 mulattoes and some negroes, 40,000 whites, making a total of 1,000,000, probably including 100,000 for Chiapas. Guat., Apuntam., 105, 110; Salv., Diario Ofic., July 2, 1879; Lastarría, in La América, 445; Baily's Cent. Am., 28, 32; Nouv. Annales des Voy., iv. 1820, 36; Ocios de Esp. Emig., v. 2. In 1823 the whole was set down at 1,600,000. Humboldt's Pers. Narr., vi. pt 1, 127, 131. Marure computed it in 1824, giving Costa R. 70,000, Nic. 207,269, Salv. 212,573, Hond. 137,069, and Guat. 660,580; total, 1,287,491. Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am., 148, and app. no. 6. G. A. Thompson, Brit. commissioner to Cent. Am., in 1823 estimated 2,000,000 in the following proportions: one fifth of whites, two fifths of mixed classes, and two fifths of Indians. Narr. Official Visit, 451. Galindo, an intelligent officer of the Cent. Am. govt, about 1837 set the population at 685,000 Ind., 740,000 ladinos or mestizos, and 475,000 whites; total, 1,900,000. He evidently overestimated the number of whites. Crowe, Gospel, 40, referring specifically to Guat., estimated the number of pure whites at not over 5,000, which seems to be short of the truth. The proportions he gave were: Indians, three fifths; ladinos or mestizos, one fourth; whites, one fortieth; mulattoes, one eighty-third; negroes, one fiftieth; zambos, one hundredth. It is unnecessary to burden this note with figures for each year after 1837. I will merely append those for 1866, given by a writer who must have got his data from reliable sources: Costa R., 150,000, mostly white, and including from 5,000 to 10,000 Talamanca Indians. According to a Costa Rica census, there were in the republic in 1864 112 persons of 90 years and upwards; of whom 14 were of 100, 4 of 102, one of 103, one of 104, one of 111, one of 117, one of 118, and one of 122. The majority of cases of great longevity were of women. Costa R., Censo, 100-3. Nic., 380,000, of whom 80,000 pure Indians, 30,000 whites, 30,000 negroes, and the rest of mixed breeds, the mestizos of white and Indian predominating on the Pac. coast, and the zambos, or mixture of negro and Indian, on the Atlantic; there were probably 30,000 in Mosquitia; Salv., 750,000; Hond., 300,000; Guat., 1,219,500. Laferrière, De Paris á Guatém., 47, 71, 93, 189, 251; Pim's Gate of the Pac., 37, 75. Other publications treating of the subject from time to time: Costa R., Boletin Ofic., Feb. 9, March 30, 1854; Id., Gaceta, July 15, 1854; Id., Mem. Sec. Interior, 1860 and 1861; Id., Informe Gobern., 1868 and 1874; Id., Censo, 1864; Id., Col. Ley., xxxii. 250-2; Squier's Cent. Am., 21, 45-57, 279, 348, 449, 465, 648-9; Id., Travels, i. 32-3; Molina, Bosq. Costa R., 28-9; Belly, Nic., i. 138-42, 249-54; Rocha, Cód. Nic., i. 185-6; Nic., Registro Ofic., 270, 312, 316, 382; Id., Boletin Ofic., March to Aug. 1862, pass.; Id., Gaceta, Jan. 1863 to Apr. 11, 1874, pass.; Lévy, Nic., 234 et seq.; Salv., Gaceta, Jan. 26 to Nov. 18, 1850; Feb. 3, March 3, 1854; Apr. 1, 1876; May 28 to Nov. 28, 1878; May 18 to Nov. 29, 1879; Crosby's Statem., MS., 93; Wells' Hond., 554-7; Guat., Recop. Ley., i. 473; Guat., Mem. Sec. Fomento, 1880-5, with tables; and numerous others.

[XXVIII-2] The departments of Guat. having the largest numbers were Totomicapam, 144,312; Guat., 130,581; Huehuetenango, 121,123; Alta Verapaz, 93,407. The rest range from 76,103 in Lalolá and 75,553 in Quiché, to 31,637 in Jalapa. Peten is put down with 8,297, Izabal with 3,761, and Livingston with 1,471. Costa R., Gaceta, July 11, Aug. 13, 1885; Guat., Mem. Sec. Fomento, 1884, 40, annex 6; 1885, 43-4, annex 12; El Guatemalteco, Jan. 1 to Dec. 5, 1884, pass.; Pan. Star and Herald, Feb. 9, 1884; Sept. 30, 1885.

[XXVIII-3] The proportions in 1880 were, white and mixed, men, 183,536, females, 196,292; pure Indians, men, 421,518, females, 423,256. Grand total, 1,224,602. Guat., Mem. Sec. Fomento, 1885, annex 12, table 16.

[XXVIII-4] The first law to promote colonization was issued Jan. 22, 1824, by the national constituent assembly of Cent. Am. Marure, Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am., 133, app. xviii.-xxvii.; Guat., Recop. Ley., i. 815-20; Id., Boletin Ofic., June 22, 1835; Nic., Corr. Ist., Aug. 8, 1850; Hond., Gaceta Ofic., March 20, 1854; Rocha, Cód. Nic., i. 42-3, 53; Baily's Cent. Am., 43-5.

[XXVIII-5] Containing upwards of 14,000,000 acres of virgin soil, and affording every climate. Brief Statem. of the Important Grants Conceded to ... by the State of Guat., Lond., 1839; Guat. Charte de Concession du territ. de Vera Paz, Bruxelles, 1840, 8vo, 1-34; Guat., Mem. Concession, 17-130; Marure, Efem., 38; Squier's Travels, i. 422-4; Id., Compend. Hist. Cent. Am., 77-9.

[XXVIII-6] It was first formed out of, or at least originated from, the débris of the Poyais bubble, of which I spoke elsewhere in connection with Mosquitia.

[XXVIII-7] They talked of their ability to spread Brit. influence in the country. They even threatened to sell their charter to some other government.

[XXVIII-8] Details on the subject will be found in Dunlop's Cent. Am., 160, 190-1; Niles' Reg., li. 36; Reichardt, Cent. Am., 39, 238; Guat., Memoria, 1837, 17-19; Id., Comm. and Agric. Co., 1-132; Anderson's Cent. Am., 5-93, 97-138.

[XXVIII-9] It stipulated a conditional sale of the lands lying between the left bank of the river Motagua and the right bank of the river Cahabon to where it runs into the Polochic, including all the coast and neighboring islands within these limits; and inland as far as Gualan, and the interior limits of the province of Santo Tomás. The company was to pay for the computed 8,000 caballerías at the rate of $20 for each caballería, in ten yearly instalments of $16,000. It was also to present the Guat. govt 2,000 muskets, similar to those used by the Belgian army, and four large guns; likewise pay one fifth the expense of erecting a city at Santo Tomás, make a cart road to the river Motagua, and introduce steamers for navigating the river. Guat., Recop. Ley., i. 824-38; Reichardt, Cent. Am., 239-43; Belly, Nic., ii. 36-7; Dunlop's Cent. Am., 303-6; Crowe's Gospel, 169-70; Amerique Cent. Cie. Belge, pt i. 5-64, pt ii. 110-13; Valois, Mexique, 438-42; Claquet, Rapport S. Tomás, 7-9; Cuelebrouk, Blondeel van, Colonie de Santo Tomas, 1-240 pp., with maps and plans; Laferrière, De Paris á Guatém., 250-1; Brouez, Colonie Belge, 103-29.

[XXVIII-10] With a few exceptions, however, they were to be governed by their own laws, and were, besides, to enjoy a number of exemptions. The custom-house of Izabal was to be removed to Santo Tomás.

[XXVIII-11] The grants were repealed in April 1854. Guat., Recop. Ley., i. 838-9; Belize, Packet Intelligencer, June 17, 1854; Squier's Cent. Am., 512-13; Payne's Hist. Europ. Colonies, 327; Crosby's Statem., MS., 98.

[XXVIII-12] See laws and decrees of Feb. 29, 1868, Oct. 2, 1873, Aug. 19, 1878, June 27, 1884, and a decree of Presid. Barillas in 1885; also official correspond with the U. S. govt. Guat., Recop. Ley., i. 841-5; Id., Id., Gob. Democ., i. 197-8; Nic., Gaceta, Apr. 18, 1868; S. F. Times, May 9, 1868; Mex., Diario Ofic., Sept. 18, 1878; Manero, Doc. Interes., 105-6; U. S. Govt Doc., Cong. 42, Sess. 2, H. Ex. Doc. 1 (For. Rel.), 542-3; El Guatemalteco, June 30, 1884; S. F. Bulletin, June 15, 1885.

[XXVIII-13] Cultivating one half, and becoming a citizen, provided he had not been imprisoned meanwhile for crime. The concession involved several other facilities, and privileges. Guat., Mem. Sec. Fomento, 1884, 7-8; Pan. Star and Herald, July 23, 1883.

[XXVIII-14] On the ground that a large number of English-speaking negroes thus introduced could never become assimilated with their already mixed population, and would soon create a balance of power in their hands, as against the remainder of the population. The rulers saw in the plan danger to their institutions and customs. U. S. Govt Docs., Cong. 35, Sess. 2, Sen. Miscel. Doc., 26; Foreign Affairs, 1862, 881-4, 897-910; Crosby's Statem. of Events in Cal., MS., 95-100; Pim's Gate of the Pac., 138-46.

[XXVIII-15] Squier's Cent. Am., 275-6; Squier's Hond., 267-78; Nic., Gaceta, Sept. 21, 1867; Jan. 4, 25, Nov. 14, 1868; Pan. Star and Herald, Sept. 17, Dec. 4, 1885.

[XXVIII-16] The government granting 500,000 square varas of land to each family, and specifying the number of families to be settled. It was to guard against improper persons being introduced, that is to say, only those of good moral character and industrious habits, professing the catholic religion, and willing to sever their connection with and throw off the protection of their former nationalities, were to be received. Upon complying with the required conditions, they would be granted the rights of citizenship. Rocha, Cód. Nic., i. 167-8. A number of Prussians, among whom were several families, arrived in September 1846 on the brig Frisch at San Juan del Norte, desiring to settle in the country. The government tendered them facilities to settle in the interior, provided they would first relinquish their allegiance to Prussia. Only six men remained; the rest went away. Nic., Boletin Ofic., 345-6, 367. In 1851 it was contemplated to establish, under liberal grants, a French colony in Nic.; but it was not carried out. Dupuy, Nic., 8-27.

[XXVIII-17] Congress on Feb. 13, 1862, declared the former null and void, and refused to sanction the latter. Rocha, Cód. Nic., i. 187; Nic., Boletin Ofic., March 1, 1862.

[XXVIII-18] The deed of full ownership was to be executed six months after the immigrant's arrival. He was also exempted from import dues on everything he brought to enable him to settle. Fabens, Walker's friend, was named director of colonization. Perez, Mem., 7; El Nicaragüense, Jan. 5, 1856; Wells' Walker's Exped., 106-11; Nic., Boletin Ofic., Apr. 16, 1856.

[XXVIII-19] The govt declared it null in 1866. La Union de Nic., May 18, 1861; Nic., Decretos, 1865-6, 74-5.

[XXVIII-20] The govt has not ceased to promote immigration. In 1873 concessions were made to the colony in Gottel Valley, and in 1878 efforts were made to bring colonists from Alsace-Loraine. Nic., Gaceta, Feb. 11, 1865; Apr. 6, Aug. 24, 1867; El Porvenir de Nic., Apr. 13, Aug. 3, 1873; Salv., Diario Ofic., Dec. 12, 1878.

[XXVIII-21] It has refrained from introducing the African element, though men of that race can alone be advantageously employed in her low-lying hot region. The immigration of Chinese has been prohibited as injurious. Bates' Cent. Am., 140; Costa R., Informe Sec. Hac., 1875, 7-8.

[XXVIII-22] With the same civil and political rights enjoyed by natives. Those desiring to retain their nationality are equally protected, and are exempted from military service and extraordinary taxation. They may freely dispose of their property, which at their death goes to their legal heir, whether by will or ab intestato. Costa R., Col. Ley., v. 114-16; Molina, Bosq. Costa R., 44.

[XXVIII-23] They were exempted from imposts for 15 years.

[XXVIII-24] The settlement was effected where there were no ready means to procure supplies, or to dispose of products without great trouble and expense. Besides, the settlers were unfamiliar with tropical agriculture.

[XXVIII-25] Nineteen died at San José. One was killed by a tiger on the way there, and his remains, with those of his wife and child, were buried under the evergreens of San Miguel; the rest went up the Sesapiqui River, where 9 were soon after put under the sod; 9 died at Miravalles, and 4 at Alajuela.

[XXVIII-26] Concession to Sir Henry Bulwer. Costa R., Boletin Ofic., July 20, 1854.

[XXVIII-27] The grant covered 54 square miles in the Reventazon Valley, between Cartago and the Atlantic Ocean; the company were to settle 7,000 adult colonists within 20 years. An additional absolute concession of 32 acres for each colonist was also made. But the principal grant was to be forfeited if the main condition was not fulfilled. Bülow, Nic., 124-39; Costa R., Boletin Ofic., March 9, 1854; Calvo, Memoria, 8; Costa R., Mem. Sec. Rel., 1851, 7-8; 1854, 8; Id., Informe Gobern. y Rel., 1853, 13-14; Id., Doc. Soc. Itin., 1-102; Wagner, Costa R., 181-3, 332-5; Marr, Cent. Am., ii. 172-3, 179-81, 218-19, 228-9.

[XXVIII-28] Each family was to have 10 acres, a temporary dwelling, provisions for six months, the use of a cow and ox for one year, all for $80, reimbursable in equal annual instalments during 10 years. Wagner, Costa R., 250-6, 473-93.

[XXVIII-29] Further details on the subject may be found in Squier's Cent. Am., 462, 473-80; Belly, Nic., i. 355-6; Reichardt, Nic., 245-8, 290-6, ix.-xiv.; Molina, Bosq. Costa R., 126; Id., Coup d'œil Costa R., 30-3; Id., Der Freistaat Costa R., 67-83.

[XXVIII-30] That same year the colonization of Golfo Dulce was contemplated. El Nicaragüense, July 19, 1856; Lafond, Golfo Dulce.

[XXVIII-31] Costa R., Col. Ley., xv. 176-9.

[XXVIII-32] In 1878 with Barreto to introduce Canary Islanders, and in 1881 with Perera. Voz de Méj., Aug. 30, 1878; Mex., Diario Ofic., Sept. 2, 1878; Costa R., Col. Ley., 1881, 94-8.

[XXVIII-33] Mestizo is the offspring of white and Indian; mulatto of white and black; quadroon of white and mulatto; octoroon of white and quadroon; zambo is an offspring of Indian and negro, more extended intermixtures are given elsewhere.

[XXVIII-34] For examples, in Nic., Gen. Corral, Walker's victim, Gregorio Juarez and Rosalío Cortez, ministers of state, were mulattoes. Anselmo Rivas, also a minister, resembled an Abyssinian; Fruto Chamorro, the conservative president, showed evidences of many mixtures. Belly, Nic., i. 255.

[XXVIII-35] The whites in their social intercourse maintain a certain exclusion, but in other respects equality prevails. Knowing their numerical inferiority, they have followed the policy of concession. Squier's Travels, i. 268.

[XXVIII-36] According to Trollope, pure Spanish blood is an exception. He thinks there must be a great admixture of Indian blood with it. The gen. color is that of a white man, but of a very swarthy one. W. Ind. and the Sp. Main., 275.

[XXVIII-37] Belly, Nic., ii. 132. Trollope, West Ind., 275-6, speaks disparagingly of Costa Rican women's personal appearance. Another Englishman treats them with more gallantry: 'Blonde hair, gray eyes, and red cheeks are rare in no class; and many a pretty face may be seen on market-day, scarcely darker or more Spanish-looking than a west-country girl's. Boyle's Ride Across a Continent, 225.

[XXVIII-38] Being a compact population, and constantly thrown into the company of one another through family or business relations, a certain fraternity became established, and the practice obtained of calling each other hermano and hermanitico at every meeting. Astaburuaga, Cent. Am., 52-3. Owing to that practice, the Costa Ricans have been nicknamed hermaniticos.

[XXVIII-39] That is to say, they are not given to stealing or barefaced cheating; but at a bargain they will take all the advantage they can; and if a lie will help, their conscience is elastic enough to use it. In this they are neither better nor worse than other nations claiming a high standard of honesty. Their sense of morality, in sex relations, is not what it should be. Divorces and separations are common, and concubinage quite prevalent. The superintendent of the census for 1864 recorded '1,200 separados de hecho, quienes sin equivocarme puedo decir que viven en concubinato, sin contar la frecuencia de este entre solteros y solteras.' Costa R., Censo, 1864, xxv.

[XXVIII-40] They dislike wasting their resources in wars or war material, preferring the arts of peace, and to welcome those bringing them wealth from other countries. Laferrière, De Paris à Guatémala, 45-6, 57.

[XXVIII-41] A large number of houses in Cent. Am. are made with tapial, which is common earth put moist into boxes of the dimensions of the walls, and beaten with mallets. Another sort of building is made by driving a number of poles into the ground at a yard or two from each other, to which long canes are tied, the space between the canes being filled up with mud, or with mud and stones. When dry, the outside is plastered over with mortar. The houses are protected by projecting roofs. There are likewise many houses built with thick adobe walls, covered with concave tiles.

[XXVIII-42] Dirty and slovenly. Trollope's W. Ind., 260, 268. The only articles of furniture in them are a hammock, a table, a bedstead without mattress, and two or three of the commonest wooden chairs.

[XXVIII-43] Belly, Nic., i. 367-8.

[XXVIII-44] Hence the constant use of emetics, castor oil, soda purgante or refrescante, rhubarb, quinine, sarsaparilla, and florida water, which are looked upon as universal panaceas. Laferrière, De Paris à Guatém., 57. The large revenue derived by the government from the monopoly of the sale of spirituous liquors shows how great must be the consumption. Boyle's Ride Across a Continent, ii. 225.

[XXVIII-45] The Indians are never found in the cities. Laferrière, De Paris à Guatém., 42-4.

[XXVIII-46] Belly speaks of the great variety and abundance of commodities exhibited in the market on such days. Cacao nibs were used as small change. The sales of one Saturday that he visited the market exceeded $100,000. Nic., i. 392.

[XXVIII-47] Some of these rebozos are of silk, made in San Salvador, and sold in Costa Rica at $18 or $20 apiece.

[XXVIII-48] All classes seem to be given to the vice. At the club a minister of state or some other high functionary presides over the faro-bank. Boyle's Ride, 226.

[XXVIII-49] There is a good deal of heresy and infidelity exhibited by the higher class; but the poor people are very devout.