2. See Jacobi, “Das Ramayana,” Bonn, 1893.
3. Geiger, “Dipavansa und Mahavansa, die beiden Chroniken der Insel Ceylon,” Erlangen, 1901.
4. Legge, “The Shu King,” Oxford, 1879, pp. 67, 69.
5. See p. 404.
6. Rawlinson, “Cuneiform Inscriptions of Babylonia and Assyria,” London, 1850, p. 38.
7. Gen. R. xl. 6. This story also exists somewhat altered in Arabic literature; see Weill’s “Biblical Legends of the Mussulmans,” New York, 1846.
8. Sale, “Preliminary Discourse to the Quran,” London, 1882, Vol. I, pp. 153–159.
9. Lib. XXIII, c. 6.
10. “Plinianæ Exercitationes in Solinum,” 1629, pp. 822–4.
11. “Historia naturalis,” Lib. IX, c. 59.
12. Ibid., Lib. XXXVII, c. 2.
13. Ibid., Lib. IX, c. 53.
14. Ibid., Lib. XXXIII, c. 3. Also Böttiger, “Sabina oder Morgenscenen,” Leipzig, 1803, Vol. I, p. 158.
15. Martial, “Epigrammata,” VIII, 81.
16. Seneca, “De beneficiis,” Lib. VII, c. 9.
17. Pliny, “Historia naturalis,” Lib. IX, c. 35.
18. Equivalent to 1,875,000 ounces of silver, worth about $1,300,000 at the present time, but of far greater value in Roman days.
19. “Divus Julius Cæsar,” c. 50.
20. “Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines,” Paris, 1904, Vol. III, pp. 1595–6.
21. See p. 449.
22. Froehner, “La Collection Tyszkiewicz,” Munich, 1892.
23. See p. 415.
24. Renaudot, “Ancient Accounts of India and China by Two Mohammedan Travelers,” London, 1733, p. 98.
25. “The Book of Ser Marco Polo,” London, 1871, Vol. II, p. 275.
26. Analogous to the uniform European word for this gem, is the extension of the Sanskrit form, mukta, from Persia to the Sulu Islands. In Tamil, the word for pearl is mootthoo; in Hindustani, it is mootie; in Cingalese, mootoo; and in Malay, mutya or mootara. (Ainslie, “Materia Indica,” London, 1826, Vol. I, pp. 292–297.)
27. Gollancz, “Pearl, an English Poem of the Fourteenth Century,” London, 1891.
28. Sachs, “Kaiserchronik,” Vol. IV, p. 261.
29. Staudenraus, “Chronik der Stadt Landshut,” 1832, Vol. I, p. 172.
30. Jones, “History and Mystery of Precious Stones,” London, 1880, p. 135.
31. Humboldt, “Personal Narrative of Travels to the New Continent,” London, 1822, Vol. II, p. 273.
32. See p. 473.
33. Yriarte, “Autour des Borgia,” Paris, 1891, pp. 136, 137.
34. See Yriarte, “Venice,” Paris, 1878, p. 236.
35. Ibid., pp. 252, 253.
36. Guidius, “De Mineralibus,” Frankfort, 1627, p. 74.
37. Ibid., p. 73.
38. Ibid., pp. 75–77.
39. Croker, “Lord Hervey’s Memoirs,” London, 1848, Vol. I, pp. 88, 89.
40. “The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus,” London, 1601, Book IX, ch. 35.
41. “Travels of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela,” Gerrans’s edition, London, 1783, p. 23.
42. “Camden Britannia,” 2d edition, London, 1722, Vol. II, p. 801.
43. Ibid., Vol. II, p. 1003.
44. Richard Eden edition, London, 1577, 10th ch. of 3rd Decade, fol. 148a.
45. Hawkins, “Voyage to the South Sea in 1593,” London, 1847, p. 133.
46. Benzoni, “Novæ Novi Orbis Historiæ,” Geneva, 1578, pp. 161–163.
47. “Philosophical Transactions,” 1674, No. 101, p. 11.
48. Goldsmith, “History of the Earth and Animated Nature,” 1774, Vol. VI, p. 54.
49. Rondelet, “Universæ Aquitilium Historiæ Pars Altera,” Lugduni, 1554.
50. “Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia,” Hanoviæ, 1609.
51. “The Travels of Pedro Teixeira,” Hakluyt Society, p. 180.
52. “Memoires de l’Académie des Sciences,” 1717, pp. 177–194.
53. Grill, in “Abhandlungen der Königlichen Schwed. Akademie der Wissenschaften,” Vol. XXXIV, p. 88, 1772.
54. “Philosophical Transactions,” 1826, Pt. III, pp. 338–341.
55. “Sull’origine delle Perle. II Cimento, revista di Scienze,” Torino, 1852, Vol. I, pp. 429–439.
56. “Memorie della Reale Academia delle Scienze di Torino,” 1855, Vol. XV, pp. 331–358; 1857, Vol. XVI, pp. 419–442, and 1859, Vol. XVIII, pp. 201–232.
57. Müller’s “Archiv für Anatomie,” 1856, pp. 269–281.
58. “Die echten Perlen,” Hamburg, 1858. Dr. Möbius died in Berlin, on April 26, 1908. He was born at Eilenburg, in Saxony, in 1825.
59. “Report on the Natural History of the Pearl Oyster of Ceylon,” Trincomali, 1859.
60. “Journal of the Linnean Society,” Vol. XI, pp. 426–428.
61. “Société de Biologie, Séance du 29 décembre, 1903.”
62. “Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences,” Vol. 133, pp. 603–605, Oct. 14, 1901.
63. “Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society of London,” Vol. I, pp. 140–166.
64. “Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society of London,” 1902, pp. 148–150.
65. “Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences,” Paris, 1903, Vol. CXXXVII, pp. 611–613.
66. Seurat, “Observation sur l’évolution de l’Huitre perlière des Tuamotu et des Gambier,” 1904.
67. “Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar,” London, 1903, Vol. I, p. 11.
68. Hornell, “Report on the Placuna placenta Pearl Fishery of Lake Tampalakamam,” Colombo, 1906.
69. “Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar,” London, 1903, Vol. I, p. 10.
70. Harley, “Proceedings of the Royal Society,” Vol. XLIII, p. 461.
71. “Die Perlenmuscheln,” Leipzig, 1859, pp. 294, 295.
72. Harley, “Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,” Vol. XLV, p. 612.
73. “Historia Naturalis,” Lib. IX, c. 35. This is also referred to by Macrobius in Saturnaliorum conviviorum Lib. II, c. 13.
74. Now in the French crown brooch in the possession of the Princess Youssoupoff of Russia.
75. See p. 465.
76. Taunton, “Australind,” London, 1903, p. 224.
77. “Tavernier’s Travels,” London, 1889, Vol. II, p. 115. See p. 97.
78. See “Report of the Royal Society,” Oct. 13, 1688.
79. Neither is there any special significance in the popular terms “clams,” “mussels,” etc., as applied to the pearl-bearing species of the rivers. The “clams,” or Unios of the Mississippi Valley, resemble neither the long clams (Mya) nor the round clams (Venus) of the Atlantic coast; the mussels of the fresh-water lakes are quite distinct from the edible ones of brackish waters, and the Pinna oyster and the giant clam (Tridacna) have little resemblance to the mollusks with which these terminal names are commonly associated.
80. Jameson, “On the identity and distribution of the mother-of-pearl oysters; with a revision of the subgenus Margaritifera.” Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society of London, Vol. L, 1901, pp. 372–394.
81. Vassel, “Sur la Pintadine du Golfe de Gabes, Comptes Rendus Assoc. Franç.,” 1896, pp. 458–466.
82. See “Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences,” Paris, 1904, Vol. CXXXVIII, pp. 301, 302.
83. See p. 288.
84. Garbe, “Die Indischen Mineralien,” Leipzig, 1882.
85. Gray’s Elegy.
86. In 1905, the Ceylon pearl yield approximated $2,000,000 in value.
87. Including African coast.
88. Including Sharks Bay.
89. Oppert, “L’Ambre jaune chez les Assyriens.”
90. Holland’s edition of 1601, p. 254.
91. Reinaud, “Mémoire sur l’Inde,” Paris. 1849
92. “Travels of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela,” London, 1783.
93. Lee, “Ibn Batuta,” 1829, p. 65.
94. “The Travels of Lodovico di Barthema, 1503 to 1508,” London, 1863, p. 95.
95. “Discours of Voyages into ye Easte and West Indies,” London, 1598, folio, ch. 84.
96. See p. 457, for Tavernier’s description of this gem.
97. Tavernier, “Travels in India,” London, 1889, Vol. II, p. 108.
98. Wellsted, “Travels in Arabia,” London, 1838, Vol. I, ch. 17, pp. 264, 265.
99. In report to the Government of Bombay, dated December 15, 1865.
100. Schlagintweit, “Nachrichtsblatt der deutschen Gesellschaft,” Frankfurt-am-Main, 1883, pp. 153–156.
101. Malcolm, “Sketches of Persia,” London, 1827, p. 27.
102. “Personal Narrative of Journey through Arabia,” London, 1865, p. 100.
103. Lord Curzon reports 4500 boats, and some other authorities state 5000, but this probably includes a number of tenders.
104. For this and some other data on the pearling fleet of Bahrein we are indebted to the kindness of Dr. S. M. Zwemer, who has spent many years at the Bahrein Islands as a missionary.
105. “Reports by the Superintendent of the Fishery and the Inspector of the Pearl Banks,” Colombo, 1887.
106. Wellsted, “Travels in Arabia,” London, 1838, Vol. I, p. 266.
107. “Histoire de l’Isle de Ceylon,” Amsterdam, 1701, ch. 22, p. 169.
108. “An Account of the Island of Ceylon,” London, 1803, ch. 3, p. 91.
109. “Asiatic Researches,” London, 1798, Vol. V, p. 402.
110. Chardin, “Voyages en Perse,” Paris, 1811, Vol. III, p. 363.
111. Sprat, “History of the Royal Society,” London, 1667, p. 169.
112. Philosophical Transactions for 1669, No. 43, p. 863.
113. Diemerbroeck, “Anatome Corporis Humani,” Ultrajecti, 1672.
114. Sixth American Edition, New York, 1835, Vol. I, p. 239.
115. Reinaud, “Fragments Arabes,” Paris, 1845, p. 126. Lee, “Ibn Batuta,” London, 1829, p. 65.
116. A Christian physician who lived in the time of the Khalif Wathek Billa, about 842 A.D.
117. “Specimen Arabicum,” Traiecti ad Rhenum, 1784, p. 64.
118. Ibid., p. 65.
119. Writers describing the early pearl fisheries on the American coast, and especially at Cubagua on the present coast of Venezuela, also reported very lengthy stays. In 1526, Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdés wrote: “The thing that causeth men most to marvel is to consider how many of them can remain at the bottom for the space of one whole hour, and some more or less, according to expertness.” (“Natural Historia de las Indias,” Toledo, 1526.) About 1588, the Jesuit priest José de Acosta wrote: “I did see them make their fishing, the which is done with great charge and labor of the poor slaves, which dive 6, 7, yea 12 fathoms into the sea...; but yet the labor and toil is greatest in holding their breath, sometimes a quarter, yea, half an hour together under water.” (Acosta, “Natural and Moral History of the Indies,” Hakluyt Society, 1880, p. 227.)
120. Tavernier, “Travels in India,” Ball edition, Vol. II, pp. 114, 115.
121. London, 1812, p. 55.
122. See infra., p. 125.
123. “The Book of Ser Marco Polo,” London, 1871, Vol. II, pp. 267, 268.
124. Jordanus, “Mirabilia Descripta,” Hakluyt Society, 1863, p. 28.
125. “The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies,” Hakluyt Society, 1884, Vol. II, pp. 133–135.
126. “Hakluyt’s Voyages,” Vol. V, Glasgow, 1904, pp. 395–397. Benjamin Franklin states that the Mediterranean divers, finding the light below obscured by the surface waves, used to let a little oil out of their mouths at intervals, which, rising to the surface, smoothed the waters. This might be a suggestion to modern marine and fresh-water pearl fishers.
127. “The Travels of Pedro Teixeira,” Hakluyt Society, 1902, pp. 174–181.
128. “Asiatic Researches,” London, 1798, pp. 393, et seq.
129. “The Island of Ceylon,” 1803, ch. 3.
130. “Description of Ceylon,” 1807, Vol. II, pp. 36–78.
131. In 1881, the number of days was the same—47, the season extending from March 4 to April 27. In 1891 there were 40 working days, in 1904 there were 33, in 1903 there were 36, and in 1906 there were 36 days of actual fishing.
132. See Reinaud’s “Fragments Arabes,” Paris, 1845, p. 125.
133. “Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar,” 5 vols., London, 1903–1906.
134. Tavernier, “Travels in India,” Vol. II, ch. 21.
136. The report of the Chief of Police at the 1905 fishery states: “In the camp there were 40,000 to 50,000 persons, of whom it may be said that not less than a tenth were gamblers, vagrants, and rogues, who, without occupation in their own country, made their way to Marichchukkadi with the hope of making money to gamble in oysters.” (“Reports on the Pearl Fisheries for 1905,” Colombo, p. 17.)
137. In 1906 there were 473 boats employed; in 1905, 318; in 1857, 1858, 1859, and 1863, over 400 boats reported for employment.
138. Some years ago, notably in the early sixties, each and every boat was required to have ten divers, thus making a total of 23 persons in each boat. (See Vane’s “Report on Ceylon Pearl Fisheries,” 1863.)
139. Supra., p. 100.
140. Hornell, “Reports on the Pearl Fisheries of 1904,” Colombo, p. 31.
141. “Reports on the Pearl Fishery for 1904,” p. 7.
142. “Reports on the Pearl Fishery for 1905,” p. 23.
143. Ibid., p. 22.
144. “The Book of Ser Marco Polo,” London, 1871, Vol. II, p. 267.
145. Cordiner, “Description of Ceylon,” Vol. II, p. 52.
146. “Reports on the Pearl Fisheries of 1904,” p. 17.
147. Ibid., p. 17.
148. Ibid., p. 34.
149. “Royal Asiatic Society Proceedings,” 1887–1888, p. 100.
150. “Reports on the Pearl Fisheries of 1905,” p. 40.
151. Ibid., p. 24.
152. “Reports on the Pearl Fishery for 1904,” Colombo, p. 6.
153. “Colonial Sessional Papers,” 1904, Colombo, p. 653.
154. “Colonial Sessional Papers,” 1906, Colombo, p. 330.
155. “Reports on the Pearl Fisheries for 1905,” Colombo, p. 25.
156. Ordinance No. 8 of 1906.
157. “Ceylon Sessional Papers,” 1906, p. 328.
158. Ibid., pp. 333, 335.
159. “Ceylon Sessional Papers,” 1906, p. 650.
160. The Government Commission has interdicted the fishing for this year (1908), as experts have reported the pearl-oysters were not plentiful enough and were also immature, being only five years old. The next fishery will be in 1909.
161. Kelaart, “Report on the Tablegram Pearl-Oysters,” Trincomali, 1857, 6 pp.
162. Hornell, “Report on the Placuna placenta Pearl Fishery of Lake Tampalakamam,” Colombo, 1906.
163. Jardine, “Report Relating to the Mergui Pearl Fisheries,” Rangoon, 1894, p. 6.
164. Nisbet, “Burma Under British Rule and Before,” Westminster, 1901, Vol. I, p. 362.
165. Nisbet, “Burma Under British Rule and Before,” Vol. I, p. 363.
166. See Proverbs xxxi, 1.
167. Hesse, “Der Zoologische Garten,” Dec. 1, 1898.
168. Wellsted, “Travels in Arabia,” London, 1838, Vol. II, p. 238.
169. Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 268, 269.
170. “Bolletino della Società d’esplorazione commerciale in Africa,” Milan, June, 1898.
171. Von Hessling, “Die Perlenmuscheln,” Leipzig, 1859, p. 6.
172. See p. 288 for an account of the methods.
173. Statist. “Beschreibung des chines. Reiches,” 1842, Vol. II, p. 11.
174. Ranft, “Vollständige Beschreibung des russischen Reiches,” Leipzig, 1767, p. 415.
175. Witsen, “Nord en Oost Tartarye,” 1705. p. 762.
176. Tavernier, “Travels in India,” Ball edition, London, 1889, Vol. II, pp. 113, 114.