London Labour and the London Poor (Vol. 4 of 4), by Henry Mayhew

COUNTIES.	Average Annual Number of Criminals from 1839-1848.	Number of Criminals who could neither read nor write.
COUNTIES.	Average Annual Number of Criminals from 1839-1848.	1839.	1840.	1841.	1842.	1843.	1844.
Bedford	181	39	72	90	110	80	81
Berks	313	103	121	97	113	48	75
Bucks	285	89	107	87	112	113	91
Cambridge	249	79	65	90	78	80	77
Chester	904	285	370	334	333	336	259
Cornwall	294	81	95	82	80	82	65
Cumberland	130	39	30	26	45	37	41
Derby	263	74	48	66	92	77	61
Devon	755	143	154	146	144	204	235
Dorset	258	84	107	96	75	95	73
Durham	260	70	33	56	88	96	138
Essex	638	213	297	302	295	290	219
Gloucester	1067	326	322	370	414	330	211
Hereford	229	102	120	121	107	107	83
Hertford	288	147	133	146	119	98	111
Hunts	77	20	33	21	22	26	27
Kent	942	348	251	353	371	330	301
Lancaster	3462	1143	1391	1556	1947	1423	992
Leicester	419	141	159	135	141	137	135
Lincoln	458	117	119	99	133	131	134
Middlesex	4230	927	882	980	800	1033	933
Monmouth	272	83	94	112	73	79	67
Norfolk	727	285	266	258	308	284	290
Northampton	291	96	92	118	111	92	90
Northumberland	214	24	57	45	58	75	96
Nottingham	333	104	108	91	102	112	115
Oxford	308	113	134	106	99	117	84
Rutland	29	4	—	1	11	13	8
Salop	367	136	176	182	173	215	164
Somerset	935	281	410	352	363	333	360
Southampton	664	215	207	188	186	159	126
Stafford	1017	233	271	324	465	313	304
Suffolk	511	187	201	184	188	195	198
Surrey	1026	315	320	274	300	223	233
Sussex	498	173	173	176	191	143	111
Warwick	959	293	396	403	363	392	267
Westmorland	41	8	6	5	5	6	3
Wilts	462	132	145	146	127	116	100
Worcester	594	169	275	244	250	242	204
York	1878	553	572	531	776	621	444
North Wales	274	84	110	92	122	116	107
South Wales	435	108	136	135	138	174	188
Total for England and Wales	27,542	196	9058	9220	10,128	9173	7901

				Total for 10 years.	Average Number per Year.	No. of Criminals who can neither read nor write in every 100.	Per Cent. above and below the Average. † denotes above. * „ below.
1845.	1846.	1847.	1848.	Total for 10 years.	Average Number per Year.
64	66	64	79	745	74	40·8	†28·3
79	88	100	127	951	95	30·3	* 4·7
95	89	105	82	970	97	34·0	† 6·9
69	78	75	81	772	77	30·9	* 2·5
230	296	336	371	3,150	315	34·8	† 9·4
90	89	125	86	875	87	29·6	* 6·9
21	46	32	37	354	35	26·9	*15·4
53	63	41	64	642	64	24·3	*23·5
211	248	307	295	2,087	209	27·7	*12·9
83	64	93	84	864	86	33·3	† 4·7
66	78	97	120	842	84	32·3	† 1·5
188	242	254	224	2,524	252	39·5	†24·2
210	235	293	276	2,987	299	28·0	*11·9
96	64	112	115	1,027	103	45·0	†41·5
90	82	121	148	1,195	119	41·3	†29·8
32	14	21	36	252	25	32·4	† 1·9
301	267	305	368	3,195	319	33·8	† 6·3
1023	1097	1283	1389	13,444	1344	38·8	†22·0
87	96	66	82	1,179	118	28·1	*11·6
112	125	136	137	1,243	124	27·1	*14·8
1230	1177	1280	1322	10,564	1056	24·9	*21·7
34	45	81	95	763	76	27·9	*12·2
254	271	293	247	2,756	276	37·9	†19·1
107	86	56	93	941	94	32·3	† 1·5
44	45	49	57	550	55	25·7	*19·1
79	88	95	106	1,000	100	30·0	* 5·6
93	64	90	73	973	97	31·5	* ·9
12	8	15	17	89	9	31·0	* 2·5
104	89	112	119	1,470	147	40·0	†25·8
298	224	266	313	3,200	320	34·1	† 7·2
153	193	213	194	1,834	183	27·5	*13·5
212	263	354	387	3,126	313	30·7	* 3·4
113	159	159	179	1,763	176	34·4	† 8·1
223	218	348	340	2,824	282	27·4	*13·8
97	151	136	168	1,519	152	30·5	* 4·0
237	234	324	440	3,349	335	34·9	† 9·7
11	20	5	9	78	8	19·5	*38·6
85	101	118	104	1,174	117	25·3	*20·4
210	195	229	232	2,250	225	34·5	† 8·5
378	453	528	619	5,475	547	29·1	* 8·5
81	79	126	136	1,053	105	38·3	†20·4
183	108	187	240	1,593	159	36·5	†14·7
7438	7698	9050	9691	87,553	8755	31·8

COUNTIES.	Average Annual Number of Criminals from 1839-1848.	Number of Criminals who could neither read nor write.										Total for 10 years.	Average Number per Year.	No. of Criminals who can neither read nor write in every 100.	Per Cent. above and below the Average. † denotes above. * „ below.
COUNTIES.	Average Annual Number of Criminals from 1839-1848.	1839.	1840.	1841.	1842.	1843.	1844.	1845.	1846.	1847.	1848.	Total for 10 years.	Average Number per Year.
Bedford	181	39	72	90	110	80	81	64	66	64	79	745	74	40·8	†28·3
Berks	313	103	121	97	113	48	75	79	88	100	127	951	95	30·3	* 4·7
Bucks	285	89	107	87	112	113	91	95	89	105	82	970	97	34·0	† 6·9
Cambridge	249	79	65	90	78	80	77	69	78	75	81	772	77	30·9	* 2·5
Chester	904	285	370	334	333	336	259	230	296	336	371	3,150	315	34·8	† 9·4
Cornwall	294	81	95	82	80	82	65	90	89	125	86	875	87	29·6	* 6·9
Cumberland	130	39	30	26	45	37	41	21	46	32	37	354	35	26·9	*15·4
Derby	263	74	48	66	92	77	61	53	63	41	64	642	64	24·3	*23·5
Devon	755	143	154	146	144	204	235	211	248	307	295	2,087	209	27·7	*12·9
Dorset	258	84	107	96	75	95	73	83	64	93	84	864	86	33·3	† 4·7
Durham	260	70	33	56	88	96	138	66	78	97	120	842	84	32·3	† 1·5
Essex	638	213	297	302	295	290	219	188	242	254	224	2,524	252	39·5	†24·2
Gloucester	1067	326	322	370	414	330	211	210	235	293	276	2,987	299	28·0	*11·9
Hereford	229	102	120	121	107	107	83	96	64	112	115	1,027	103	45·0	†41·5
Hertford	288	147	133	146	119	98	111	90	82	121	148	1,195	119	41·3	†29·8
Hunts	77	20	33	21	22	26	27	32	14	21	36	252	25	32·4	† 1·9
Kent	942	348	251	353	371	330	301	301	267	305	368	3,195	319	33·8	† 6·3
Lancaster	3462	1143	1391	1556	1947	1423	992	1023	1097	1283	1389	13,444	1344	38·8	†22·0
Leicester	419	141	159	135	141	137	135	87	96	66	82	1,179	118	28·1	*11·6
Lincoln	458	117	119	99	133	131	134	112	125	136	137	1,243	124	27·1	*14·8
Middlesex	4230	927	882	980	800	1033	933	1230	1177	1280	1322	10,564	1056	24·9	*21·7
Monmouth	272	83	94	112	73	79	67	34	45	81	95	763	76	27·9	*12·2
Norfolk	727	285	266	258	308	284	290	254	271	293	247	2,756	276	37·9	†19·1
Northampton	291	96	92	118	111	92	90	107	86	56	93	941	94	32·3	† 1·5
Northumberland	214	24	57	45	58	75	96	44	45	49	57	550	55	25·7	*19·1
Nottingham	333	104	108	91	102	112	115	79	88	95	106	1,000	100	30·0	* 5·6
Oxford	308	113	134	106	99	117	84	93	64	90	73	973	97	31·5	* ·9
Rutland	29	4	—	1	11	13	8	12	8	15	17	89	9	31·0	* 2·5
Salop	367	136	176	182	173	215	164	104	89	112	119	1,470	147	40·0	†25·8
Somerset	935	281	410	352	363	333	360	298	224	266	313	3,200	320	34·1	† 7·2
Southampton	664	215	207	188	186	159	126	153	193	213	194	1,834	183	27·5	*13·5
Stafford	1017	233	271	324	465	313	304	212	263	354	387	3,126	313	30·7	* 3·4
Suffolk	511	187	201	184	188	195	198	113	159	159	179	1,763	176	34·4	† 8·1
Surrey	1026	315	320	274	300	223	233	223	218	348	340	2,824	282	27·4	*13·8
Sussex	498	173	173	176	191	143	111	97	151	136	168	1,519	152	30·5	* 4·0
Warwick	959	293	396	403	363	392	267	237	234	324	440	3,349	335	34·9	† 9·7
Westmorland	41	8	6	5	5	6	3	11	20	5	9	78	8	19·5	*38·6
Wilts	462	132	145	146	127	116	100	85	101	118	104	1,174	117	25·3	*20·4
Worcester	594	169	275	244	250	242	204	210	195	229	232	2,250	225	34·5	† 8·5
York	1878	553	572	531	776	621	444	378	453	528	619	5,475	547	29·1	* 8·5
North Wales	274	84	110	92	122	116	107	81	79	126	136	1,053	105	38·3	†20·4
South Wales	435	108	136	135	138	174	188	183	108	187	240	1,593	159	36·5	†14·7
Total for England and Wales	27,542	8196	9058	9220	10,128	9173	7901	7438	7698	9050	9691	87,553	8755	31·8

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THE IGNORANCE AMONGST THEIR CRIMINALS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF PERSONS WHO COULD NEITHER READ NOR WRITE IN EVERY 100 CRIMINALS.

Counties above the Average.

Counties below the Average.

THE COUNTIES ARRANGED CRIMINALLY AND TOPOGRAPHICALLY (to show the local association of crime).

Division I.—Northern, Welsh, and Cornish Counties.

	No. of Criminals in 10,000.
Cumberland	7·1
Durham	7·8
Westmorland	8·1
Northumberland	8·2
North Wales	7·2
South Wales	8·4
Cornwall	8·0

Division II.—York and N. Midland Counties.

Division III.—S. Midland & Eastern Counties.

Division IV.—South Eastern and South Western.

Division V.—Western and North Western.

Division VI.—Metropolitan.

TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE CRIMINALITY AND IGNORANCE OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE OCCUPATION OF THEIR INHABITANTS.

	No. of Criminals in every 10,000 of Pop.	No. of Persons who signed with Marks in every 100 married.
Agricultural Counties.
Lincoln	12	39
Rutland	13	49
Huntingdon	14	49
Cambridge	14	45
Essex	19	50
Sussex	15	34
Hereford	23	41
Agricultural and Sub-Manufacturing Counties.
Westmorland	8	27
Norfolk	17	46
Suffolk	15	48
Hertford	17	54
Bedford	15	56
Buckingham	20	49
Northampton	14	43
Oxford	17	39
Berks	12	42
Hants	17	34
Wilts	18	48
Dorset	14	36
Somerset	19	41
Sub-Agricul. and Sub-Manufact. County.
Gloucester	26	35
Manufacturing Counties.
Lancaster	18	52
Yorkshire	11	44
Chester	22	46
Nottingham	11	42
Leicester	17	41
Warwick	21	38
Worcester	25	52
Mining Counties.
Durham	7	36
Cornwall	8	45
Manufacturing and Sub-Mining Counties.
Derby	10	39
Stafford	17	52
Agricultural and Sub-Mining Counties.
Salop	14	48
North Wales	7	55
South Wales	8	57
Sub-Agricultural and Sub-Mining Counties.
Northumberland	8	28
Cumberland	7	25
Monmouth	18	59
Metropolitan County.
Middlesex	24	18
Sub-Metropolitan Counties.
Surrey	16	21
Kent	16	32

For definition of Agricultural, Manufacturing, and Mining Counties, see Table of Density of Population, No. 37.

EDUCATION OF CRIMINALS (ENGLAND AND WALES).

TABLE SHOWING THE DEGREES OF INSTRUCTION OF PERSONS OF ALL AGES COMMITTED TO PRISON FROM 1839 TO 1848.

TABLE SHOWING THE CENTESIMAL DEGREES OF INSTRUCTION OF PERSONS OF ALL AGES COMMITTED TO PRISON FROM 1839 TO 1848.

Years.	Unable to read or write.	Able to read and write imperfectly.	Able to read and write well.	Superior Instruction.	Instruction could not be ascertained.	Total.
1839	8,196	13,071	2462	78	636	24,443
1840	9,058	15,109	2253	101	666	27,187
1841	9,220	15,732	2053	26	629	27,760
1842	10,128	18,260	2121	69	731	31,309
1843	9,173	17,045	2371	140	862	29,591
1844	7,901	15,735	2165	111	639	26,542
1845	7,438	14,179	2037	89	560	24,303
1846	7,698	14,942	1936	85	446	25,107
1847	9,050	16,980	2245	82	476	28,833
1848	9,691	17,111	2984	81	482	30,349

Years.	Unable to read or write.	Able to read and write imperfectly.	Able to read and write well.	Superior Instruction.	Instruction could not be ascertained.
1839	33·53	53·48	10·07	0·32	2·60
1840	33·32	55·57	8·29	0·37	2·45
1841	33·21	56·67	7·40	0·45	2·27
1842	32·35	58·32	6·77	0·22	2·34
1843	31·00	57·60	8·02	0·47	2·91
1844	29·77	59·28	8·42	0·42	2·41
1845	30·61	58·34	8·38	0·37	2·30
1846	30·66	59·51	7·71	0·34	1·78
1847	31·39	58·89	7·79	0·28	1·65
1848	31·93	56·38	9·83	0·27	1·59

⁂ “The instruction of the offenders,” say the Criminal Returns of 1848, “has been without much variation, exhibiting, on a comparison of the last ten years, a decreased proportion of those entirely uninstructed;” and it may be added a corresponding increase of those who are able to read and write imperfectly.

THE STATE OF EDUCATION AND DENSITY OF THE POPULATION IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES COMPARED.

Counties having great Ignorance and great density of Population.	Percentage above and below the Average.		Counties having little Ignorance and great density of Population.	Percentage above and below the Average.
	In No. signing register with Marks.	In No. of Persons to 100 Acres.		In No. signing register with Marks.	In No. of Persons to 100 Acres.
Monmouth	†47	† 9	Middlesex	*55	†2030
Lancaster	†30	†270	Surrey	*47	† 189
Stafford	†30	† 72	Kent	*20	† 28
Worcester	†30	† 13	Gloucester	*12	† 6
Chester	†15	† 31	Durham	*10	† 21
Nottingham	†5	† 12	Warwick	* 5	† 70
Counties having little Ignorance and little density of Population.			Counties having great Ignorance and little density of Population.
Cumberland	*37	*59	South Wales	†42	*55
Westmorland	*32	*75	Bedford	†40	*12
Northumb	*30	*48	North Wales	†37	*60
Devon	*20	*30	Hertford	†35	*12
Sussex	*15	*25	Essex	†25	*29
Southampton	*15	*20	Bucks	†22	*37
Dorset	*10	*43	Hunts	†22	*49
Oxford	* 2	*26	Rutland	†22	*49
Lincoln	* 2	*51	Salop	†20	*42
Derby	* 2	*20	Suffolk	†20	*26
			Wilts	†20	*44
			Norfolk	†15	*32
			Cambridge	†12	*28
			Cornwall	†12	*16
			York	†10	* 2
			Northampton	† 7	*33
			Berks	† 5	*15
			Hereford	† 2	*63
			Leicester	† 2	* 7
			Somerset	† 2	*10

⁂ The rule appears to be, that those counties are the most ignorant in which the population is the least dense.

THE CRIME AND DENSITY OF THE POPULATION OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES COMPARED.

Counties having great Crime and great density of Population.	Percentage above and below the Average.		Counties having great Crime and little density of Population.	Percentage above and below the Average.
	In Number of Criminals.	In No. of Persons to 100 Acres.		In Number of Criminals.	In No. of Persons to 100 Acres.
Gloucester	†59·1	† 6·4	Hereford	†45·1	*63·4
Worcester	†52·4	† 13·3	Bucks	†24·4	*37·0
Middlesex	†49·4	†2030·8	Somerset	†21·3	*10·9
Chester	†37·8	† 31·2	Essex	†16·4	*29·6
Warwick	†31·7	† 70·0	Wilts	†15·2	*44·1
Lancaster	†12·8	† 270·6	Oxford	† 8·5	*26·8
Monmouth	† 9·7	† 9·9	Southampton	† 7·9	*20·7
Stafford	† 9·1	† 72·2	Hertford	† 6·7	*12·5
			Leicester	† 4·2	* 7·4
			Norfolk	† 4·2	*32·6
Counties having little Crime and little density of Population.			Counties having little Crime and great density of Population.
Cumberland	*56·7	*59·6	Durham	*51·8	† 21·9
North Wales	*56·1	*60.4	Nottingham	*28·0	† 12·7
Cornwall	*51·2	*16·3	Surrey	* ·6	†189·7
Westmorland	*50·6	*75·9	Kent		† 28·0
Northumb	*50·0	*48·1
South Wales	*48·7	*55·1
Derby	*36·0	*20·9
York	*30·5	* 2·0
Lincoln	*22·0	*51·7
Berks	*21·4	*15·5
Hunts	*14·0	*49·9
Devon	*14·0	*30·0
Rutland	*15·2	*49·9
Northampton	*13·4	*33·4
Cambridge	*10·3	*28·2
Dorset	*10·0	*43·1
Salop	* 9·1	*42·9
Bedford	* 7·3	*12·3
Sussex	* 6·7	*25·0
Suffolk	* 4·2	*26·6

⁂ The rule appears to be, that those counties are the least criminal in which the population is the least dense.

N.B. The † prefixed to a number denotes that it is above, the * that it is below the average by the percentage which it expresses.

A TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS IN ENGLAND AND WALES IN THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.

⁂ The average is calculated for as long a series of years as the returns of the Registrar General will permit.

COUNTIES.	Total Number of Birth for 1845-48.	Average per Year.	Number of Illegitimate Births
COUNTIES.	Total Number of Birth for 1845-48.	Average per Year.	1845.	1846.	1847.	1848.
Bedford	17,384	4,346	355	349	302	338
Berks	23,195	5,799	463	472	438	470
Bucks	17,984	4,496	328	329	296	306
Cambridge	25,546	6,386	441	407	442	404
Chester	51,396	12,599	1188	1190	1064	1072
Cornwall	45,017	11,254	576	537	515	508
Cumberland	23,541	5,885	647	641	629	638
Derby	32,295	8,074	672	670	674	610
Devon	64,802	16,200	789	889	758	837
Dorset	20,529	5,132	364	331	309	366
Durham	54,916	13,729	804	821	812	859
Essex	41,356	10,339	588	673	590	634
Gloucester	49,444	12,361	811	855	720	767
Hereford	10,984	2,746	273	305	254	263
Hertford	21,590	5,397	402	414	368	367
Hunts	8,179	2,045	116	100	80	98
Kent	73,836	18,459	1015	1008	976	995
Lancaster	293,023	73,256	5929	5897	5477	5384
Leicester	29,512	7,378	640	624	531	536
Lincoln	49,546	12,386	843	845	773	821
Middlesex	217,523	54,381	2048	2254	2201	2298
Monmouth	21,995	5,499	247	266	253	309
Norfolk	52,387	13,097	1424	1440	1295	1336
Northampton	27,674	6,918	440	420	395	411
Northumberland	37,523	9,381	668	678	715	679
Nottingham	35,244	8,811	895	827	775	736
Oxford	20,886	5,221	368	468	386	361
Rutland	2,825	706	52	34	30	45
Salop	25,899	6,475	676	658	593	632
Somerset	53,509	13,377	903	860	796	830
Southampton	46,726	11,681	704	711	688	709
Stafford	77,972	19,493	1240	1283	1409	1433
Suffolk	42,055	10,514	937	950	849	846
Surrey	81,968	20,492	855	911	930	915
Sussex	38,454	9,613	657	669	695	626
Warwick	58,938	14,734	779	835	830	879
Westmorland	7,073	1,793	179	147	149	149
Wilts	29,008	7,252	521	549	485	469
Worcester	40,561	10,140	768	885	512	553
York	231,444	57,861	4266	4317	4030	4106
North Wales	43,268	10,817	872	854	830	832
South Wales	72,188	18,047	1407	1256	1271	1300
Total for England and Wales	2,219,170	554,792	38,241	38,259	36,125	36,747

Total for 4 Years.	Average per Year.	Proportion to all Births, 1 in every	Number of Illegitimate in every 1000 Births.	Per Cent. above and below the Average. † denotes above * „ below
1,344	336	12·9	77	†14·9
1,843	461	12·5	79	†17·9
1,259	315	14·2	70	†4·4
1,694	423	15·0	66	*1·5
4,514	1128	11·3	89	†32·8
2,136	534	21·0	47	*29·8
2,555	639	9·2	108	†61·2
2,626	656	12·2	81	†20·9
3,273	818	19·7	50	*25·3
1,370	342	14·9	66	*1·5
3,296	824	16·3	60	*10·4
2,485	621	16·6	60	*10·4
3,153	788	15·6	64	*4·5
1,095	274	10·0	100	†49·2
1,551	388	13·9	72	†7·4
394	98	20·7	48	*28·3
3,994	998	14·8	54	*19·4
22,687	5672	12·9	77	†14·9
2,331	583	12·6	79	†17·9
3,282	820	15·0	66	*1·5
8,801	2200	24·7	40	*40·3
1,075	269	20·4	49	*26·8
5,495	1374	9·5	105	†56·7
1,666	416	16·6	60	*10·4
2,740	685	13·6	73	†8·9
3,233	808	10·9	91	†35·8
1,583	396	13·1	76	†13·4
161	40	17·5	56	*16·4
2,559	640	10·1	99	†47·7
3,389	847	15·7	63	*6·0
2,812	703	16·6	60	*10·4
5,365	1341	14·5	69	†3·0
3,582	895	11·7	85	†26·8
3,611	903	22·6	44	*34·3
2,647	662	14·5	68	†1·5
3,323	831	17·7	56	*16·4
624	156	11·3	87	†29·8
2,024	506	14·3	69	†3·0
2,718	679	14·9	66	*1·5
16,619	4155	13·9	71	†6·0
3,388	847	12·7	78	†16·4
5,234	1308	13·7	72	†7·4
149,642	37,410	14·8	67

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THE IGNORANCE AMONGST THEIR CRIMINALS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF PERSONS WHO COULD NEITHER READ NOR WRITE IN EVERY 100 CRIMINALS.

Counties above the Average.

Counties below the Average.

THE COUNTIES ARRANGED CRIMINALLY AND TOPOGRAPHICALLY (to show the local association of crime).

Division I.—Northern, Welsh, and Cornish Counties.

Division II.—York and N. Midland Counties.

Division III.—S. Midland & Eastern Counties.

Division IV.—South Eastern and South Western.

Division V.—Western and North Western.

Division VI.—Metropolitan.