London Labour and the London Poor (Vol. 4 of 4), by Henry Mayhew

COUNTIES.	Total Number of Birth for 1845-48.	Average per Year.	Number of Illegitimate Births				Total for 4 Years.	Average per Year.	Proportion to all Births, 1 in every	Number of Illegitimate in every 1000 Births.	Per Cent. above and below the Average. † denotes above * „ below
COUNTIES.	Total Number of Birth for 1845-48.	Average per Year.	1845.	1846.	1847.	1848.	Total for 4 Years.	Average per Year.	Proportion to all Births, 1 in every	Number of Illegitimate in every 1000 Births.
Bedford	17,384	4,346	355	349	302	338	1,344	336	12·9	77	†14·9
Berks	23,195	5,799	463	472	438	470	1,843	461	12·5	79	†17·9
Bucks	17,984	4,496	328	329	296	306	1,259	315	14·2	70	†4·4
Cambridge	25,546	6,386	441	407	442	404	1,694	423	15·0	66	*1·5
Chester	51,396	12,599	1188	1190	1064	1072	4,514	1128	11·3	89	†32·8
Cornwall	45,017	11,254	576	537	515	508	2,136	534	21·0	47	*29·8
Cumberland	23,541	5,885	647	641	629	638	2,555	639	9·2	108	†61·2
Derby	32,295	8,074	672	670	674	610	2,626	656	12·2	81	†20·9
Devon	64,802	16,200	789	889	758	837	3,273	818	19·7	50	*25·3
Dorset	20,529	5,132	364	331	309	366	1,370	342	14·9	66	*1·5
Durham	54,916	13,729	804	821	812	859	3,296	824	16·3	60	*10·4
Essex	41,356	10,339	588	673	590	634	2,485	621	16·6	60	*10·4
Gloucester	49,444	12,361	811	855	720	767	3,153	788	15·6	64	*4·5
Hereford	10,984	2,746	273	305	254	263	1,095	274	10·0	100	†49·2
Hertford	21,590	5,397	402	414	368	367	1,551	388	13·9	72	†7·4
Hunts	8,179	2,045	116	100	80	98	394	98	20·7	48	*28·3
Kent	73,836	18,459	1015	1008	976	995	3,994	998	14·8	54	*19·4
Lancaster	293,023	73,256	5929	5897	5477	5384	22,687	5672	12·9	77	†14·9
Leicester	29,512	7,378	640	624	531	536	2,331	583	12·6	79	†17·9
Lincoln	49,546	12,386	843	845	773	821	3,282	820	15·0	66	*1·5
Middlesex	217,523	54,381	2048	2254	2201	2298	8,801	2200	24·7	40	*40·3
Monmouth	21,995	5,499	247	266	253	309	1,075	269	20·4	49	*26·8
Norfolk	52,387	13,097	1424	1440	1295	1336	5,495	1374	9·5	105	†56·7
Northampton	27,674	6,918	440	420	395	411	1,666	416	16·6	60	*10·4
Northumberland	37,523	9,381	668	678	715	679	2,740	685	13·6	73	†8·9
Nottingham	35,244	8,811	895	827	775	736	3,233	808	10·9	91	†35·8
Oxford	20,886	5,221	368	468	386	361	1,583	396	13·1	76	†13·4
Rutland	2,825	706	52	34	30	45	161	40	17·5	56	*16·4
Salop	25,899	6,475	676	658	593	632	2,559	640	10·1	99	†47·7
Somerset	53,509	13,377	903	860	796	830	3,389	847	15·7	63	*6·0
Southampton	46,726	11,681	704	711	688	709	2,812	703	16·6	60	*10·4
Stafford	77,972	19,493	1240	1283	1409	1433	5,365	1341	14·5	69	†3·0
Suffolk	42,055	10,514	937	950	849	846	3,582	895	11·7	85	†26·8
Surrey	81,968	20,492	855	911	930	915	3,611	903	22·6	44	*34·3
Sussex	38,454	9,613	657	669	695	626	2,647	662	14·5	68	†1·5
Warwick	58,938	14,734	779	835	830	879	3,323	831	17·7	56	*16·4
Westmorland	7,073	1,793	179	147	149	149	624	156	11·3	87	†29·8
Wilts	29,008	7,252	521	549	485	469	2,024	506	14·3	69	†3·0
Worcester	40,561	10,140	768	885	512	553	2,718	679	14·9	66	*1·5
York	231,444	57,861	4266	4317	4030	4106	16,619	4155	13·9	71	†6·0
North Wales	43,268	10,817	872	854	830	832	3,388	847	12·7	78	†16·4
South Wales	72,188	18,047	1407	1256	1271	1300	5,234	1308	13·7	72	†7·4
Total for England and Wales	2,219,170	554,792	38,241	38,259	36,125	36,747	149,642	37,410	14·8	67

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF ILLEGITIMATES IN EVERY 1000 CHILDREN BORN.

Counties above the Average.

Counties below the Average.

THE EARLY MARRIAGES AND THE INCREASE OF THE POPULATION IN EACH COUNTY COMPARED.

Counties in which the Increase of the Population and the number of Early Marriages are both above the Average.	Rate of Increase of the Population from 1841 to 1851 per cent.	Annual No. of Early Marriages in every 1000 Marriages, from 1844-48.
		Among Males.	Among Females.
Lancaster	22	50	139
Stafford	20	62	176
Bedford	16	109	235
Chester	15	54	151
Counties in which the Increase of the Population and the number of Early Marriages are both below the Average.
Northumberland	13	39	124
Southampton	13	25	118
Cumberland	10	33	105
Gloucester	6	42	104
Devon	6	22	82
Rutland	5	36	128
Cornwall	4	32	131
North Wales	4	27	77
Hereford	3	17	79
Westmorland	3	32	128
Salop	1	29	95
Counties in which the Increase of the Population and the Early Marriages among Females are above the Average and those among Males below it.
Durham	26	35	142
Kent	14	46	140
County in which the Increase of the Population and Early Marriages among Females are below the Average, and those among Males above it.
Warwick	18	46	131
Counties in which the Increase of the Population is below the Average, and the number of Early Marriages is above it.
Cambridge	13	73	227
Worcester	13	56	151
York	13	57	187
Hunts	9	99	336
Nottingham	9	60	158
Derby	9	46	138
Essex	7	57	204
Hertford	7	75	210
Norfolk	7	50	148
Suffolk	7	52	1623
Northampton	7	71	190
Leicester	7	79	179
Berks	5	148	143
Bucks	4	94	743
Oxford	4	46	151
Wilts	0·7	68	164
Counties in which the Increase of Population is above the Average, and the number of Early Marriages is below it.
Middlesex	20	18	85
Surrey	17	16	91
Monmouth	17	28	105
South Wales	14	30	82
Counties in which the Increase of the Population and the Early Marriages among Males are below the Average and those among Females above it.
Lincoln	12	39	153
Sussex	12	38	160
Counties in which the Increase of the Population and Early Marriages among Females is below the Average and those among Males above it.
Somerset	2	47	112
Dorset	6	47	125

TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF EARLY MARRIAGES OF MALES AND FEMALES IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES FOR THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.

⁂ The returns of the Registrar do not admit of the average being calculated from a longer series of years.

COUNTIES.	Annual Average Number of Marriages from 1844-48.	Number of Early Marriages.
		1844.		1845.		1846.
		Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females
Bedford	960	102	237	103	216	108	238
Berks	1,322	52	186	61	182	62	201
Bucks	974	66	181	66	175	87	196
Cambridge	1,428	115	324	89	308	112	349
Chester	2,764	153	393	175	427	154	455
Cornwall	2,510	86	312	84	348	80	334
Cumberland	1,060	31	88	54	145	28	133
Derby	1,954	86	276	76	243	104	289
Devon	4,574	84	324	95	352	104	367
Dorset	1,209	62	155	64	161	46	130
Durham	3,137	82	353	110	468	118	463
Essex	2,154	125	454	133	436	116	415
Gloucester	3,568	133	350	162	378	180	414
Hereford	648	15	47	10	61	11	60
Hertford	1,009	86	218	77	229	83	227
Hunts	455	77	370	41	91	29	110
Kent	4,339	98	584	112	614	128	659
Lancaster	18,785	831	2310	1040	2729	1005	2784
Leicester	1,827	160	330	168	359	150	321
Lincoln	2,862	112	393	115	430	82	453
Middlesex	16,859	249	1262	360	1477	329	1606
Monmouth	1,395	28	119	38	149	43	147
Norfolk	3,189	164	467	173	448	158	472
Northampton	1,648	109	317	136	354	112	326
Northumberland	2,161	68	219	79	283	98	310
Nottingham	2,204	148	369	133	365	139	365
Oxford	1,154	53	172	52	190	56	156
Rutland	164	2	10	5	16	4	14
Salop	1,596	36	144	32	118	62	165
Somerset	3,159	144	375	159	328	166	385
Southampton	3,085	77	370	81	414	100	370
Stafford	4,807	215	634	278	818	285	835
Suffolk	2,453	115	367	133	401	139	420
Surrey	5,550	84	485	90	523	108	532
Sussex	2,231	83	320	98	355	95	411
Warwick	3,650	130	383	158	437	175	482
Westmorland	436	10	44	11	40	22	80
Wilts	1,681	117	265	108	294	134	308
Worcester	2,796	151	421	201	583	254	604
York	14,399	828	2586	934	2868	841	2774
North Wales	2,643	75	200	75	186	65	224
South Wales	4,337	113	280	118	377	141	417
Total for England & Wales	139,146	5515	17,410	6287	19,376	6313	20,001

Number of Early Marriages.				Total for 5 years.
1847.		1848.		Total for 5 years.
Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females
115	221	96	218	524	1,130
74	204	70	171	319	944
76	179	67	213	362	944
96	311	115	328	527	1,620
132	372	136	446	750	2,093
86	313	68	341	404	1,648
23	94	38	97	174	557
82	270	109	275	457	1,353
97	401	124	430	504	1,874
57	166	57	147	286	759
124	462	115	489	549	2,235
123	411	121	462	618	2,178
114	340	163	372	752	1,854
14	47	7	42	57	257
68	193	68	192	382	1,059
42	94	37	102	226	767
108	567	128	625	574	3,049
773	2330	1100	2864	4749	13,017
125	277	124	347	727	1,634
110	417	138	509	557	2,202
322	1428	286	1437	1546	7,210
44	157	44	165	197	737
144	444	164	504	803	2,335
110	287	119	281	586	1,565
97	255	77	278	419	1,345
113	302	130	341	663	1,742
51	163	57	196	269	877
11	34	6	33	28	107
52	151	55	177	237	755
116	319	159	371	744	1,778
67	304	70	367	395	1,825
391	1045	319	907	1488	4,239
123	394	128	420	638	2,002
86	536	70	462	438	2,538
72	345	79	356	427	1,787
176	502	212	597	851	2,401
17	64	8	50	68	278
99	246	115	282	573	1,395
93	272	89	240	788	2,120
747	2649	794	2619	4144	13,496
67	207	79	211	361	1,028
129	345	150	372	651	1,791
5566	18,118	6091	19,336	29,772	94,241

Average per year.		Proportion to all Marriages, 1 in every		Number of early Marriages to every 1000.		Per Cent. above and below the Average. † denotes above * „ below
Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females
105	226	9·1	4·2	109	235	†153	†74
64	189	20·6	6·9	48	143	†12	†6
72	189	13·5	5·1	74	194	†72	†44
105	324	13·6	4·4	73	227	†70	†68
150	419	18·4	6·5	54	151	†25	†12
81	330	30·9	7·6	32	131	*25	*3
35	111	30·2	9·5	33	105	*23	*22
91	271	21·4	7·2	46	138	†7	†2
101	375	45·2	12·1	22	82	*49	*39
57	152	21·2	7·9	47	125	†9	*7
110	447	28·5	7·0	35	142	*19	†5
124	436	17·3	4·9	57	202	†33	†50
150	371	23·7	9·6	42	104	*2	*23
11	51	58·9	12·7	17	79	*60	*41
76	212	13·2	4·7	75	210	†74	†56
45	153	10·1	2·9	99	336	†130	†149
115	610	37·7	7·1	26	140	*40	†4
950	2603	19·7	7·2	50	139	†16	†3
145	327	12·6	5·5	79	179	†84	†33
111	440	25·7	6·5	39	153	*9	†13
309	1442	54·5	11·6	18	85	*58	*37
39	147	35·7	9·4	28	105	*35	*22
161	467	19·8	6·8	50	146	†16	†81
117	313	14·0	5·2	71	190	†65	†41
84	269	24·5	8·0	39	124	*9	*81
133	348	16·5	6·3	60	158	†40	†17
54	175	21·3	6·5	46	151	†7	†12
6	21	27·3	7·8	36	128	*16	*5
47	151	33·9	10·5	29	95	*33	*30
149	356	21·2	8·8	47	112	†9	*17
79	365	39·0	8·4	25	118	*42	*13
298	848	16·1	5·6	62	176	†44	†30
128	400	19·1	6·1	52	163	†21	†21
88	508	63·0	10·9	16	91	*63	*25
85	357	26·2	6·2	38	160	*12	†19
170	480	21·4	7·6	46	131	†7	*3
14	56	31·1	7·7	32	128	*25	*5
115	279	14·6	6·0	68	164	†58	†21
158	424	17·6	6·5	56	151	†30	†12
829	2699	17·3	5·3	57	187	†33	†39
72	206	36·7	12·8	27	77	*37	*43
130	358	33·3	12·1	30	82	*30	*39
5954	18,848	23·3	7·3	43	135

COUNTIES.	Annual Average Number of Marriages from 1844-48.	Number of Early Marriages.										Total for 5 years.		Average per year.		Proportion to all Marriages, 1 in every		Number of early Marriages to every 1000.		Per Cent. above and below the Average. † denotes above * „ below
		1844.		1845.		1846.		1847.		1848.		Total for 5 years.		Average per year.		Proportion to all Marriages, 1 in every		Number of early Marriages to every 1000.
		Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females
Bedford	960	102	237	103	216	108	238	115	221	96	218	524	1,130	105	226	9·1	4·2	109	235	†153	†74
Berks	1,322	52	186	61	182	62	201	74	204	70	171	319	944	64	189	20·6	6·9	48	143	†12	†6
Bucks	974	66	181	66	175	87	196	76	179	67	213	362	944	72	189	13·5	5·1	74	194	†72	†44
Cambridge	1,428	115	324	89	308	112	349	96	311	115	328	527	1,620	105	324	13·6	4·4	73	227	†70	†68
Chester	2,764	153	393	175	427	154	455	132	372	136	446	750	2,093	150	419	18·4	6·5	54	151	†25	†12
Cornwall	2,510	86	312	84	348	80	334	86	313	68	341	404	1,648	81	330	30·9	7·6	32	131	*25	*3
Cumberland	1,060	31	88	54	145	28	133	23	94	38	97	174	557	35	111	30·2	9·5	33	105	*23	*22
Derby	1,954	86	276	76	243	104	289	82	270	109	275	457	1,353	91	271	21·4	7·2	46	138	†7	†2
Devon	4,574	84	324	95	352	104	367	97	401	124	430	504	1,874	101	375	45·2	12·1	22	82	*49	*39
Dorset	1,209	62	155	64	161	46	130	57	166	57	147	286	759	57	152	21·2	7·9	47	125	†9	*7
Durham	3,137	82	353	110	468	118	463	124	462	115	489	549	2,235	110	447	28·5	7·0	35	142	*19	†5
Essex	2,154	125	454	133	436	116	415	123	411	121	462	618	2,178	124	436	17·3	4·9	57	202	†33	†50
Gloucester	3,568	133	350	162	378	180	414	114	340	163	372	752	1,854	150	371	23·7	9·6	42	104	*2	*23
Hereford	648	15	47	10	61	11	60	14	47	7	42	57	257	11	51	58·9	12·7	17	79	*60	*41
Hertford	1,009	86	218	77	229	83	227	68	193	68	192	382	1,059	76	212	13·2	4·7	75	210	†74	†56
Hunts	455	77	370	41	91	29	110	42	94	37	102	226	767	45	153	10·1	2·9	99	336	†130	†149
Kent	4,339	98	584	112	614	128	659	108	567	128	625	574	3,049	115	610	37·7	7·1	26	140	*40	†4
Lancaster	18,785	831	2310	1040	2729	1005	2784	773	2330	1100	2864	4749	13,017	950	2603	19·7	7·2	50	139	†16	†3
Leicester	1,827	160	330	168	359	150	321	125	277	124	347	727	1,634	145	327	12·6	5·5	79	179	†84	†33
Lincoln	2,862	112	393	115	430	82	453	110	417	138	509	557	2,202	111	440	25·7	6·5	39	153	*9	†13
Middlesex	16,859	249	1262	360	1477	329	1606	322	1428	286	1437	1546	7,210	309	1442	54·5	11·6	18	85	*58	*37
Monmouth	1,395	28	119	38	149	43	147	44	157	44	165	197	737	39	147	35·7	9·4	28	105	*35	*22
Norfolk	3,189	164	467	173	448	158	472	144	444	164	504	803	2,335	161	467	19·8	6·8	50	146	†16	†81
Northampton	1,648	109	317	136	354	112	326	110	287	119	281	586	1,565	117	313	14·0	5·2	71	190	†65	†41
Northumberland	2,161	68	219	79	283	98	310	97	255	77	278	419	1,345	84	269	24·5	8·0	39	124	*9	*81
Nottingham	2,204	148	369	133	365	139	365	113	302	130	341	663	1,742	133	348	16·5	6·3	60	158	†40	†17
Oxford	1,154	53	172	52	190	56	156	51	163	57	196	269	877	54	175	21·3	6·5	46	151	†7	†12
Rutland	164	2	10	5	16	4	14	11	34	6	33	28	107	6	21	27·3	7·8	36	128	*16	*5
Salop	1,596	36	144	32	118	62	165	52	151	55	177	237	755	47	151	33·9	10·5	29	95	*33	*30
Somerset	3,159	144	375	159	328	166	385	116	319	159	371	744	1,778	149	356	21·2	8·8	47	112	†9	*17
Southampton	3,085	77	370	81	414	100	370	67	304	70	367	395	1,825	79	365	39·0	8·4	25	118	*42	*13
Stafford	4,807	215	634	278	818	285	835	391	1045	319	907	1488	4,239	298	848	16·1	5·6	62	176	†44	†30
Suffolk	2,453	115	367	133	401	139	420	123	394	128	420	638	2,002	128	400	19·1	6·1	52	163	†21	†21
Surrey	5,550	84	485	90	523	108	532	86	536	70	462	438	2,538	88	508	63·0	10·9	16	91	*63	*25
Sussex	2,231	83	320	98	355	95	411	72	345	79	356	427	1,787	85	357	26·2	6·2	38	160	*12	†19
Warwick	3,650	130	383	158	437	175	482	176	502	212	597	851	2,401	170	480	21·4	7·6	46	131	†7	*3
Westmorland	436	10	44	11	40	22	80	17	64	8	50	68	278	14	56	31·1	7·7	32	128	*25	*5
Wilts	1,681	117	265	108	294	134	308	99	246	115	282	573	1,395	115	279	14·6	6·0	68	164	†58	†21
Worcester	2,796	151	421	201	583	254	604	93	272	89	240	788	2,120	158	424	17·6	6·5	56	151	†30	†12
York	14,399	828	2586	934	2868	841	2774	747	2649	794	2619	4144	13,496	829	2699	17·3	5·3	57	187	†33	†39
North Wales	2,643	75	200	75	186	65	224	67	207	79	211	361	1,028	72	206	36·7	12·8	27	77	*37	*43
South Wales	4,337	113	280	118	377	141	417	129	345	150	372	651	1,791	130	358	33·3	12·1	30	82	*30	*39
Total for England & Wales	139,146	5515	17,410	6287	19,376	6313	20,001	5566	18,118	6091	19,336	29,772	94,241	5954	18,848	23·3	7·3	43	135

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR EARLY MARRIAGES, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF MARRIAGES, UNDER TWENTY-ONE YEARS OF AGE, IN EVERY 1000 MARRIAGES.

Amongst Males.

Counties above the Average.	Counties below the Average.
Bedford	109	Gloucester	42
Hunts	99	Lincoln	39
Leicester	79	Northumb.	39
Hertford	75	Sussex	38
Bucks	74	Rutland	36
Cambridge	73	Durham	35
Northamp.	71	Cumberland	33
Wilts	68	Cornwall	32
Stafford	62	Westmor.	32
Nottingham	60	S. Wales	30
Essex	57	Salop	29
York	57	Monmouth	28
Worcester	56	N. Wales	27
Chester	54	Kent	26
Suffolk	52	Southamp.	25
Lancaster	50	Devon	22
Norfolk	50	Middlesex	18
Berks	48	Hereford	17
Dorset	47	Surrey	16
Somerset	47
Derby	46	Average for England and Wales	43
Oxford	46
Warwick	46

Amongst Females.

⁂ The rule is, that where the greatest number of males marry at an early age, the greatest number of females do so likewise—the exceptions being Dorset, Somerset, and Warwick, among the males, and Sussex, Lincoln, Durham, and Kent among the females.

††† There are, on an average, rather more than 3 females married at an early age to every male.

Counties above the Average.		Counties below the Average.
Huntingdon	336	Warwick	131
Bedford	235	Cornwall	131
Cambridge	227	Westmor.	128
Hertford	210	Rutland	128
Essex	204	Dorset	125
Bucks	194	Northumb.	124
Northamp.	190	Southamp.	118
York	187	Somerset	112
Leicester	179	Monmouth	105
Stafford	176	Cumberland	105
Wilts	164	Gloucester	104
Suffolk	162	Shropshire	95
Sussex	160	Surrey	91
Nottingham	158	Middlesex	85
Lincoln	153	Devon	82
Oxford	151	S. Wales	82
Chester	151	Hereford	79
Worcester	151	N. Wales	77
Norfolk	148
Berks	143	Average for England and Wales	135
Durham	142
Kent	140
Lancaster	139
Derby	138

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF ILLEGITIMATES IN EVERY 1000 CHILDREN BORN.

Counties above the Average.

Counties below the Average.

THE EARLY MARRIAGES AND THE INCREASE OF THE POPULATION IN EACH COUNTY COMPARED.

TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF EARLY MARRIAGES OF MALES AND FEMALES IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES FOR THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR EARLY MARRIAGES, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF MARRIAGES, UNDER TWENTY-ONE YEARS OF AGE, IN EVERY 1000 MARRIAGES.

Amongst Males.

Amongst Females.

THE ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS AND EARLY MARRIAGES IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES COMPARED.