295. See Lecture VIII, p. 210 ss.

296. Virg., Aen., VI, 426 ss.

297. Plut., De genio Socratis, 22, p. 590 F.

298. Plato, Republ., p. 615 C; cf. Norden, Aeneis Buch VI, 1903, pp. 11, 27.

299. Achill. Tat., V, 16.

300. Tertull., De anima, 57.

301. Dessau, Inscr. sel., 8497 ss.; cf. Recueil des inscriptions du Pont, 9, 258.

302. Horace, Epod., 5, 92; cf. Livy, III, 58, 11.

303. Sueton., Nero, 34, 4.

304. Sueton., Calig., 59.

305. Porph., Epist., II, 2, 209: “Nocturnas Lemures: umbras vagantes hominum ante diem mortuorum et ideo metuendas.”

306. Bouché-Leclercq, Astrologie grecque, p. 404.

307. Diog. Laert., II, 5, §45; cf. Lamprid., Heliog., 33, 2: “Praedictum eidem erat a sacerdotibus Syris biothanatum se futurum.”

308. Ptolem., Tetrabibl., III, 10 (p. 127, ed. 1553).

309. Macrob., Somn. Scip., I, 13, 1, probably after Numenius (Revue des études grecques, XXXII, 1921, p. 119 s.).

310. CIL, VIII, 2756 = Bücheler, Carm. epigr., 1604.

311. Manilius, IV, 16.

312. Cf. Schulze, Sitzungsb. Akad. Berlin, 1912, p. 691 ss.

313. Demon: Kaibel, Epigr. Gr., 566, 4; 569, 3, etc.—Evil god: Dessau, 8498; cf. 9093: “Cui (sic) dii nefandi parvulo contra votum genitorum vita privaverunt.”

314. See Lecture I, p. 66 ss.

315. Kaibel, Epigr. Graeca, 624.

316. Rohde, Psyche, II4, p. 411; cf. Perdrizet, Negotium perambulans, 1922, p. 19 ss.

317. Audollent, Defixionum tabellae, 1904, p. 40, nr, 22 ss.; see above, Lecture I, p. 68.

318. Wessely, Griech. Zauberpap. aus Paris in Denkschr. Akad. Wien, XXXVI, 1888, p. 85, l. 2577 ss., p. 86, l. 2645 ss.

319. Cic., In Vatin., 6, 14; Horace, Ep., 5; Petronius, 63, 8.

320. Bücheler, Carm. epigr., 987:

“Eripuit me saga manus crudelis ubique,
Cum manet in terris et nocet arte sua.
Vos vestros natos concustodite, parentes.”

Cf. Petronius, l. c., and Lecture II, p. 61, n. 48.

321. Alex. Trall., I, 15, pp. 565, 567, Puschman.

322. Cf. Pliny, XXVIII, 12, § 49.

323. Tertull., De anima, 57.

324. Norden, Aeneis Buch VI, p. 41.

325. Sen., Dial., VI, 23, 1; Plut., Cons. ad uxorem, 11; cf. Dessau, 8481 ss.

326. See below, Lecture VII, p. 178.

327. Bücheler, Carm. epigr., 1233.

328. Kaibel, Epigr. Graeca, 324.

329. Haussoullier, Revue de philologie, XXIII, 1909, p. 6; see above, Lecture III, p. 105.

330. Bücheler, Carm. epigr., 569: “Vitaeque e limine raptus.... Non tamen ad Manes sed caeli ad sidera pergis.” Cf. ibid., 569, 611.

331. See Lecture III, p. 99.

332. Rohde, Psyche, II4, p. 374, n. 2; Lawson, Modern Greek folk-lore, 1910 p. 140 ss.; cf. Dessau, 8748.

333. Bücheler, Carm. epigr., 1233; cf. Statius, Silv., II, 6, 100.

334. Kaibel, Epigr. Graeca, 570, 571; cf. CIL, VI, 29195 = Dessau, 8482: “Ulpius Firmus, anima bona superis reddita, raptus a Nymphis.”

335. Cf. Anderson, Journ. hell. stud., XIX, 1899, p. 127, nr, 142, and below, note 42.

336. Cagnat, Inscr. Gr. ad res Rom. pertin., IV, 1377.

337. Kaibel, Epigr. Graeca, 314.

338. Bücheler, Carm. epigr., 1439; cf. 1400:

“Vos equidem nati caelestia regna videtis
Quos rapuit parvos praecipitata dies.”

339. Cabrol et Leclercq, Reliquiae liturgicae vetustissimae, I, 1912, nr, 2917; cf. 2974; 3153.

340. Menander’s verse, “Ὃν οἱ θεοὶ φιλοῦσιν ἀποθνήσκει νέος,” is indeed translated into Latin in a Roman epitaph (Dessau, 8481).

341. In Greek, βιοθάνατος is a popular form for βιαιοθάνατος. In Latin biaeothanatus is found only in Tertull., De Anima, 57, biothanatus everywhere else.

342. Aen., VI, 477 ss.

343. Horace, Od., III, 2, 21; cf. Introd., p. 13; Lecture IV, p. 113.

344. Joseph., Bell. Iud., VI, 5, § 47.

345. Servius, Aen., XII, 603.

346. Pliny, N. H., II, 63, § 156.

347. Dessau, Inscr. sel., 7846: “Extra auctorateis et quei sibei [la]queo manu attulissent et quei quaestum spurcum professi essent.”

348. Ibid., 7212, II, 5.

349. Plut., Cato, 68.

350. Cf. Revue des études grecques, XXXII, 1921, p. 113 ss.

351. Sen., Controv., VIII, 4, end.

352. See above, Lecture I, p. 64 ss.

353. Theophanes, Chronicon, p. 437, 3 ss., De Boor.

354. Commodianus, I, 14, 8.

355. Du Cange, Glossarium, s. v.

356. Lawson, Modern Greek folk-lore, 1910, p. 408 ss.

357. See above, Lecture II, p. 74.

358. Transl. Harrison, Prolegomena to the study of Greek religion, 1903, p. 660.

359. Thulin, Etruskische Disciplin, III, 1909, p. 58 ss.

360. Xenoph., Memorab., II, 1, 21; cf. Hesiod, Op. et dies, 287 ss.

361. Brinkmann, Rheinisches Museum, LXVI, 1911, p. 622 ss.

362. See below, Lecture VIII, p. 205.

363. See Lecture II, p. 76.

364. Cic., Tusc., I, 30, 72.

365. See above, Lecture III, p. 82.

366. See above, Lecture III, p. 94.

367. Cf. Comptes rendus Acad. Inscr., 1920, p. 277.

368. Lactantius, Inst., VI, 3 s.

369. Polyaen., VII, 22.

370. See Lecture III, p. 107; Monum. mystères de Mithra, I, p. 118 s.; II, p. 525.

371. Philo, De somniis, I, 22; Origen, Contra Celsum, VI, 21.

372. Charles R. Morey, East Christian paintings in the Freer collection, New York, 1914, p. 17 ss.

373. Ladder among other magical emblems on terra cotta discs found at Taranto; cf. Revue archéologique, V, 1917, p. 102.

374. See above, Lecture III, p. 93.

375. Ibid., p. 96.

376. Cf. Revue de philologie, XLIV, 1920, p. 75.

377. Cf. Joseph Keil, Jahresh. Instituts Wien, XVII, 1914, pp. 138, 142, n. 13; Bormann, Bericht des Vereins Carnuntum, 1908–1911, p. 330, where Itala felix applies not to the ship but to the dead woman.

378. For instance, Dessau, Inscr. sel., 8031.

379. Cf. my Études syriennes, 1917, p. 99, n. 1. So on the beautiful chariot of Monteleone in the Metropolitan Museum of New York (sixth century B. C.).

380. Cf. my Études syriennes, p. 91 s.

381. Ibid., p. 92, fig. 41.

382. Ibid., p. 94, fig. 42; cf. below, p. 165.

383. Cf. ibid., p. 95 s.

384. II Reg., 2, 11.

385. Kornemann, Klio, VII, p. 278; cf. Études syriennes, p. 98, n. 3.

386. Eunap., Hist., fr. 26 (F. H. G. IV, 25; cf. Études syriennes, p. 104).

387. See above, Lecture III, p. 102.

388. Weichert, Der Seelenvogel in der alten Literatur und Kunst, Leipzig, 1902; see above, Lecture III, p. 93.

389. Études syriennes, p. 38 ss.

390. Phaedr., p. 246 C.

391. Anth. Pal., VII, 62 = Diog. Laert., III, 44; cf. Études syriennes, p. 88:

Αἰετέ τίπτε βέβηκας ὑπὲρ τάφον; ἢ τίνος, εἰπέ,
ἀστεροέντα θεῶν οἶκον ἀποσκοπέεις;—
Ψυχῆς εἰμὶ Πλάτωνος ἀποπταμένης εἰς Ὄλυμπον
εἰκών· σῶμα δὲ γῆ γηγενὲς Ἀτθὶς ἔχει.

392. Cf. Études syriennes, p. 57 ss.

393. Études syriennes, 1917, p. 87, fig. 39.

394. See Introd., p. 28.

395. See Lecture III, p. 100.

396. Études syriennes, p. 106 s.; cf. Lecture III, p. 101.

397. See Lecture I, p. 59.

398. Diog. Laert., VIII, 1, 27.

399. Jul., Or., V, p. 172 C.

400. Cic., Tusc., I, 42 ss.; Sextus Empir., Adv. Math., IX, 71, 4; cf. above, Introd., p. 29.

401. Winds and souls, see below, Lecture VII, p. 185.

402. See below, Lecture VII, p. 186; cf. Lecture II, p. 81.

403. See Introd., p. 29; cf. Lecture VII, p. 185.

404. See below, Lecture VII, p. 185.

405. See above, Lecture III, p. 93, and p. 96 s.

406. Dieterich, Eine Mithrasliturgie2, 1910.

407. Plato, Phaedo, p. 107 D, 108 B.

408. Kaibel, Epigr. Graeca, 650 = Inscr. Sic. Ital., 2461.

409. Haussoullier, Revue de philologie, XXIII, 1909, p. 6; cf. Lecture III, p. 105.

410. See above, Lecture IV, p. 112.

411. Cf. Rohde, Psyche, II4, p. 376 s.

412. See above, Lecture I, p. 45 ss., 59 ss.

413. Cf. Cic., Tusc., I, 16, 37.

414. See below, Lecture VIII, p. 199 ss.

415. Lucretius, I, 124: “Simulacra modis pallentia miris.”

416. See, for instance, above, p. 156.

417. Cf. Proclus, In Rempubl., I, p. 290, 10 ss., Kroll.

418. On this katoptromanteia, cf. Revue archéologique, V, 1917, p. 105 ss.; Ganschinietz in Realencycl., s. v.

419. See above, Lecture V, p. 130.

420. See above, Lecture II, p. 79.

421. Cf. Revue de philologie, XLIV, 1920, p. 237 ss.

422. See Lecture III, p. 103.

423. Cf. Lecture III, p. 107.

424. Plato, Phaedr., 247 B; cf. Phaedo, p. 113 D.

425. Timaeus, p. 41 D E.

426. See above, Lecture III, p. 106 s., and Introd., p. 41; cf. p. 24.

427. Odyssey, XI, 576 s.

428. Cf. Rohde, Psyche, I4, p. 61 ss.

429. Cf. Plut., De superst., 7, p. 168 D.

430. Cf. above, Lecture II, p. 75.

431. Cf. Dieterich, Nekyia, p. 206 ss.

432. Plut., De sera num. vind., p. 567 B.

433. Dieterich, Nekyia, 1893 (2d ed. 1913).

434. Even the devout Plutarch rejects them as superstitious imaginations; cf. De superst., 167 A.

435. Aen., VI, 625–628.

436. Dieterich, op. cit., p. 197 ss.

437. Punishment by fire is mentioned for the first time in Philodemos, Περὶ θεῶν, XIX, 16 ss. Philodemos being a Syrian, it is not unlikely that this tenet is of Oriental origin. Cf. Diels, Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1916, p. 80, n. 3.

438. See above, Introd., pp. 8, 17 s., and Lecture II, p. 83.

439. Herodotus, II, 123.

440. The Druses have even preserved the ancient doctrine that the number of souls is always the same in the world. Cf. Silvestre de Sacy, Religion des Druses, 1838, II, p. 459.

441. Dussaud, Les Nosaïris, Paris, 1900, p. 120 ss.

442. See above, Lecture III, p. 101.

443. Cf. Lucian, Alex., 43.

444. Hermes Trismeg. ap. Stob., Ecl., I, 49, p. 398, 16 ss., Wachsmuth.

445. Tim. Locr., p. 104 E.

446. Ps.-Plut., Vita Homeri, 126; Porph. ap. Stob., Ecl., I, 49, 60, p. 445, Wachsmuth.

447. See above, p. 176.

448. See above, Lecture II, p. 78.

449. Cf. Revue de philologie, XLIV, 1921, p. 232 ss.

450. Above, Introd., p. 13.

451. Museum of the University of California; Kaibel, Inscr. Sicil. et Ital., 12, 1196. The sentence is taken from Republ., X, 617 C.

452. Porph., De regressu anim., fr. 11, Bidez = Aug., Civ. Dei, X, 30; Jamblich. ap. Nemes., De nat. hom., 2; cf. Zeller, Philos. Gr., V4, p. 713.

453. .sp 1

“Has omnes, ubi mille rotam volvere per annos,
Lethaeum ad fluvium deus evocat agmine magno,
Scilicet immemores super ut convexa revisant,
Rursus et incipiant in corpore velle reverti.”
Aen., VI, 749–753.

454. See above, Lecture VI, p. 162, and Introd., p. 29.

455. Études syriennes, p. 70.

456. See Lecture VI, p. 161; cf. below, Lecture VIII, p. 196.

457. Virg., Aen., VI, 740 ss.

458. Plut., De facie lunae, p. 943 B.

459. Ps. Apul., Asclep., 28.

460. Jahresh. Institut Wien, XII, 1910, p. 213.

461. See above, Lecture III, p. 107.

462. Macrob., Comm. Somn. Scip., I, 11, 8; Proclus, In Tim., II, 48, 15 ss., Diehl.

463. Lecture II, p. 87 ss.

464. See Lecture I, p. 64 ss.