[1] In Swedish (or German) I should use the word punktnell to denote this mode of time-reckoning, since the calculation is based upon a punctum, a single point, not upon the whole unit of time. Unfortunately the word ‘punctual’ has quite another sense in English.
[2] Snouck Hurgronje, I. 201.
[3] Jochelson, Yukaghir p. 42.
[4] Jenks, p. 219.
[5] Schoolcraft, II, 129.
[6] Ibid. I, 57 B.
[7] Haddon, p. 303.
[8] Ling Roth, p. 133.
[9] See further Usener, Götternamen, p. 289. E. g. Pindar, Ol. XIII, 37, ἀελίῳ ἀμφ’ ἑνί (‘in one day’), Euripides, Helena 652, ἡλίους δὲ μυρίους μόγις διελθών (‘with difficulty passing through thousands of suns’), and in a sacred regulation ἐᾶσαι οὕτως ἔστε κα τρεῖς ἅλιοι γένωνται (‘to leave so until three suns have passed’), Blinkenberg, Die lindische Tempelchronik, p. 38, Part D, 1. 72, (Bonn, 1915) etc. In Latin still more frequently, e. g. Silius, Punica, III, 554, Bis senos soles, totidem per vulnera saevas emensi noctes, etc.
[10] Il. XXI v. 80 ἠὼς δέ μοί ἐστιν ἥδε δυωδεκάτη ὅτ’ ἐς Ἴλιον εἰλήλουθα.
[11] Il. XXIV v. 413 δυωδεκάτη οἱ ἠως κειμένῳ.
[12] Otherwise, but in my opinion erroneously, G. Bilfinger, Der bürgerliche Tag, p. 35.
[13] Tacitus, Germ. 11, nec dierum numerum sed noctium computant.
[14] Schrader, II. 235; Ginzel, I, 243; A. Fischer, p. 744.
[15] Fornander, I, 122.
[16] Taylor, p. 364.
[17] Ellis, Polyn. Res.³ I, 88.
[18] Mathias G., p. 210.
[19] Skeat and Blagden, I, 393.
[20] Claus, p. 38.
[21] Cole, p. 323.
[22] Cranz, I, 239.
[23] Heckewelder, p. 523.
[24] Dunbar, p. 1.
[25] Swanton, p. 339.
[26] Mooney, p. 365.
[27] Riggs, p. 165.
[28] Fletcher and La Flesche, p. 111.
[29] Powers, p. 77.
[30] Carver, p. 177.
[31] Radloff, p. 308.
[32] Spencer and Gillen, Centr. Austr., pp. 25 ff.
[33] Schrader, II, 235.
[34] Spencer and Gillen, Centr. Austr., pp. 25 ff.
[35] Radloff, p. 308.
[36] Partridge, p. 244.
[37] Velten, p. 353.
[38] Claus, p. 38.
[39] Loango Exp., III: 2, 140.
[40] Hammar, p. 156.
[41] Merker, p. 153.
[42] Schulze, p. 373.
[43] Foa, p. 119.
[44] Alberti, p. 69.
[45] Fabry, p. 223.
[46] Oliveau, p. 343.
[47] Spencer and Gillen, Across Austr., II, 270.
[48] Jenks, p. 219.
[49] Hose, p. 169.
[50] Wilken, p. 200.
[51] Crawfurd, I, 287 f.
[52] Marsden, Sumatra, p. 194.
[53] Haddon, p. 303.
[54] Forster, pp. 441 ff.
[55] Fletcher and La Flesche, p. 111.
[56] Krause, p. 339.
[57] Crawfurd, I, 287.
[58] Merker, p. 153.
[59] Velten, p. 333.
[60] Mansfeld, p. 244.
[61] Stannus, p. 288.
[62] Wegener, p. 146.
[63] Skeat and Blagden, I, 393.
[64] ὅταν ᾖ δεκάπουν τὸ στοιχεῖον, λιπαρῷ χωρεῖν ἐπὶ δεῖπνον.
[65] G. Bilfinger, Zeitmesser, p. 19; art. Horologium in Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des Antiquités.
[66] Paul, III, 447. See further Finn Magnusson.
[67] Arkiv för Nord. Filologi, 23, 1907, pp. 259 ff.
[68] Drake, p. 276.
[69] Hose, p. 169.
[70] Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes, p. 25; Spencer, pp. 444 ff.
[71] MacCaulay, p. 525.
[72] Fewkes, p 260.
[73] Fletcher and La Flesche, p. 111.
[74] Beverley, p. 4.
[75] Ibid. p. 182.
[76] Handbook, p. 189.
[77] Du Pratz, I, 223.
[78] Mooney, p. 365.
[79] Hill Tout, p. 155.
[80] Gilij, II, 12.
[81] Molina, pp. 139 ff.
[82] Hammar, p. 156.
[83] Gutmann, p. 241.
[84] Weeks, JRAI, 39, p. 417.
[85] Koelle, p. 284.
[86] Westermann, p. 105.
[87] Ellis, Yoruba, p. 150.
[88] Merker, p. 153.
[89] Hollis, Masai, p. 332.
[90] Roscoe, JRAI, 32, p. 71.
[91] Roscoe, Baganda, p. 38.
[92] Junod, Thonga, II, 282.
[93] Schulze, p. 373.
[94] Man, pp. 336 ff.
[95] Nieuwenhuis, I, 317.
[96] Maass, pp. 511 ff.
[97] Crawfurd, I, 287.
[98] Snouck Hurgronje, I, 199 ff.
[99] Snouck Hurgronje, I, 200 n. 2; translator’s note.
[100] Thurnwald, p. 334.
[101] Ibid., p. 346.
[102] Brown, p. 332.
[103] Fornander, I, 121.
[104] Malo, pp. 33 ff.
[105] Forster, pp. 441 ff.
[106] Wegener, pp. 146 ff.; Ellis, Pol. Res.³, I, 89. The former quotes the latter from the first edition, but Ellis l. c. leaves out the translation of the concrete terms for the times later than noon, and fills up the period from 7 a. m. to 6 p. m. with modern terms, e. g. ‘about 7’, ‘8 a. m.’ etc.
[107] Mathias G., pp. 210 ff.
[108] Brown, p. 348.
[109] Velten, p. 333.
[110] Nieuwenhuis, I, 318.
[111] Gutmann, p. 241.
[112] Hollis, Nandi, p. 96.
[113] Crawfurd, I, 287.
[114] Cp. above, p. 27.
[116] Roscoe, Bantu, p. 140.
[117] ‘As the sun turned over to the unyoking of the oxen’.
[118] Feist, p. 262.
[119] Hollis, Nandi, pp. 96 ff.
[120] Sibree, pp. 69 ff.
[121] ἔσσεται ἢ ἠὼς ἢ δείλη ἢ μέσον ἦμαρ—Il. XXI, 111.
[122] εὗδον παννύχιος καὶ ἐπ’ ἠῶ καὶ μέσον ἦμαρ—Od. VII, 288.
[123] ὄφρα μὲν ἠὼς ἦν καὶ ἀέξετο ἱερὸν ἦμαρ—Od. IX, 56.
[124] ἦμος ... φάνη ... Ἠὼς—Od. IV, 431.
[125] ἦμος δ’ ἠέλιος μέσον οὐρανὸν ἀμφιβεβῃκη—Od. IV, 400.
[126] πᾶσαν δ’ ἠοίην μένομεν ... ἔνδιος δ’ ὁ γέρων ἦλθ’ ἐξ ἁλός—Od. IV, 447–50.
[127] δείελον ἦμαρ—Od. XVII, 606.
[128] Od. I, 422.
[129] ἦμος δ’ οὔτ’ ἄρ πω ἠὼς ἔτι δ’ ἀμφιλύκη νύξ—Il. VII, 433.
[130] ἅμ’ ἠοῖ—Il. VII, 331, Od. XVI, 2; ἅμα δ’ ἠοῖ φαινομένηφιν—Il. XI, 685; Od. IV, 407.
[131] Il. VIII, 538; Od. I, 24.
[132] ἠέλιος δ’ ἀνόρουσε λιπὼν περικαλλέα λίμνην οὐρανὸν εἰς πολύχαλκον, ἵν’ ἀθανάτοισι φαείνοι—Od. III, 1 f.
[133] οὔθ’ ὁπότ’ ἂν στείχῃσι πρὸς οὐρανὸν ἀστεροέντα, οὔθ’ ὅτ’ ἂν ἂψ ἔπὶ γαῖαν ἀπ’ οὐρανόθεν προτράπηται—Od. XI, 17.
[134] εὖτε γὰρ ἠέλιος φαέθων ὑπερέσχεθε γαίης—Il. XI, 735.
[135] ἠέλιος μὲν ἔπειτα νέον προσέβαλλεν ἀρούρας, ἐξ ἀκαλαρρείταο βαθυρρόου Ὠκεανοῖο οὐρανὸν εἲς ἀνιών—Il. VII, 421 ff.
[136] μέμβλωκε μάλιστα ἦμαρ—Od. XVII, 190.
[137] εἶσ’ ὑπὸ γαῖαν—Od. X, 191.
[138] ἐν δ’ ἔπεσ’ Ὠκεανῷ λαμπρὸν φάος ἠελίοιο ἕλκον νύκτα μέλαιναν—Il. VIII, 485.
[139] Od. XXII, 318.
[140] ἦμος δ’ ἠέλιος μετενίσσετο βουλυτόνδε—Il. XVI, 779; Od. IX, 58.
[141] ὥς οἱ ἐναργὲς ὄνειρον ἐπέσσυτο νυκτὸς ἀμολγῷ—Od. IV, 841.
[142] ἦμος δὲ δρυτόμος ἀνὴρ ὡπλίσσατο δεῖπνον ... ἐπεί τ’ ἐκορέσσατο χεῖρας τάμνων δένδρεα μακρά—Il. XI, 86.
[143] ἦμος δ’ ἐπὶ δόρπον ἀνὴρ ἀγορῆθεν ἀνέστη κρίνων νείκεα πολλά—Od. XII, 439.
[144] ἀγορῆς πληθυούσης—Herod. IV, 181; even in a Delphian sacred decree, Syll. inscr. graec.³ 257; περὶ ἀγορὰν πλήθουσαν—Xen., Anab. II, 1, 7; ἀγωρῆς πληθώρη—Herod. II, 173.
[145] πρὶν ἀγορὰν πεπληθέναι—Pherekr., Autom. 9.
[146] ἀγορῆς διάλυσις—Herod. III, 104.
[147] ἀλλ’ ἴομεν· μάλα γὰρ νὺξ ἄνεται, ἐγγύθι δ’ ἠώς. ἄστρα δὲ δὴ προβεβήκε, παροίχωκεν δὲ πλέων νὺξ τῶν δύο μοιράων, τριτάτη δ’ ἔτι μοῖρα λέλειπται—Il. X, 251.
[148] ἦμος δὲ τρίχα νυκτὸς ἔην, μέτα δ’ ἄστρα βεβήκει—Od. XII, 312, and XIV, 483.
[149] Od. XIII, 93.
[150] cum a curia inter rostra et graecostasin prospexisset solem; a columna Maenia ad carcerem inclinato sidere supremam pronuntiavit, sed hoc serenis tantum diebus—Pliny, Nat. Hist., VII, 214.
[151] G. Bilfinger, Stundenangaben, Zeitmesser. Hora sexta is, for example, 6 o’clock, not the sixth hour. It seems to me as though hora refers to the hour-line.
[152] Bilfinger, Stundenang., p. 131; Ginzel, III, 89.
[153] ea hora qua incipit homo hominem posse cognoscere, XXV, 6.
[154] cum aperit esse pullorum cantus, XXXVI, 1.
[155] de pullo primo, XXXV, 1.
[156] Crantz, I, 294.
[157] p. 55.
[158] Wegener, p. 147.
[159] Ellis, Pol. Res.³, I, 89.
[160] Malo, p. 49.
[161] Wegener, p. 146; cp. above, p. 29.
[162] Fornander, I, 121.
[163] Mooney, Rep., p. 365.
[164] Merker, p. 153.
[165] Westermann, p. 105.
[166] Hammar, p. 156.
[167] Schulze, p. 373.
[168] Malo, p. 33.
[169] Cp. above, p. 28.
[170] Schulze, p. 373.
[171] Merker, p. 153.
[172] See below, p. 40.
[173] Forster, p. 441.
[174] Mathias G., p. 210.
[175] Gutmann, p. 241.
[176] Crawfurd, p. 271.
[177] Velten, p. 333.
[178] Wilken, p. 200.
[179] Ellis, Yoruba, p. 150.
[180] Oliveau, p. 343.
[181] Forster, p. 441.
[182] Wegener, p. 148.
[183] Dibble, p. 107.
[184] Malo, p. 33.
[185] Nordenskjöld, Indianlif, p. 273.