Mr. Serjeant Lens appeared to show cause against a rule obtained in this case. The case arose out of the well-known one of Messrs. Severn, King, and Co., sugar-refiners, against some of the Insurance Companies, for losses sustained in the destruction of their extensive premises, near Whitechapel. It will be recollected, that in the two trials which arose out of that event, a great number of scientific men were examined on both sides as to the result of experiments made by them in the process of boiling sugar by means of heated oil. The verdict in both cases, as is known, was for the plaintiffs. In the bill of costs, sent in to the defendants, charge was made for the attendance of the learned chymists, who gave evidence for the plaintiffs, and also for their loss of time and trouble in making those experiments. Other charges were made for the expense of the experiments themselves. The prothonotary who taxed the costs allowed both the charges in principle, though not to the extent set down in the bill. It was in consequence of having made those allowances that a rule had been granted to show cause why he should not review his taxation of costs.
Mr. Sergeant Lens, in showing cause against the rule, contended that the allowance for loss of time to Dr. Thomson was a very natural and just one. Dr. Thomson was Professor of Chymistry in the University of Glasgow, and had been obliged to come up to London three times, at considerable inconvenience and expense, to give evidence in the case. He had been at great trouble in making and superintending experiments, and the prothonotary, in taking the costs, had allowed a reasonable sum for the whole. It was the same in the cases of the other scientific gentlemen who attended.
The Prothonotary here observed, that he considered the allowance for expenses and loss of time of Dr. Thomson and other gentlemen as very just. It was usual to allow for loss of time in such cases.
The Chief Justice said, that in certain cases allowances were made for loss of time, and the question here was, how far the present case came within the rules of those allowances. As a general principle, allowances to witnesses for loss of time could not be maintained. No doubt it was a great inconvenience, that individuals whose business required their whole time should be obliged to devote part of that time to the concerns of others without reward; but it was an inconvenience to which all were equally subject in turn; and as it was to answer the ends of public justice, it ought to be borne. As to allowance for loss of time, he considered the thing decided by the case of Willis v. Peckkan (4th Moore). An action had been brought in that case to recover 3l. for loss of time whilst giving evidence in a case. It was contended for the defendants that no such action could be maintained, except by medical men and attornies. The court was of the same opinion; but the jury, nevertheless, found a verdict for the plaintiff. In the following term a motion was made to have the verdict set aside and a nonsuit entered. The court, after hearing the arguments on both sides, decided that a nonsuit must be entered; and further held, that only medical men and attornies could charge for loss of time, as witnesses. The matter was settled, before, in the Court of King’s Bench, in the case of “Moore v. Adam.” The court were therefore of opinion, that as far as this allowance for loss of time, the taxation should be reviewed.
Mr. Sergeant Lens then proceeded to other parts of the rule, and contended that the apportioning of the costs between the Phœnix and Imperial Insurance was the fairest mode which could be adopted, as each had two actions, though they were not all tried, and the evidence in each was the same.
The Chief Justice asked how much the expense of the experiments made amounted to.
The Prothonotary said that all the items were so mixed up, that it would be impossible to ascertain at that moment.
The Chief Justice—It is important that the charge for experiments should be known. The opinion of men of science is received as evidence, because it arises from pre-existing science; but surely, as in the present case, they ought not to acquire their knowledge at the expense of the parties against whom their evidence is to weigh.
Mr. Sergeant Vaughan, on the same side with Sergeant Lens, submitted that it could never have been intended that men should not be allowed some recompense for loss of time. It would be not only an injustice, but a cruelty in many cases, if such a principle were to be adopted. Indeed, the principle was constantly departed from, in cases where the time of individuals had been a good deal engaged. In the case of Lopez v. De Tastet, the evidence of a Spanish captain of a ship was taken, and it caused him to delay a considerable time in town, and in the taxing of the costs a round sum was very properly allowed by the prothonotary, which, no doubt, was meant not merely to cover his expenses in town, but to compensate him for the loss of time.
The Chief Justice.—We had a consultation, not long since, in a well-known case, and in another place, whether the profits of a voyage should not be allowed for, and as to whether a certain sum given to a captain of a ship should be looked upon as compensation for loss of time, or in the light of a bribe.
Mr. Sergeant Vaughan said he knew the case to which his lordship alluded. He went on to say, that the prothonotary had not made any specific allowance for loss of time as such, but had mentioned one sum for trouble, expense, and loss of time. As to the costs of the experiments which had been made, he submitted that in a case where the subject was quite new, and as they were not made wantonly or with a view to put a party to unnecessary expense, the costs of them ought to be allowed. They were made bona fide for this case; the materials and apparatus were also provided with reference to the present case alone. Under such circumstances, he submitted that they ought to be allowed; and he ought to add, that their affidavits set forth, that the experiments were made in consequence of its being known that similar experiments were made on the other side.
Mr. Sergeant Taddy followed on the same side, and observed, that while he admitted the general principle that expenses were not allowed for loss of time, except to physicians and attornies, he could not see why scientific men, such as chymists, should not be brought under the same rule as physicians.
The Chief Justice.—For this reason, that to a physician loss of time is considered as loss of profit. A physician cannot visit a patient by deputy, as the patient might not have the same confidence in that person as in that physician, and this I take to be the reason why the loss of time is allowed. For reasons similar in principle the loss is also compensated in the attorney.
Mr. Justice Park.—Suppose a clergyman, living in Cumberland, were summoned to give evidence in a case in London, and that being delayed here for two or three weeks, he was obliged to employ a curate to officiate in his absence, have you any case where that expense would be allowed?
The Prothonotary.—Invariably the expenses would be allowed, my Lord.
Mr. Justice Park.—I am glad to know it, for I was not aware how the case was.
Mr. Sergeant Taddy then proceeded to contend, that with respect to the cost of the experiments, as they were not made for the purposes of general science, but had reference to this case alone, they ought to be allowed. Indeed, they were made by a sort of compact with the other side. They (the defendants) themselves seemed anxious that such experiments should be made. They declared that they would make them, and they invited the plaintiffs to make them also.
The Chief Justice.—How much was the amount of the property insured?
Mr. Sergeant Lens replied that it was upwards of 70,000l.
The Chief Justice.—I think (whether the cost of experiments be allowed or not) it was right, in a case of such importance, that they should have been made; but I wish it could be shewn to me whether there was any compact between the parties for making them.
Mr. Sergeant Hullock, who appeared for the defendants, here observed that he knew of no compact of that nature.
Mr. Sergeant Taddy.—I do not say, my lords, that there was a positive compact; but I remember that, when the motion for a new trial was argued before your lordships, one of the arguments used in support of the motion by the defendants’ counsel was, that a sufficient number of experiments had not then been made. Surely, then, it will not be contended that there was not an inducement to the plaintiffs to make those additional experiments for which they now claim to be allowed.
Mr. Justice Burrough.—There was no contract.
Mr. Sergeant Taddy.—None, my lord; but they challenged us to make the experiments. We have done so; and I submit to your lordships that the verdict being for us, we ought to charge them with the full costs.
Mr. Sergeant Hullock, in support of the rule, contended that the case of Lopez and de Tastet, which had been quoted by his learned brother (Vaughan), was not in point, nor did it bear the interpretation which had been given to it. As to physicians, he had some doubt whether in strict law even they ought to be allowed for loss of time as such, for how was the rule of expenses to be settled? One physician whose practice was extensive, might charge fifty guineas a day, while another might be satisfied to go to Guildhall for five; so that there could be no settled rule. He thought also, though he did not at all mean it invidiously, that the plaintiffs need not have sent to the great distance they had done for witnesses, while they could have got others of equal skill nearer home. If the principle were to be admitted, a man might send to Calcutta for witnesses for scientific purposes, and charge the expenses of the voyage here and back. At the same time he did not mean to object to Dr. Thomson, who he had no doubt was an extremely clever man. The learned Sergeant then went through various items in the bill, several of which, he contended, his clients ought not to be called upon to pay. There was one item of 205l. for a model of the premises. Why, if, as had been suggested, they had built a model of exactly the same size as the original, they might as well charge the price of it, as 250l. for a model. There was another item of 213l. for loss of time, trouble, and expenses, in making experiments, to S. Parkes, esq. Of this the prothonotary had deducted 99l., but then it was not stated what sum was for loss of time, what for the trouble, and what for the expenses. It was the same with the charges to several other gentlemen. Now he objected to any thing being allowed for loss of time, and in that case he was satisfied the case ought to be reviewed. With respect to the costs of the experiments, he apprehended that the best answer had been given by the court. In no case that he heard of before this were they charged.
The Chief Justice asked what was the rule in patent cases.
The Prothonotary said that in all such cases a reasonable sum was allowed.
Mr. Sergeant Hullock proceeded. There was another ground on which he thought the experiments ought not to be charged. Either there had been several experiments made before the new method was adopted, or there had not. If there had, no additional experiments were necessary on the late trials. If there had not, the plaintiffs had rashly made the risk, and ought not to recover now.
The Chief Justice.—You forgot, brother Hullock, that this was a patent.
Mr. Sergeant Hullock.—That, my lord, strengthens my argument, for in that case it must have been so well known, as not to need any additional experiments. The learned Sergeant was proceeding to contend that the division of the costs equally between the two insurance companies was not the most proper one; but the court thought that such an arrangement would best meet the justice of the case. There were two insurance companies in the case, in each of which two policies had been effected, and two actions commenced; and though all the actions were not tried, yet as the same evidence went to all, it was but just that each office should bear a moiety of the costs.
The arguments being closed on both sides, the Chief Justice asked whether physicians were allowed for loss of time as witnesses?
The Prothonotary replied, that they were always allowed.
The Court then wished to be informed, whether there was a particular scale of allowance, for it was not to be supposed that such an eminent physician as Dr. Baillie would be allowed according to the extent of his practice.
The prothonotary said certainly not. There was an average allowance, and by that the most eminent physician received only the same sum as the physician who had got his diploma but the day before.
The Chief Justice.—What sum would you allow?
The Prothonotary.—My lord, since the allowance has been raised to barristers, we have raised physicians to the same rank, and they are allowed the same—two guineas per day.
The Chief Justice.—But do barristers take the allowance?
The Prothonotary.—In some cases, my lord, it is allowed.
The Chief Justice (after consulting for a short time with the other Judges) said we shall not say any thing more upon this, than that it must be referred back to the master to revise the costs, and that the experiments are not to be allowed: nor is allowance to be made for loss of time as such; but let it be understood that physicians are to be allowed as usual.
The Prothonotary begged to know how he was to reckon physicians, was it by diploma?
The Court said by practice. It was not to be expected that a physician was to take his diploma about in his pocket.
The Prothonotary again begged to trouble their lordships. There was another class of persons who were frequently allowed much more than any professional men—he meant surveyors. Sometimes very high charges were made for them. For instance, the late Mr. Rennie, who was summoned as a witness in the present case: his time was of the utmost value, as was that of others of eminence in that branch of science. He wished to know how they were to be allowed.
The Chief Justice.—We can know no distinction here. The time of such gentlemen as the late Mr. Rennie must no doubt be extremely valuable to them, but that of a poor man is equally valuable to him, and perhaps more so; for though the amount might not be as great, yet the support of his family might be depending on it.
Rule made absolute; and it was further ordered, that a moiety of the taxed costs should be paid by each of the Insurance Offices in question.
There was another case of “Severn v. Slade,” turning exactly on the same point, which was not argued, as of course the same decision will apply to it.