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FOOTNOTES:
[1] Mémoires sur L’Ancienne Chevalerie, l. 289.
[2] Harl. MS. 4379.
[3] “Militaria exercitia, quae nullo interveniente odio, sed pro solo exercitio, atque ostentatione virium.”
[4] “Torneamentorum repertorum Gaufridum II, Dominum Pruliaci (de Pruilli) in Andibus agnoscit Chronicon Turonense; Anno 1066. Gaufridus de Pruliaco, qui Torneamenta invenit, apud Andegavum occiditur.” Quoted by Du Cange.
[5] Les Origines des Chevaliers, etc., p. 9.
[6] Published at Paris in 1619: p. 460.
[7] L’Origines, Liv. I, p. 10.
[8] Bohordicum, nostris Bohourt vel Behourt, Hastiludii species, vel certe quodvis hastiludii genus. Lambertus Ardensis. Cited by Du Cange.
[9] II, cap. 16. Cited by Du Cange. Trepidare quoque quod vulgariter Biordare dicitur, cum scuto et lancea aliquis Clericus publice non attentet.
[10] Ad turniandum et Burdiandum. Ne quis ... turneare, Burdeare, justas facere, seu alia jacta armorum exercere praeusumat. Budeare apud Rymer (tom 5, p. 223).
[11] The Mêlée.
[12] Cited by Du Cange.
[13] Tabula, seu Mensa Rotunda, Decurstonis, aut hastiludii species.
[14] Cited by Du Cange.
[15] Vol. XXXI, 104.
[16] Rot. Patent, 17 Edw. III, p. 2, m. 2.
[17] Issue Roll of the Exchequer, Mich. 30, Edw. III.
[18] Le Livre Des Faicts Du Mareschal De Boucicaut, Chap. XVII.
[19] Menestrier, Chavalrie ancienne, Chap. 6. Cited by Hewitt.
[20] Page 492.
[21] He began to write the Annals just after the death of Henry II. in 1189. They begin with the year 732 and end in 1201; and form not only a chronicle of England, but include also the history of many other countries.
[22] Perambulation of Kent, fol. 448.
[23] Cited in Horda.
[24] Cited by Strutt in Horda Angel-cynnan, p. 92.
[25] Rymer Foed., 301.
[26] Chronica Jocelini de Brakelonda, de rebus gestis Samsonis Abbatis Monasterii Sancti Edmundi.
[28] Trivet. Cited by Holinshed. II, 263.
[29] Holinshed II, 418.
[30] Ashmolean MS. 860, 88. See Appendix A for catalogue of the Ashmolean MSS. relating to the tourney.
[31] Horda Angel-cynnan II, 91.
[32] Foedera III, 982.
[33] No. 14, E. III.
[35] No. 14, E. III.
[36] Historia Anglicana, 1272-1422.
[37] Holinshed, II, 438.
[38] Ibid. II, 484.
[39] Chap. 155, fol. 161.
[40] Anno 1279.
[41] The Bayeux tapestry shows one of the eleventh century.
[42] XVII, 297.
[43] John de Britannia.
[44] Hernesium de Armis.
[45] Cuirass.
[46] A kind of cloth.
[47] Ailettes first appear in the second half of the thirteenth century and continued in fashion for about sixty years. They assume various forms, and were worn upright at the outsides of the shoulders, attached by laces. On brasses they appear at the backs of the shoulders, but this is probably for the reason that the artists found some practical difficulty in picturing them so as to appear as they were really worn. It is not clear whether these singular pieces were intended for defence or to be used as planes for the ensignment of heraldic devices; it is certain, however, that they could afford but little protection against a stroke from a sword or a battle-axe.
[48] Aiguillettes, or laces, later termed arming points, played an important part in the arming of a man, and were freely employed in fastening certain parts of his armour together. These points were also an important item in civil dress, and were usually of cord, silk, or leather.
[49] I, 366.
[50] XVII, 298.
[51] Probably a coat-of-fence.
[52] Cuisses.
[53] Shoulder-pieces.
[54] Bascinet.
[55] Edward, the King’s son; Edmund, the King’s brother; William de Valance, Earl of Pembroke; Gilbert de Clare; and the Earl of Lincoln. These five noblemen constituted a court of honour, a committee in fact for the control of the tourney. William de Valence died in 1296, so the document must date before that year.
[56] British Museum. MS. Addl. 12, 2228, fol. 181.
[57] The illustrated Froissart in the British Museum, Harl. MS. 4379, was produced late in the fifteenth century.
[58] Holinshed, II, 536.
[59] Froissart (Johnes’), I, Chap. XLV.
[60] Holinshed, II, 623.
[61] There were no viscounts in England then.
[63] Holinshed, II, 628.
[64] Vol. XXXI, 26, in connection with “Observations on the Institution of the Order of the Garter,” a paper by Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas, g.c.m.g.
[65] The use of white hoods had its origin in an ancient custom of the town of Ghent (Froissart, V, XX).
[66] A text by Alfred W. Pollard. 1898.
[67] Holinshed, II, 669.
[68] Ibid. II, 671.
[69] Holinshed, II, 677.
[70] Froissart, I, 249.
[71] II, 374.
[72] The italics are ours.
[73] A Sir Thomas Dagworth was slain in France in 1350 (Holinshed, II, 651).
[74] Froissart, V, Chap. XXXVIII.
[75] Froissart (Johnes’) VI, 378.
[76] Froissart, II, 756.
[77] Ibid. (Johnes’) V, Chap. XLVII.
[78] Meaning here with pointed lances.
[79] Froissart, V, XLVIII.
[80] Histoire de Charles VI, p. 368.
[81] This loose fastening of the helmet was a custom prevailing in Spain and Portugal.
[82] Froissart, VIII, Chap. XXXI.
[83] Ibid. IX, 336.
[84] Le Livre des Faicts du Mareschal De Boucicaut.
[85] Chap. XVII.
[86] About 1389.
[87] St. Inglevert.
[88] X, Chap. XI.
[89] He was great-nephew of Queen Philippa of Hainault.
[90] Sir John Holland, afterwards Duke of Exeter.
[91] Froissart, X, XXI.
[92] Led.
[93] Chronicles, II, 810.
[94] Froissart, XII, 104.
[95] Ancient Armour and Weapons, II, 340.
[96] Died 1376.
[97] Holinshed, II, 800.
[98] Ibid. V, 443.
[99] Referred to by Wendelin Boeheim in Meister der Waffenschmeidekunst, Chap. LVII.
[100] Chap. VIII, p. 380.
[101] Running with sharp lances.
[102] Waffenkunde, p. 551.
[103] Fig. 612.
[104] Fig. 615.
[105] With God’s help we are foremost in the tourney, and intend to continue so. (Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde, II, 66.)
[106] I have done my best when I have broken eight lances. (Boeheim’s Waffenkunde, p. 554.)
[107] One is figured by King René; another by Boeheim.
[108] The edition used here is that among Collection Des Mémoires pour servir A L’Histoire De France.
[109] Cotton. MS., Julius, E. IV.
[110] Cotton. MS., Nero, D. IX.
[111] Ancient Armour, III, 509.
[112] Société de Bibliophiles Belges. Mons. 1842.
[114] Marked I, 26.
[115] Vol. XVII, p. 290.
[116] Vol. I, 146.
[117] The estoc.
[118] The lists must thus have been artificially lighted.
[119] The locking gauntlet is in the form of a closed hand, the fingers being made to fasten on the weapon held, the object being to prevent it being struck out of the hand by an adversary. Examples may be seen in the Tower of London, and there is one which belonged to Sir Henry Lee in the Armourer’s Hall, London.
[120] Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne, II, 262.
[121] Holinshed, III, 10; and Hall, 16.
[122] Chroniques De Monstrelet, Liv. I, Chap. II.
[123] Such plans made beforehand would seem to have been quite common, but they usually miscarried.
[124] Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne, I, p. 185.
[125] Chronique de Monstrelet, I, Chap. XIV.
[126] Queen of Henry IV, married in 1403.
[127] Kuriss-swords.
[128] Cott. MS., Julius E. IV.
[129] Chronique de Monstrelet, I, Chap. XIV.
[130] Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne, I, 412.
[131] Hall, 162. A MS. in the Harleian Collection gives “La Statute d’Armes de Turnoys par le Parlement d’Angleterre,” Temp. Henry V. See Appendix A.
[132] Monstrelet says 1423.
[133] Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne, I, p. 435. Monstrelet, in Liv. II, Chap. VIII, gives a somewhat different account.
[134] Arch. Journ., LXI, Plate I, Fig. 2.
[135] Chronique de Monstrelet, Liv. II, Chap. LIV.
[136] Ibid. Liv. II, Chap. LXXXI.
[137] Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne, I, p. 339.
[138] Holinshed, III, 214.
[139] Mémoirs de la Marche, Liv. I, Chaps. VIII and IX.
[140] A short thrusting sword.
[141] A stout foining sword.
[142] “Double ou single.” Chroniques de Monstrelet, Liv. II, 835. This would imply an option to use reinforcing pieces or not; for some of the foreign cavaliers might not be provided with them at this time.
[143] The Vamplate.
[144] The italics are ours.
[146] Mémoires de la Marche, I, Chap. XVI; and Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne, II, 63.
[148] Sainte-Palaye in Mémoires sur L’Ancienne Chevalerie, Vol. 1, 15, defines and describes the different grades and sorts of esquires.
[149] MS. 506. Rights due att the Tournay. “Firste the Kinge of Armes....” See Appendix A.
[150] Arch. Journ., XLVI, 135.
[151] Hist. de, Ch. VII, p. 568.
[152] Class XVI, No. 5.
[153] The Armouries of the Tower of London, p. 440.
[154] Mémoires D’Olivier De La Marche, I, chap. XVIII.
[155] Mémoires de la Marche, I, Chap. XIV.
[156] Histoire des Ducs De Bourgogne, II, 90.
[157] Monstrelet’s Chronicle, (Continuation) Johnes’ II. Chap. LXIII.
[158] Liv. I, Chap. XXXVII.
[159] Anthony Woodville, Lord Scales, brother to the Queen of England.
[160] Chronicles, III, 286.
[162] Liv. II, Chap. IV.
[163] Monstrelet, Continuation, Chap. CLXIX.
[164] Easterling.
[165] “Certaine Triumphes,” a MS. in Bib. Harl. insig., No. 69. See Appendix B.
[167] The Italics are ours.
[168] Hand and a half sword.
[169] MS. in Bib. Harl. insig., Cod. 69. See Appendix B.
[170] Archæological Journal, LV, 299.
[172] Vienna. 1880-1882.
[173] Courses run with pointed lances, those with coronals, combats on foot and a mêlée, as well as the mummeries in which he was engaged.
[174] In translation:—
[175] Scharfrennen and the Gestech.
[176] The hall where the ancient firearms are on view.
[177] The Armouries of the Tower of London, I, 26.
[178] “What care I for the moon if the sun be gracious.”
[179] “No one knows my heart, whether I am a fox or a hare.”
[180] Joust at the tilt.
[181] The Armouries of the Tower of London, I, 37.
[182] Ibid., I, 49.
[183] Catalogue No. 21.
[184] Waffenkunde, p. 557.
[185] “Er [the Emperor] hat auch under den pundten vilmal gerennt da im treffens baid shilt in de höch sprungen, das dann lustig ist zu sehen, aber sorgklich zu thun.”
[186] The word Anzogenrennen means merely jousting with the shield screwed on (Angeschraubte Tartsche).
[187] Vol. LV, page 297.
[188] LVI, page 276.
[189] The Armouries at the Tower of London, I, 18.
[191] Chapter X, 1.
[192] Chapter XIII.
[193] Without a tilt.
[194] The term “tourney” is very frequently employed by chroniclers to express the mêlée, though also often applied in a general sense.
[195] Waffenkunde, Fig. 631.
[196] Monstrelet, Continuation, Chap. CCXXXIX.
[197] Arch. Journ., LV, 306.
[198] Reinforcing pieces.
[199] Without a tilt.
[200] Chronicles, III, 605.
[202] Archæological Journal, LV, 302.
[203] Hall’s Chronicle, p. 513.
[204] Hall, 516.
[205] The italics are ours.
[206] Disallowed?
[207] Created Duke of Suffolk in 1514.
[208] Father of Anne.
[209] Hall’s Chronicle, p. 516.
[210] Arch. Journ., LV, 338.
[211] Hall’s Chronicle, 520.
[212] Hall’s Chronicle, 533.
[213] Ibid. 564.
[214] Holinshed, III, 609.
[215] Ibid. III, 613.
[216] Ibid. III, 625.
[217] Ibid. III, 636.
[218] Margaret Tudor, afterwards married to the sixth Earl of Douglas.
[219] Hall, 584.
[220] Probably the same meeting mentioned by Holinshed under 1519.
[221] Ibid. 591.
[223] Another account says that on that day the two kings preferred to look on.
[225] Archæologia, LXIII, 32.
[226] Harleian Miscellany, X, 306.
[227] Afterwards Duke of Northumberland.
[228] The famous minister of Philip II.
[229] See Ashmolean, MS. 845, 171a; and Harl. MS., Codex 69, Art. 20.
[230] Archæological Journal, LXI, 304.
[231] The duties of “pursuivants d’armes” are given by Sainte-Palaye in his Mémoires sur L’Ancienne Chevalerie (I, 32), and among them is that of registering the scores, “＆ afin de n’en point perdre la mémoire, on y portoit des tablettes pour enregistrer les faits ＆ les circonstances les plus remarquables.”
[232] “He that on horsebacke directeth his Launce at the head, is more to be praised, than he that toucheth lower. For the higher the Launce hitteth, the greater is the Runners commendation.”
[233] Harl. MS. 326, fol. 113 vᵒ.
[234] Archæologia, Vol. LXIII.
[235] Archæological Journal, LXI, 305.
[236] The Continuation of the Chronicles of England, by John Stow and others.
[237] The Prince Dauphin, not the Dauphin of France.
[238] Continuation Holinshed, IV, 645.
[239] Archæological Journal, LXI, 305.
[240] Ibid.
[241] Ivanhoe was published in 1820.
[243] The Armorial was written a little before 1467, and, through the Princess Maria, the Order of the Golden Fleece was transferred to the Courts of Austria and Spain.
[244] Origines Juridiciales, p. 65.
[245] Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law, I, 39.
[246] Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law, I, 147.
[247] Origines Juridiciales, p. 79.
[248] Published in 1671, by William Dugdale Esquire, Norroy King of Arms, later Sir William and Garter King of Arms; the ordinances, etc., being those in operation in the reign of Henry II, set forth by Ranulph de Glanville, Justice of England, page 65.
[249] Origines, p. 68.
[250] Bastons were sometimes headed with a double beak, like a pick. Their usual length was three feet, though shorter ones could be used in the event of combatants mutually wishing it.
[251] Vol. I, p. 375.
[252] Theatre of Honour and Knighthood, Chap. II, p. 423, written at Paris anno 1619.
[253] Chap. 2, p. 423.
[254] Anciens Mémoires Du XIV Siècle, I, 505.
[255] See Montfaucon, Tom III, Pl. 18.
[256] Holinshed’s Chronicles, II, 727.
[257] Ancient Armour and Weapons of War, II, 342.
[258] Plate 58.
[259] Page 371.
[260] Holinshed, II, 844. Harleian MS., III, 6079, Art. 36, gives an account of this duel.
[261] Theatre of Honour, etc., p. 459.
[262] Theatre of Honour, etc., p. 459.
[263] Archæologia, XXIX, 348.
[264] Probably a fencing master.
[265] Antiquarian Repertory, II, 210.
[266] The glaive here mentioned is not the weapon usually known by that name, but the lance: for it will be observed in some later rules given on these pages that “spears of equal length” were to be issued to the combatants. Lances were often termed glaives at this period, and in such combats were shortened to five feet.
[268] Clayues.
[269] Antiquarian Repertory, 1, 152.
[270] Chronique de Monstrelet, Liv. II, Chap. CII.
[271] Holinshed, III, 210.
[272] Ibid.
[273] II, 182.
[274] Origines Juridiciales, p. 78.
[275] Holinshed III, 890.
[276] 59 Geo. III, c. 46.
[277] Catalogue by William Henry Black. Oxford. 1845.
[278] Though indexed this item is not in the catalogue.
[279] The Marquis of Northampton and others, 14 on each side.
[280] Prize.
[281] Another name for Scharfrennen.
[282] Bundrennen.
[283] German Joust.
[284] Joust at the Tilt.
[285] Feldrennen.
[286] 129?