130 Manuel de Faria y Sousa: Epitome de las Historias Portuguesas, 2 vols., Madrid, 1628; reference in Part II, Ch. 7, p. 257.

131 E. L. Stevenson: Atlas of Portolan Charts: Facsimile of Manuscript in British Museum, Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 81, New York, 1911, folio 1b.

132 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 17.

133 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, Pl. 46.

134 Ibid., Pl. 47.

135 A. S. Brown: Guide to Madeira and the Canary Islands (with notes on the Azores), 5th edit., London, 1898, p. 148.

136 N. Buache: Recherches sur l’ile Antillia et sur l’époque de découverte d’Amérique, Mémoires de l’Institut des Sciences, Lettres, et Arts, Vol. 6, 1806, pp. 1–29, following p. 84 of Section entitled “Histoire” and appended list. See p. 13.

137 Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference in Vol. 2, p. 281.

138 Joseph Bullar and Henry Bullar: A Winter in the Azores and a Summer in the Baths of the Furnas, 2 vols., London, 1841; reference in Vol. 2, pp. 242–247.

139 Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference in Vol. 2, p. 163.

140 Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 12, map 1.

141 [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales.... Paris, [1842–62], Pl. X, 1.

142 Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 11 (Facsimile della carta nautica di Andrea Bianco dell’ anno 1448), Pl. 3. See also Kretschmer, text, p. 184.

143 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, Pl. 8.

144 Ibid., Pl. 11.

145 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 5.

146 Listed as No. 17 in Justin Winsor: The Kohl Collection (now in the Library of Congress) of Maps Relating to America, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C., 1904, p. 27.

147 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 15.

148 Ibid., Pl. 18.

149 Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 8 (Facsimile del Portolano di Giacomo Giraldi di Venezia dell’ anno 1426).

150 The section of which the author has a photograph (first published in the Geogr. Rev., Vol. 8, 1919, opposite p. 40, and here reproduced, Fig. 3, somewhat curtailed) does not extend far enough to show the island.

151 Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390) of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana, Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does not contain the plates).

152 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 20.; Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 11, Pl. 3.

153 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 33.

154 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 1.

155 E. L. Stevenson: Facsimiles of Portolan Charts Belonging to the Hispanic Society of America, Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 104, New York, 1916, Pl. 2.

156 W. H. Babcock: Indications of Visits of White Men to America before Columbus, Proc. 19th Internatl. Congr. of Americanists, Held at Washington, Dec. 27–31, 1915, [Smithsonian Institution,] Washington, D. C., 1917, pp. 469–478; map on p. 476.

157 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 22.

158 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 9, map 3; also in A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889, Pl. 32.

159 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 14, map 5.

160 Ibid., Pl. 15.

161 Ibid., Pl. 12, map 2.

162 Ibid., Pl. 4, map 5.

163 Ibid., Pl. 17; also A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 51.

164 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 27.

165 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 19, map 3.

166 Justin Winsor: Cartier to Frontenac: Geographical Discovery in the Interior of North America in Its Historical Relations, 1534–1700, with Full Cartographical Illustrations from Contemporary Sources, Boston and New York, 1894, p. 60.

167 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Fig. 76, p. 163.

168 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas, Pl. 46.

169 Ibid., Pl. 47.

170 Copy in map collection of American Geographical Society.

171 Atlas universel, par M. Robert, Géographe ordinaire du Roy, et par M. Robert de Vaugondy, son fils, ... Paris, 1757, Pl. 13.

172 [E. M.] Blunt’s New Chart of the Atlantic or Western Ocean, New York, 1814.

173 Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 5 (Facsimile del Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano dell’ anno 1351), Pl. 4.

174 Book of the Knowledge of All the Kingdoms, Lands, and Lordships That Are in the World, and the Arms and Devices of Each Land and Lordship, or of the Kings and Lords Who Possess Them, written by a Spanish Franciscan in the middle of the 14th century, published for the first time with notes by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada in 1877, translated and edited by Sir Clements Markham, Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 2nd Ser., Vol. 29, London, 1912, p. 29.

175 Fridtjof Nansen: In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times, transl. by A. G. Chater, 2 vols., New York, 1911; reference in Vol. 1, pp. 192 and 194.

176 Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 14, map 5.

177 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Bidrag till nordens äldsta kartografi, Stockholm, 1892, Pl. 5. Also (reduced) in Nansen (Vol. 2, p. 285), and in T. J. Westropp: Brasil and the Legendary Islands of the North Atlantic: Their History and Fable, Proc. Royal Irish Acad., Vol. 30, Section C, 1912–13, pp. 223–260; see Pl. 20, opp. p. 260.

178 Thormodus Torfaeus: Gronlandia Antiqua seu veteris Gronlandiae descriptio, Copenhagen, 1706; Tabula I, facing p. 20.

179 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 13.

180 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, Pl. 27.

181 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 19, map 3.

182 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889, p. 67.

183 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 17.

184 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, Pl. 46.

185 Ibid., Pl. 47.

186 Quoted by Nansen in his “In Northern Mists,” Vol. 1, p. 260.

187 Henry Rink: Danish Greenland, Its People and Its Products, London, 1877, pp. 306–312 and passim.

188 William Hovgaard: The Voyages of the Norsemen to America (Scandinavian Monographs, Vol. 1), American-Scandinavian Foundation, New York, 1914, pp. 25 and 26.

189 Finnur Jónsson: Grönlands gamle Topografi efter Kilderne: Österbygden og Vesterbygden, Meddelelser on Grönland, Vol. 20 (text, pp. 267–329), Pls. 2 and 3, 1899.

190 Op. cit., p. 27.

191 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, p. 49. Also copied by Joseph Fischer: The Discoveries of the Norsemen in America, With Special Relation to Their Early Cartographical Representation, transl. by B. H. Soulsby, London, 1903, p. 70.

192 Joseph Fischer, Pls. 1–8. See also the map of Henricus Martillus Germanus (1489) in E. G. Ravenstein: Martin Behaim, His Life and His Globe, London, 1908, p. 67. The name Greenland does not appear on the latter map, but the peninsula is there.

193 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 4; better facsimile reproductions in the works by Major and Lucas cited in footnotes 1 and 2, Ch. IX.

194 Thormodus Torfaeus: Gronlandia Antiqua, seu veteris Gronlandiae descriptio. Copenhagen, 1706, Tabula II, after p. 20. Also reproduced by Gustav Storm: Studies on the Vineland Voyages, Mémoires Soc. Royale des Antiquaires du Nord (Copenhagen), N. S., 1884–89, pp. 307–370 (map on p. 333); by Fridtjof Nansen: In Northern Mists, Vol. 2, p. 7; and by W. H. Babcock: Early Norse Visits to North America, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington, D. C., 1913, map facing p. 62; by Hovgaard, op. cit., opp. p. 118. These are two versions, the one appearing in Torfaeus (1706), reproduced herewith (Fig. 18) and by Nansen, the other a copy of about 1670 belonging to Bishop Thordr Thorláksson, now preserved in the Royal Library of Copenhagen (Old Collection, No. 2881, 4to), of Stefánsson’s original map, which was lost. The earlier version is reproduced by Storm, Babcock, and Hovgaard.

195 Hovgaard. p. 39.

196 Often quoted, e. g. by Hovgaard, p. 37.

197 Pp. 69–124 in Gustav Storm: Monumenta historica Norvegiae, Christiania, 1880; reference on p. 76. In English, e. g. in Hovgaard, p. 167.

198 Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano, 1351; see Pl. 5 of facsimile in Portfolio 5 of Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–1886.

Catalan atlas, 1375, Pls. 11–14 in A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897.

Pareto map, 1455, Pl. 5 in atlas accompanying Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892 (our Fig. 21).

199 M. A. P. d’Avezac: Notice des découvertes faites au Moyen-Age dans l’Océan Atlantique antérieurement aux grandes explorations portugaises du quinzième siècle, Paris, 1845, pp. 8–9. See “I de Madera” on Benincasa map, 1482, in Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4 (our Fig. 22).

200 Fully set forth in A. M. Reeves: The Finding of Wineland the Good, London, 1890; summarized in W. H. Babcock: Early Norse Visits to North America, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington, D. C., 1913, pp. 64 et seq.

201 Reeves, pp. 42 et seq. This work gives facsimiles of the pages in Hauk’s Book dealing with the saga of Eric the Red, as well as the printed text in Icelandic, also a translation and notes distinguishing slight divergencies of Arna Magnæan MS. 557. I have followed the latter as slightly preferable and equally authentic and archaic in substance. William Hovgaard (The Voyages of the Norsemen to America, New York, 1914, p. 103) translates a little differently from Reeves in details but gives much the same purport.

202 For example by Joseph Fischer: The Discoveries of the Norsemen in America, With Special Relation to Their Early Cartographical Representation, transl. by B. H. Soulsby, London, 1903, pp. 7–8.

203 Thus quoted in Reeves, p. 15. See also Hovgaard, p. 79, where the obscure phrase in quotation marks above is rendered “Karlsefni cut wood for a house ornament.”

204 Thormodus Torfaeus: Gronlandia Antiqua, seu veteris Gronlandiae descriptio, Copenhagen, 1706, Tabula II, after p. 20. See also footnote 20, Chapter VII.

205 Fridtjof Nansen: In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times, transl. by A. G. Chater, New York, 1911, 2 vols.: reference in Vol. 1, p. 323. Cf. R. Whitbourne: A Discourse and Discovery of Newfoundland, London, 1622.

206 E. L. Stevenson: Maps Illustrating Early Discovery and Exploration in America, 1502–1530, Reproduced by Photography from the Original Manuscripts, text and 12 portfolios, New Brunswick, N. J., 1906; reference in Portfolio 1.

207 E. L. Stevenson: Marine World Chart of Nicolo de Canerio Januensis, 1502 (circa), 2 vols. (text, 1908, and facsimile in portfolio, 1907), Amer. Geogr. Soc. and Hispanic Soc. of Amer., New York, 1907–08.

208 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Bidrag till nordens äldsta kartografi, Stockholm, 1892, Pl. 5. Also (reduced) in Nansen: In Northern Mists, Vol. 2, p. 280, and in T. J. Westropp: Brasil and the Legendary Islands of the North Atlantic: Their History and Fable (Proc. Royal Irish Acad., Vol. 30, Section C, 1912–13, pp. 223–260), Pl. 20, facing p. 260.

209 Alberto Maghaghi: La carta nautica costruita nel 1325 da Angelino Dalorto, with facsimile, Florence, 1898 (published on the occasion of the Third Italian Geographical Congress). Cf. also: idem: Il mappamondo del genovese Angellinus de Dalorto (1325): Contributo alla storia della cartografia mediovale, Atti del Terzo Congr. Geogr. Italiano, tenuto in Firenze dal 12 al 17 Aprile, 1898, Florence, 1899, Vol. 2, pp. 506–543; and idem: Angellinus de Dalorco (sic), cartografo italiano della prima metà del secolo XIV, Riv. Geogr. Italiana, Vol. 4, 1897, pp. 282–294 and 361–369.

210 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus, Pl. 27.

211 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 19, map 3.

212 Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 11, Pl. 3.

213 R. H. Major, transl. and edit.: The Voyages of the Venetian Brothers, Nicolò and Antonio Zeno, to the Northern Seas, in the XIVth Century, etc., Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 1st Ser., Vol. 50, London, 1873; and F. W. Lucas: The Annals of the Voyages of the Brothers Nicolò and Antonio Zeno in the North Atlantic, etc., London, 1898—representing opposite sides of the discussion.

214 George Cartwright: Journal of Transactions and Events During a Residence of Nearly Sixteen Years on the Coast of Labrador, 3 vols., Newark (Engl.), 1792. Republished as “Captain Cartwright and His Labrador Journal,” with an introduction by W. T. Grenfell, Boston. 1911; reference on pp. 16–25.

215 R. H. Major, transl. and edit.: The Voyages of the Venetian Brothers, Nicolò and Antonio Zeno, to the Northern Seas, in the XIVth Century, etc., Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 1st Ser., Vol. 50, London, 1873.

216 F. W. Lucas: The Annals of the Voyages of the Brothers Nicolò and Antonio Zeno in the North Atlantic, etc., London, 1898, p. 152.

217 Ibid., Pls. 13 (Mercator’s large-scale world map, 1569) and 14 (Ortelius’ large-scale world map, 1570). Ortelius’ small-scale world map, 1570, of a section of which our Fig. 10 is a reproduction, is facsimiled in A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889, Pl. 46.

218 Major, pp. 19–24.

219 Recently on exhibition, but not accessible at present.

220 Eugène Beauvois: La découverte du nouveau monde par les irlandais, Nancy. 1877, p. 90.

221 Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 4, map 5.

222 A. M. Reeves: The finding of Wineland the Good. London, 1890, pp. 94–95.

223 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, Pl. 27.

224 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 19, map 3.

225 Justin Winsor: Cartier to Frontenac: Geographical Discovery in the Interior of North America in Its Historical Relations, 1534–1700, with Full Cartographical Illustrations from Contemporary Sources, Boston, 1894, pp. 60–61.

226 Lucas, p. 124.

227 Lucas, p. 74.

228 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, text maps 34 and 35, on pp. 85 and 87, and Pl. 32; idem: Facsimile-Atlas, Pl. 30. The first three maps are also reproduced in idem: Bidrag till Nordens äldsta Kartografi, Stockholm, 1892, Pls. 3, 1, 2.

229 Joseph Fischer: The Discoveries of the Norsemen in America with Special Relation to Their Early Cartographical Representation, transl. by B. H. Soulsby, London, 1903, pp. 71 and 72 and Pls. 1–6.

230 J. G. Kohl: A History of the Discovery of the East Coast of North America, Particularly the Coast of Maine, from the Northmen in 990 to the Charter of Gilbert in 1578 (Documentary History of the State of Maine, Vol. 1). Colls. Maine Hist. Soc., 2d Ser., Portland, 1869, p. 105.

231 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 5.

232 [M. F.] Santarem: Atlas composé de mappemondes, de portulans, et de cartes hydrographiques et historiques depuis le VI^e jusqu’au XVII^e siècle ... devant servir de preuves à l’histoire de la cosmographie et de la cartographie pendant le Moyen Age ..., Paris. 1842–53, Pl. 9 (Quaritch’s notation).

233 E. L. Stevenson: Maps Illustrating Early Discovery and Exploration in America, 1502–1530, Reproduced by Photography from the Original Manuscripts, text and 12 portfolios, New Brunswick. N. J., 1906; reference in Portfolio 1.

234 Ferdinand Columbus: The History of the Life and Actions of Adm. Christopher Columbus, and of His Discovery of the West-Indies, Call’d the New World, Now in Possession of His Catholic Majesty. Written by His Own Son, transl. from the Italian and contained in “A Collection of Voyages and Travels, Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts, Others Now First Published in English,” by Awnsham Churchill and John Churchill (6 vols., London, 1732), Vol. 2, pp. 501–628; reference on p. 507.

235 E. L. Stevenson: Atlas of Portolan Charts: Facsimile of Manuscript in British Museum, Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 81, New York, 1911, folios 1b and 8b.

236 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Bidrag till Nordens äldsta Kartografi, Stockholm, 1892, Pl. 5.

237 E. g. in [Henry Harrisse]: Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima: Additions, Paris, 1872, pp. xvi-xviii; and Ferdinand Columbus: The History of the Life and Actions of Adm. Christopher Columbus, and of His Discovery of the West-Indies, Call’d the New World, Now in Possession of His Catholic Majesty. Written by His Own Son, transl. from the Italian and contained in “A Collection of Voyages and Travels, Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts, Others Now First Published in English,” by Awnsham Churchill and John Churchill (6 vols., London, 1732), Vol. 2, pp. 501–628; reference on p. 512.

238 Henry Vignaud: The Columbian Tradition on the Discovery of America and of the Part Played Therein by the Astronomer Toscanelli, Oxford, 1920, pp. 9–10; and idem: Le vrai Christophe Colomb et la légende, Paris, 1921, Ch. IX.

239 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, p. 177.

240 E. G. Ravenstein: Martin Behaim: His Life and His Globe, London, 1908, p. 77.

241 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889, p. 65 and Pl. 32.

242 Pietro Martyr d’Anghiera: The Decades of the New World or West India, transl. by Rycharde Eden, London, 1597, First Decade, p. 6. For a modern edition of this work see “De Orbe Novo: The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D’Anghera,” transl. by F. A. MacNutt, 2 vols., New York, 1912.

243 E. L. Stevenson: Marine World Chart of Nicolo de Canerio Januensis, 1502 (circa), 2 vols. (text, 1908, and facsimile in portfolio, 1907), Amer. Geogr. Soc. and Hispanic Soc. of Amer., New York, 1907–08.

244 Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; see atlas, Pl. 8, map 2.

245 Friedrich Kunstmann: Ueber einige der ältesten Karten Amerikas, pp. 125–151 in his “Die Entdeckung Amerikas, nach den ältesten Quellen geschichtlich dargestellt,” with an atlas: Atlas zur Entdeckungsgeschichte Amerikas, aus Handschriften der K. Hof- und Staats-Bibliothek, der K. Universitaet und des Hauptconservatoriums der K. B. Armee herausgegeben von Friedrich Kunstmann, Karl von Spruner, Georg M. Thomas, Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich, 1859; reference on Pl. 4 of atlas.

246 Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 13 (Facsimile del planisfero del mondo conosciuto, in lingua catalana, del xv secolo), Pl. 5.

247 [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales ... Paris, [1842–62], Pl. X, 1. In Santarem’s atlas (cf. Ch. IX, footnote 18), Pl. 31, the name is interpreted as “Atullis.”

248 E. L. Stevenson: Atlas of Portolan Charts: Facsimile of Manuscript in British Museum, Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 81, New York, 1911, folio 9a.

249 Ibid., folio 1b.

250 Vicenzio Formaleoni: Description de deux cartes anciennes tirées de la Bibliothèque de St. Marc à Venise, pp. 91–168 of the same author’s “Essai sur la marine ancienne des Vénitiens,” transl. by the Chevalier d’Henin, Venice, 1788; reference on p. 122 and Pl. III.

251 Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent, et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference in Vol. 2, p. 193. The other mentions of Humboldt in this chapter refer to the same volume, pp. 178–211, except allusions to his correspondence with the Weimar librarian.

252 Ibid., p. 211.

253 [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales..., Paris, [1842–62], Pl. X, 1.

254 Periplus, p. 177.

255 W. H. Babcock: Indications of Visits of White Men to America before Columbus, Proc. 19th Internatl. Congr. of Americanists, Held at Washington, Dec. 27–31, 1915, [Smithsonian Institution,] Washington, D. C., 1917. map on p. 476.