1 Miss Bacon, in “Japanese Girls and Women.”
2 Fifth edition.
3 Twelfth edition.
4 If any are inclined to delve still more deeply into any of these topics, they will find farther references in the books in the lists, especially in “Things Japanese.” And the most complete treatment of this subject is found in Wenckstern’s “Bibliography of Japan.” Poole’s Index is also valuable.
5 Including half of Sakhalin, but not Korea.
6 Another design shows the sun’s rays shooting out from the sun in the centre.
7 24° 14´-45° 30´ N.
8 There is a Tōkyō Shi, for instance, in Tōkyō Fu. See Appendix for lists of Kuni and Ken.
9 Except Korea.
10 Niitaka, or Mt. Morrison, in Formosa, is about 13,000 feet high.
11 Kawa, or gawa in composition, means “river.”
12 See also meteorological tables in Appendix.
13 This quotation is from Murray’s “Hand-Book for Japan” by Chamberlain and Mason. The Introduction of that book contains most valuable practical information for prospective travellers in Japan.
14 See Appendix.
15 See tables of measurement and coinage, in Appendix.
16 See “The Yankees of the East” (Curtis), chap. xiii.
17 The “Shakai Zasshi” has the following on the decrease of farmers: The causes of the phenomenon, briefly stated, are as below: (1) The current methods of farming require no intelligence in the farmer. He works very much like an animal in a purely mechanical fashion. Hence lads with minds are attracted to trade and industry. (2) The universality of education has increased the number of intelligent men among the lower classes, and this has made farmers discontented with their lot. (3) City life offers many attractions to active-minded persons; and hence in Japan, as in the Western world, there has been a steady flow of country people towards the towns. The statistics published on this matter show, that, whereas in 1889 the proportion of townspeople to the total number of inhabitants was 15 in every 100 persons, in 1898 it has risen to 18. This accounts for the scarcity of farm labor, which has constantly been complained of in recent years.—Japan Mail.
18 See tables in Appendix.
19 See Appendix.
20 See tables of weights and measures in Appendix.
21 Scidmore’s “Jinrikisha Days in Japan,” chap. xxxv., and Gribble’s paper in Transactions Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. xii. pp. 1-33.
22 Scidmore’s “Jinrikisha Days in Japan,” chaps. xxvi., xxvii.
23 See Davidson’s “Island of Formosa.”
24 See Transactions Japan Society, London, vol. i., for an interesting paper by Charles Holme, and Transactions Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. xxvii., for an elaborate and finely illustrated paper by Sir Ernest Satow, on “Bamboo.”
25 See Appendix.
26 Japan Times. See also Appendix.
27 See also chapter on “Æsthetic Japan.”
28 Lowell’s “Soul of the Far East,” pp. 114-117.
29 The Yankees of the East (Curtis), chap. xii. Also see Appendix.
30 “Unlike ordinary laborers jinrikisha men have always to work in the open air, often in defiance of the elements, and irrespective of day or night. Sometimes they are covered from head to foot with dust and at other times drenched to the skin with water. Then again they experience a constant change in their bodily temperature, at one time perspiring from their arduous exertions, and at another shivering with cold. No one can doubt that such quick change in bodily temperature will sooner or later tell on the health of those unfortunate victims. At every street corner they are to be found on the eager look-out for customers, but exhaustion soon asserts its claim over them, as they invariably doze whenever and wherever they have the chance.”
31 See Appendix, for important railway statistics.
32 Japan is also in cable communication with the rest of the world via Hongkong, or Vladivostock, or Manila, or Honolulu; and press rates are available.
33 It should be pronounced Mah-ro͝o, not Mă-roo´.
34 See Appendix.
35 See Appendix.
36 See table in Appendix. In 1912 the exports footed up $262,000,000, and the imports $309,000,000.
37 See Hamaoka’s pamphlet on “The Bank of Japan.”
38 For tables of currency, weights, measures, etc., see Appendix.
39 See “Japan and America” for June and July, 1903; also consult Diosy’s “New Far East,” chap. vi.
40 See “Japan and America” for June and July, 1903.
41 “Unbeaten Tracks in Japan,” by Miss Bird (now Mrs. Bishop), is interesting and reliable in its treatment of the Ainu of that day. Chamberlain also has written on the “Ainos.” The best single book is, of course, “The Ainu of Japan,” by Rev. J. Batchelor, the leading authority, who has also written a book on “Ainu Folk-lore.”
42 “Various Impressions” is the title of an address delivered at a meeting of the Imperial Education Society by Dr. Nitobe, reported very fully in the Kyōiku Kōhō. Dr. Nitobe gave an account of his travels in the South Pacific. He visited Java, many other islands, and Australia. At Java he felt persuaded that an eminent French ethnologist who not long ago said that, as the result of much investigation, he had come to the conclusion that the Japanese race was 6/10 Malay, 3/10 Mongolian, and 1/10 mixed, was right. Among the mixed elements there was an Aryan element, which came from India, and a negrito element. “Now it is supposed,” says Dr. Nitobe, “that this negrito element comes from the Javanese. It no longer shows itself in the Japanese in regard to the form of the nose and that of the cheek-bones, but it is to be seen in the curly hair of certain inhabitants of Kyūshiu. In Oshū, from which I come, this peculiarity is not known. During my travels in the South Pacific Islands I was repeatedly struck by the similarity of Malay customs to our own. In the structure of their houses even this was very manifest.”—Japan Mail.
43 Dr. Baelz estimates the average stature at about 5 feet.
44 See also subsequent chapter on “Japanese Traits.”
45 His is simply a case of what is called “undeveloped moral consciousness.”
46 See Transactions Japan Society, London, vol. ii., papers by Goh and Aston.
47 See Lowell’s “Soul of the Far East,” chap. ii.
48 Morse’s “Japanese Homes” is the one book on this subject.
49 Besides Morse’s “Japanese Homes,” Conder’s “Landscape-Gardening in Japan” (Transactions Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. xiv., and in book form, illustrated), is very valuable. An instructive short description of this subject may be found in chap. xvi., vol. ii., of Hearn’s “Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.”
50 For descriptions of Japanese meals or banquets, see Miss Scidmore’s “Jinrikisha Days in Japan,” passim; “The Yankees of the East” (Curtis), vol. ii. chap. xiv.; and Norman’s “Real Japan,” chap. i.
51 See Norman’s “Real Japan,” pp. 180-195.
52 For instance, “such an attire as Japanese clogs, flannel drawers, swallow-tail coat, and opera hat” has been seen; and another witness testifies to the “oddest mixtures of evening dress and bathing suits, naked legs with a blouse and a foreign hat, high boots with a kimono, legs and head Asiatic with trunk European, or vice versa, with endless combinations and variations.” There is a great variety, with all kinds of fits and misfits.
53 Chamberlain.
54 “The Wee Ones of Japan,” by Mae St. John Bramhall, can be recommended.
55 See Transactions Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. xiii. pp. 114-137; and “A Japanese Bride,” by Rev. N. Tamura, is admirable.
56 See Transactions Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. xix. pp. 507-544.
57 See chap. xx. of Hearn’s “Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.”
58 See Appendix, and Clement’s “Japanese Floral Calendar.”
59 See chapter on “Children’s Games and Sports” in “The Mikado’s Empire.”
60 See chap. xx. of “The Yankees of the East” (Curtis).
61 See Hancock’s “Japanese Physical Training.”
62 On the subject of the Japanese theatre and drama, see McClatchie’s “Japanese Plays” and Edwards’s “Japanese Plays and Playfellows.”
63 See Norman’s “Real Japan,” chap. ix.
64 The best books on this subject are Mitford’s “Tales of Old Japan,” Miss Ballard’s “Fairy Tales from Far Japan,” Griffis’s “Fire-Fly’s Lovers,” Mme. Ozaki’s “Japanese Fairy Book,” and the series of crêpe booklets of “Japanese Fairy Tales,” published by the Kobunsha, Tōkyō.
65 See “Japanese Calendars,” Transactions Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. xxx. part. i.
66 The sixty-first year of a person’s life is of special interest, because it is the first of a second cycle of sixty years.
67 “The vast rice crop is raised on millions of tiny farms; the silk crop in millions of small, poor homes; the tea crop on countless little patches of soil.”—Lafcadio Hearn.
68 The Japanese seem to have no nerves; or, at least, their nervous system is much less sensitive than ours.
70 But “the peasantry is, in the main, honest.”
71 See “Japanese Calendars,” Transactions Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. xxx. part i.
The Land of Approximate Time.
—Jingles from Japan.
72 For particulars on this point, see chapter on “Æsthetic Japan.”
73 See “Scribner’s Monthly” for January, 1895.
74 Chamberlain’s English version is found in Transactions Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. x., Supplement.
75 Aston’s English version is found in Transactions Japan Society, London, Supplement.
76 See Transactions Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. xvi. pp. 39-75.
77 There are, indeed, many striking resemblances between “things Japanese” of various kinds and the corresponding “things Græco-Roman.” See “Japanesque Elements in ‘The Last Days of Pompeii’” in the “Arena” for October, 1896.
78 See Appendix, where will also be found a list of the year-periods, or eras.
79 His younger brother, Yoshitsune, was a popular hero.
80 See “The Religions of Japan” (Griffis), chap. xi.
81 Previously Portuguese, English, and others had enjoyed the privilege.
82 For lists of eras and emperors, see Appendix.
83 Or [VII. Cosmopolitanism (1899- )].
84 Recommending to open Japan to foreign intercourse.
85 The following is what the Japanese themselves stated about this event: “The letter of the President of the United States of North America, and copy, are hereby received and delivered to the Emperor. Many times it has been communicated that business relating to foreign countries cannot be transacted here at Uraga, but in Nagasaki. Now, it has been observed that the Admiral, in his quality of ambassador of the President, would be insulted by it; the justice of this has been acknowledged; consequently, the above-mentioned letter is hereby received, in opposition to the Japanese law.”
86 Dixon’s “Land of the Morning,” p. 97.
87 Iyenaga’s “Constitutional Development of Japan,” p. 33.
88 See Appendix for New Treaty.
89 Drawn up by the then Count (the late Prince) Itō, Mr., now Viscount, Kaneko and Mr. Suyematsu (now Viscount), and others.
90 This and following quotations are from the Constitution itself.
91 See Scidmore’s “Jinrikisha Days in Japan,” chaps. xi., xii.
92 See “The Yankees of the East,” chap. iii.
93 For table of Cabinet changes, see Appendix.
94 The number is variable; in 1912, it was 373. See Appendix.
95 The property qualification has since been abolished.
96 Published in the “Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.”
97 See Appendix.
98 See valuable papers by Simmons and Wigmore in Transactions Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. xix. pp. 37-270, and vol. xx., Supplement, part i., pp. 41-62.
99 See “Nation,” vol. li. (1890).
100 The sessions are generally very orderly; no smoking or drinking is allowed in the assembly-room.
101 The principle of local self-government has been most signally upheld in one instance by the Imperial Japanese government. Recently the Governor of Gumma Prefecture, in the face of the public opinion of that section, gave permission for the re-establishment of the system of licensed immorality. Inasmuch as the people of that prefecture have always taken great pride in the fact that their section was an oasis in the desert, they raised a great storm, and accused the Governor of having lent himself to speculators. Whether or not this accusation was true, the Minister of Home Affairs so far respected local opinion as to revoke the permission granted by the Governor and to remove the latter from office.
102 Baron Kentarō Kaneko has been elected a member of the City Council (of Tōkyō) as representative of the first-class tax-payers in Kōjimachi Ku. It may be added that the Nippon Yūsen Kwaisha (Japan Mail Steamship Company) is the only first-class tax-payer in that ward, and the Baron secured the one vote.
103 See note at bottom of page 139.
104 “The Island of Formosa” (Davidson) is invaluable.
105 See Appendix.
106 Quotations from Regulations.
107 For statistics and other information concerning the army and the navy, see Appendix.
108 “The New Far East,” chap. vii.
109 “Any foreign power that should venture to attack Japan in her own waters, would be strangely advised.”—Chamberlain.
110 See p. 104.
111 Renewed in 1905 and 1911.
112 “Japan, geographically to the mighty continent of Asia what Great Britain is to the continent of Europe; Japan, an island people with all the strength, mental and physical, that is the heritage of a nation cradled on the sea; Japan, by the necessities of her environment compelled to appreciate the importance of sea-power; Japan, in short, the Britain of the Orient.”—Diosy.
113 The first alliance of a white nation and a yellow nation.
114 Several paragraphs are here republished, by permission, from “The Standard,” Chicago.
115 See his voluminous work in Transactions Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. xx., Supplement.
116 These new codes are available in English, as follows: The Civil Code, by Gubbins; the Civil Code and the Commercial Code, by Lönholm and Terry; the Commercial Code, the Criminal Code, and the Code of Civil Procedure, in official translations.
117 See “Japan in the Beginning of the Twentieth Century.”
118 But missionaries, as individuals, are able to unite in organizing a Japanese corporation.
119 Portions of this chapter are reprinted by permission from the “American Journal of Sociology,” March, 1903.
120 Chap. iv. on “People, Houses, Food, Dress.”
121 The Japanese mother-in-law is an awful tyrant; but it is always the wife’s mother-in-law.
122 Since 1882 they have been upon the same basis.
123 These are composed of a large circle of relatives, and exercise autocratic influence in most important questions.
124 The word “family” is here and hereinafter used in a technical sense, peculiar to Japan, of a group of the same surname. In Old Japan the family was the social unit.
125 “A Japanese judge has ruled in a certain case that the wife is not obliged ‘to obey the unreasonable demands of her husband.’ In this particular instance the man of the house had told the wife to perform some disagreeable manual labor for him; she refused, and he promptly divorced her. The wife appealed, and her plea was upheld by the court. A very important precedent has been established, and this decision may lead to a revolution in Japanese domestic life, in which, thanks to the courage of one woman and the enlightening effect of American ideals, the Japanese wife need no longer be her husband’s slave.”—Congregational Work.
126 It is interesting to note that after a marriage ceremony at one of the shrines at Nikkō, the bridegroom and the bride were presented with a copy of Mr. Fukuzawa’s work.
127 See Appendix.
128 Chicago Daily Record.
129 “H. M. the Empress gave a donation of 2,000 yen to the Women’s University established by Mr. Jinzō Naruse. Prince Iwakura and Marquis Hachisuka will call at the Imperial Palace in a day or two in order to express the gratitude of the university for this munificent donation.”—Japan Times.
130 Her birthday on May 28 is annually observed by Christian women in special services.
131 Arranged by the famous Buddhist priest, Kōbō Daishi.
132 Read from top to bottom and from left to right.
133 See “The Soul of the Far East,” pp. 78-109.
134 Translation by Prof. Clay MacCauley, Transactions Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. xxvii.
135 From Chamberlain’s “Things Japanese.”
136 It is, however, only fair to state that Joseph Heco, who was probably the first naturalized Japanese citizen of the United States, claims the same honor for his “Kaigai Shimbun,” published in 1864 to give a summary of foreign news. See his “Narrative of a Japanese,” vol. ii. pp. 53, 59.
137 See also Norman’s “Real Japan,” chap. ii.
138 Reprinted, by permission, from “The Dial,” Chicago.
139 Reprinted, by permission, from “The Dial,” Chicago.
140 Reprinted, by permission, from “The Dial,” Chicago.
141 Or “Practical Introduction to the Study of Japanese Writing.”
142 Noss’s Lange’s “Text-book of Colloquial Japanese” (1908) is very valuable.
143 The new “English-Japanese Dictionary of the Spoken Language” (1904) is indispensable.
144 See chap. xxiii. of “Japan in History, Folk-lore and Art” (Griffis).
145 See “Chautauquan” for April, 1902.
146 For a statistical table of schools in the empire, see Appendix.
147 Official translation, revised.
148 This has recently secured the famous Max Müller Library.
149 “The Soul of the Far East,” p. 121.
150 While it is possible and even probable that this movement may have begun before the formal introduction of Buddhism from Korea in the year 552, our present knowledge of the history of art in Japan anterior to that event is not sufficient to warrant any definite assertion respecting it.
151 See “The Ideals of the East,” by Kakasu Okakura. London, 1903.