[167] S. P. D. Jac. I (8 Nov. 1604). The French ambassador wrote in 1606 (Boderie, i. 56) that the king 'vit combattre les cocqs, qui est un plaisir qu'il prend deux fois la semaine'.

[168] Cf. D. N. B.. Anne also had a 'jester', Thomas Derry, in 1612 (Cunningham, xliii).

[169] Abstract, 46; Devon, 17, 72 and passim; Cott. MS. Vesp. C. xiv, f. 108; Addl. MS. 33378, f. 34ᵛ; V. P. x. 102; Sully, 443; Boderie, i. 39, 272, 362. Sir Lewis Lewknor received a formal appointment as Master of Ceremonies by patent, with a salary of £200, on 7 Nov. 1605, but had in fact been exercising the functions since 1603. Amongst his assistants were Sir William Button, who was employed by 1607 and obtained a reversion of the post on 10 Sept. 1612, and John Finett, who ultimately himself became Master, and published a record of his service from 1612 in his Philoxenis (1656).

[170] Worcester to Shrewsbury, 2 Feb. 1604 (Lodge, iii. 88); 'Now, having done with matters of state, I must a little touch the feminine commonwealth, that against your coming you be not altogether like an ignorant country fellow. First, you must know we have ladies of divers degrees of favour; some for the private chamber, some for the drawing chamber, some for the bed-chamber, and some for neither certain, and of this number is only my Lady Arabella and my wife. My Lady Bedford holdeth fast to the bed-chamber; my Lady Harford would fain, but her husband hath called her home. My Lady Derby the younger, the Lady Suffolk, Ritche, Nottingham, Susan, Walsingham, and, of late, the Lady Sothwell, for the drawing-chamber; all the rest for the private-chamber, when they are not shut out, for many times the doors are locked; but the plotting and malice amongst them is such, that I think envy hath tied an invisible snake about most of their necks to sting one another to death. For the present there are now five maids; Cary, Myddelmore, Woodhouse, Gargrave, Roper; the sixth is determined, but not come; God send them good fortune, for as yet they have no mother.'

[171] Madox, i. 262; Thomas, 24; Tout in E. H. R. xxiv. 496.

[172] Tout, 63.

[173] Madox, i. 267; P. R. O. Lists and Indexes, xi. 102; Tout in E. H. R. xxiv. 496. The following summary of the history of the wardrobe and chamber in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries is largely based on Tout, The Place of Edward II in English History (1914). Additional material has since been published in J. C. Davies, The Baronial Opposition to Edward II (1918).

[174] Fleta, ii. 6, quoted on p. 37.

[175] J. C. Davies, The First Journal of Edward II's Chamber (1915, E. H. R. xxx. 662), gives extracts from a Chamber account of 1322-3, including a payment of 7 Jan. 1323 'a iiij clers de Sneyth iuantz entreludies en la sale de Couwyk deuant le Roi et monsire Hugh [le Despenser] de doun le Roi par les mayns Harsik liuerant a eux les deniers xlˢ', which adds an interesting early use of the term 'interlude' to those given in Mediaeval Stage, ii. 181, 256.

[176] Newton, 351; Ramsay, Lancaster and York, i. 317; ii. 466. Henry VIII's Treasurers of the Chamber sometimes kept separate war accounts (Brewer, iv. 1. 82), and there is a similar example as late as 1599 (R. O. Audit Office, Various, 3, 108).

[177] P. R. O. Lists and Indexes, xxxv. 220, and Cal. Patent Rolls, both passim.

[178] C. P. R., 1 Hen. VI, p. 3, m. 5 (3 May 1423), 5 Edw. IV, p. 2, m. 28 (29 June 1465), 1 Rich. III, p. 5, m. 21 (26 Apr. 1484). I think Newton is wrong in regarding Vaughan's appointment by patent as exceptional. The Liber Niger, c. 1478 (H. O. 42), fully describes the Jewel House, with its 'architectour, called clerk of the King's, or keeper of the King's jewelles, or tresorer of the chambyr', and says 'all thinges of this office inward or outward, commyth and goyth by the knowledge of the Kyng, and his chamberlaynes recorde'.

[179] Sir Gilbert Talbot, Master of the Jewel House in 1680, represented (Archaeologia, xxii. 118) that anciently the Master was Treasurer of the Chamber, 'till that branch was taken out and made an office apart; and is now five times more beneficiall than the Jewell-House; all the regulation of expence being apply'd to the remaining parts of the perquisites of the Jewell-House, the fees of the Treasurer of the Chamber and Master of the Ceremonys being left entire'.

[180] Campbell, i. 228, 316; ii. 105, 296, 320, 445. Newton, 351, 353, thinks the exact dates of Edmund Chaderton's and Lovell's appointments uncertain, and supposes the keepership of the jewels to have been detached on the latter occasion. But it was clearly on the former, the date of which is given in C. P. R., 1 Rich. III, p. 5, m. 21, as 26 Apr. 1484. Lovell is described as Treasurer of the King's Chamber on 26 Feb. 1486 and of the Queen's Chamber about the following Easter (Campbell, i. 228, 316). There is no patent for him, and my impression is that both posts had been annexed to the Chancellorship of the Exchequer, granted him on 12 Oct. 1485 (C. P. R., 1 Hen. VII, p. 1, m. 18).

[181] Newton, 354, with a full account of Heron's career.

[182] This arrangement had already been legalized by 1 Hen. VIII, c. 3 (Statutes, iii. 2), which authorizes the payment of certain revenues to Heron as General Receiver, 'and to other persons ... hereafter in like office to be deputed and assigned as in the time of the late ... King Henry the vijᵗʰ hath been used', but does not refer to him as Treasurer of the Chamber.

[183] 3 Hen. VIII, c. 23 (Statutes, iii. 45). It is provided by § 6 'that the Kinges forenamed trusty servant John Heron be from hensfurth Tresourer of the Kinges Chamber, and that he by the name of Tresourer of the Kinges Chambre be named accepted and called; and that he and every other persone whom the King hereaftur shall name and appoint to the said roome or office of Tresourer of his Chamber be not Charged ne chargeable for any suche his or their Receipt of any parte or parcell of the premisses as before ys expressed or therefor to accompte answere or make repayment to any persone or persones other then to the King or his heires in his or their Chamber, and not in the said Eschequier'. The Act only had force to 30 Nov. 1512, but it was continued by 4 Hen. VIII, c. 18, 6 Hen. VIII, c. 24, 7 Hen. VIII, c. 7, 14-15 Hen. VIII, c. 15, and made permanent by 27 Hen. VIII, c. 62 in 1535 (Statutes, iii. 68, 145, 182, 219, 631). The account of this legislation in Newton, 361, treats the Act of 6 Hen. VIII as its starting-point.

[184] His salary was at first £10, afterwards £25 a quarter (Brewer, iii. 407). He died on 10 June 1522 (Newton, 358).

[185] A letter in Brewer, iii. 781 (N.D. but dated by Brewer 2 Dec. 1521), speaks of 'Master Myclo the new treasurer in Master Heron is room'. Certain payments were made by John Myklowe, 'late treasurer of the King's chamber', from 1 June 1521 to 1 May 1522, and thereafter by Edmund Peckham (Brewer, iii. 1156), until 1 Jan. 1523. Conceivably Peckham, who had been a clerk in the counting-house, and was cofferer by 1524 (Brewer, iv. 422), may have been Treasurer for a short period between Miklowe and Wyatt, unless indeed these payments belong to a special war loan or subsidy account, such as Wyatt himself rendered in 1524 (Brewer, iv. 82), probably not strictly in his capacity as Treasurer of the Chamber. Miklowe is described as Treasurer on 10 Apr. 1522 and was dead by 28 June 1522 (Brewer, iii. 924, 998). For his earlier history, cf. Brewer, ii. 436; iii. 332; xxi. 2. 426; Ellis, iii. 3, 271.

[186] Wyatt is described as Treasurer in an indenture of 18 Feb. 1523 (Brewer, iii. 1190). In one of Cavendish's memoranda as printed in Trevelyan Papers, ii. 12, the name of Sir Thomas has been substituted for that of Sir Henry as a predecessor of Cavendish. This is an error, or more probably a forgery, as Collier edited the volume, and called special attention to the entry. Sir Thomas Wyatt was riding in 1524 on war loan business, payment for which is in his father's account (Brewer, iv. 85). On 21 Oct. 1524 he became clerk of the jewels. It is just possible that the old connexion of the Treasurer with the Jewel House suggested the confusion, on which cf. Simonds, Sir Thomas Wyatt, 19.

[187] H. O. 159.

[188] Brewer, iv. 1843.

[189] 33 Hen. VIII, c. 39 (Statutes, iii. 879).

[190] Brewer, xx. 2. 452; Dasent, i. 323, 470.

[191] Brewer, xxi. 1. 125, 147; Trevelyan Papers, i. 197.

[192] 7 Edw. VI, c. 2 (Statutes, iv. 1, 164).

[193] 1 Mary, Sess. 2, c. 10 (Statutes, iv. 1, 208); Thomas, 15.

[194] Wriothesley to Paget in Brewer, xx. 2. 338 (5 Nov. 1545). A later letter of 11 Nov. (Brewer, xx. 2. 365) refers to debts of the Surveyors' Court 'which is the Chamber'. In 1552 Charles Tuke was called on by the Privy Council to bring his father's accounts to the Lord Chamberlain for view and consideration (Dasent, iv. 164).

[195] Trevelyan Papers, ii. 1. The book is now in the R. O. It is in the statement of 1548 that Sir T. Wyatt's name has been inserted.

[196] Dasent, v. 329; vi. 182; Hatfield MSS. i. 256.

[197] Cf. ch. xiii (Interluders).

[198] Examples are in H. O. 120, 139, 147.

[199] Cf. App. B.

[200] A fuller account of the Tudor Chamber finance is given by Newton, 360; cf. M. D. George, The Origin of the Declared Account (E. H. R. xxxi. 41).

[201] Felton was cofferer in 1553 (Archaeologia, xii. 372).

[202] S. P. D. Mary, xiv. The fee of £240 represents the old fee of £100 attached to the Treasurership, together with allowances of £100 for board wages, £20 for clerks, £10 for boat-hire, and £10 for office necessaries, which Cavendish's accounts show that he enjoyed. The 1s. a day was presumably the fee for the Posts.

[203] Dasent, vii. 15, 27; S. P. D. Eliz. Addl. ix. 3.

[204] Nicholas, Eliz. i. 264, printed the accounts of Edmund Downing as executor to John Tamworth for 1559-69 from the audited copy in Harleian Rolls, A. A. 23. Copies are also in the Pipe Office Declared Accounts, 2791, and the Audit Office Declared Accounts, 2021, 1. No later Elizabethan Privy Purse Accounts are known, but it appears from the lists of New Year gifts for 1561, 1578, 1579, 1589, and 1600 (Nichols, Eliz. i. 108; ii. 65, 249; iii. 1, 445) that Henry Sackford succeeded John Tamworth as custodian of gifts given in cash, and he is described as Keeper at Elizabeth's death (S. P. D. Jac. I, vi. 2). His successor was Sir George Home, afterwards (1605) Earl of Dunbar (S. P. D. Docquet of 17 May 1603). Jacobean accounts for 1603-5 are in Pipe Office Declared Accounts, 2792, and in Audit Office Declared Accounts, 2021. Some extracts are in Cunningham, xviii. In 1617 (Abstract, 6) the Privy Purse disposed of £5,000 and an additional £1,100 from New Year gifts.

[205] This estimate is based on the account for 1594-5; doubtless there was some variation from year to year. A memorandum of c. 1596 (Hatfield MSS. vi. 571) gives the annual assignment to the office by warrant dormant as £13,800.

[206] On 23 July 1581 Heneage wrote to Hatton (Hatton, 181) that he could only grant allowances to couriers sent to Mr. Secretary in France if signed for by the Lord Treasurer, Lord Chamberlain, or Vice-Chamberlain. On 26 May 1590 (Cecil Papers, iv. 35) a royal warrant directed Heneage to pay on warrants subscribed by Burghley, as formerly by Walsingham. Both documents refer to temporary arrangements in the absence of a Secretary. When Herbert became Second Secretary in 1600, it was 'doubted that his warrants for money matters will be of no force to the Treasurer of the Chamber, which office depends upon the principal Secretary's warrants' (Sydney Papers, ii. 194).

[207] Camden (tr.), 130; Haynes-Murdin, ii. 761; S. P. D. Eliz. xl. 20.

[208] Wright, Eliz. i. 355; Hatton, 39; Heneage's accounts begin on 15 Feb. 1570.

[209] Camden (tr.), 450; Dasent, xxv. 4.

[210] Cecil Papers, iv. 68.

[211] D. N. B. from Lansd. MS. lxxix, No. 19.

[212] Sydney Papers, i. 356, 357, 363, 373, 382.

[213] Cecil Papers, v. 500; Haynes-Murdin, ii. 808. Killigrew rendered an account from 16 Dec. 1595 to 3 July 1596.

[214] Birch, Eliz. ii. 61; Haynes-Murdin, ii. 809.

[215] Birch, James, i. 277; S. P. D. Jac. I, lxxxi. 15.

[216] Lord Chamberlain's Records, v. 81-3. The recital runs: 'Whereas we have thought fitt to disburden our privy purse of certaine paymentes used of late to be made out of it, And to assigne the said paymentes to be henceforth made by you our Treasurer of our Chamber ... for allowances to players, for playes made before vs., for bullbayting, beare-bayting, and anie other sport shewed vnto vs.' The Treasurer is to pay 'vpon billes rated allowed and subscribed by our Chamberlaine'. Warrants for rewards for plays were still signed by the Privy Council during 1608-14, but by the Chamberlain from 1614.

[217] Abstract, 7, 12. During 1603-17 the Treasurer of the Chamber had also had £21,362 for 'extraordinary disbursements'.

[218] The development has been fully worked out by Professor Baldwin.

[219] H. O. 159 (1526).

[220] Cheyney, i. 67, 106; Hornemann, 52; Dasent, passim. Certain regulations called Orders in Star Chamber (cf. App. D, No. cxx) appear to proceed from the Council sitting in the Star Chamber, but in an administrative, not a judicial, capacity.

[221] Cf. generally for this paragraph Cheyney, i. 65; Hornemann, 19, 49; E. R. Adair, The Privy Council Registers (E. H. R. xxx. 698); and prefaces to Dasent, passim.

[222] La Mothe, iv. 29 (22 March 1571): 'J'y suys arrivé sur le poinct que ceux de son conseil venoient de débattre, devant elle, les poinctz du tretté.'

[223] Hornemann, 54, cites S. P. D. Eliz. cclxxviii. 55 as evidence that Essex was President of the Council; but surely it was the Council in Ireland. Scaramelli (V. P. ix. 567) reports an interview with the Council on 24 Apr. 1603, at which he says the Archbishop of Canterbury, President of the Council, was not present. This suggests that James had appointed a President. 'These Lords of the Council', adds Scaramelli, 'behave like so many kings.'

[224] Steele, xiv.

[225] Cf. App. D, Bibl. Note.

[226] Robert Laneham was Keeper and describes his functions (Laneham, 59): 'Noow, syr, if the Councell sit, I am at hand, wait at an inch, I warrant yoo. If any make babling, "peas!" (say I) "woot ye whear ye ar?" if I take a lystenar, or a priar in at the chinks or at the lokhole, I am by & by in the bones of him; but now they keep good order; they kno me well inough: If a be a freend, or such one az I lyke, I make him sit dooun by me on a foorm, or a cheast: let the rest walk, a God's name!'

[227] Baldwin, 439; Cheyney, i. 81; Dicey, 68, 94.

[228] Baldwin, 450; Percy, 17.

[229] Cheyney, i. 109; Percy, 48.

[230] Cf. ch. ix.

[231] Cf. chh. xiii (Pembroke's, Worcester's), xvi (Theatre, Globe), xvii (Blackfriars).

[232] Order for Sitting in the King's Great Chamber (H. O. 113): 'If the master of revells be there, he may sitt with the chapleyns or with the esquires or gentlemen ushers.'

[233] Cf. Mediaeval Stage, i. 404.

[234] Cf. ch. xiii.

[235] Brewer, i. 24, 283, 690, 828; ii. 875, 1044, 1479; iii. 129; iv. 868; cf. Tudor Revels, 6.

[236] Machyn, 157.

[237] Brewer, vii. 560; Feuillerat, M. P. 22; cf. Tudor Revels, 7.

[238] Brewer, xiv. 1. 574; 2. 102, 159.

[239] Patent in Feuillerat, Eliz. 53. The appointment was retrospective from 16 March 1544. Cawarden had taken an inventory of Revels stuff for the King as far back as 10 Dec. 1542 (Feuillerat, M. P. 27). The historical memorandum of 1573 (cf. p. 82) printed in Tudor Revels, 2, says, 'After the deathe of Travers Seriaunt of the said office. Sir Thomas Carden knight, beinge of the kinges maiesties pryvie Chamber, beinge skilfull and delightinge in matters of devise, preferred to that office, did mislyke to be tearmed a Seriaunt because of his better countenaunce of roome and place beinge of the kinges maiesties privye Chamber. And so became he by patent the first master of the Revelles.'

[240] Patent in Feuillerat, Eliz. 70; cf. Feuillerat, Edw. and M. 4, 9.

[241] Tudor Revels, 2, from memorandum of 1573.

[242] Brewer, xx. I. 213; Feuillerat, M. P. 28; Edw. and M. 49; Patent to Lees in Feuillerat, Eliz. 56.

[243] Patent in Feuillerat, Eliz. 66.

[244] Patent in Feuillerat, Eliz. 68; cf. Edw. and M. 74, 180, 272. Blagrave is described as Cawarden's 'servant' in 1546-7, and again in Cawarden's will of 1559. He was aged about 50 on 27 June 1572 (M. S. C. ii. 52).

[245] Kempe, 93.

[246] Brewer, i. 636, 757; ii. 179; xvi. 603.

[247] Feuillerat, Edw. and M. 3; cf. ch. xvii (Blackfriars).

[248] Tudor Revels, 3, from memorandum of 1573. An account of Cawarden's life by T. Craib is in Surrey Arch. Colls. xxviii. 7 (1915). There is a doubt as to the exact date of his death. The i.p.m. gives 29 Aug.; his epitaph 25 Aug. Similarly the Blechingley register gives 29 Aug. for his funeral; Machyn, 208, gives 5 Sept.

[249] Patent in Rymer, xv. 565; Collier, i. 170, from privy seal; Feuillerat, Eliz. 54.

[250] Nichols, Eliz. i. 115, 280; Athenaeum (1903), i. 220; 3 Library, ix. 252; Collier, i. 185. A reference to the Master of 'Revels' in Hatfield MSS. i. 551 is a mistake for 'Rolls'. Benger was son of Robert Benger or Berenger of Marlborough (Harl. Soc. Visitations, lviii. 10), was knighted 2 Oct. 1553 (Machyn, 335), and was auditor to Elizabeth as princess (Hearne, John of Glastonbury, 519). Further personal notes are in Stopes, Hunnis, 104, 311.

[251] Collier, i. 171 (assigned in error to Cawarden); Feuillerat, Eliz. 110, from S. P. D. Eliz. vii. 50.

[252] Hist. MSS. vii. 615.

[253] Lady Derby writes to Sir Christopher Hatton in 1580 that she had been with her cousin Sackford (Master of the Tents) in 'his house at St. John's' (Nicolas, Hatton, 148).

[254] Printed by Feuillerat, Edw. and M. 180; Eliz. 18, 77.

[255] Sometimes garments no longer useful for masks, but not yet cast as fees, had been altered for players, and either kept in the office and 'often used by players', or given to the players or musicians 'by composicion' or 'for their fee'. Some were missing because 'the lordes that masked toke awey parte', or they had been 'gyven awaye by the maskers in the queenes presence'. Some were treated as fees, because 'to moche knowen'; in an earlier inventory of 1555 we find 'ffees because the King hath worin hit' (Feuillerat, Edw. and M. 299; Eliz. 24, 25, 27, 40.)

[256] Feuillerat, Eliz. 109, 119, 124, 125, 126. Possibly the amounts of imprests are in some years to be added.

[257] Feuillerat, Eliz. 130, 135.

[258] Patent in Feuillerat, 58.

[259] Patent in Feuillerat, 72.

[260] Feuillerat, 408, from S. P. D. Eliz. Add. xx. 101; Collier, i. 230, who thinks that the application was for the Mastership of the Revels.

[261] Feuillerat, Eliz. 409; Collier, i. 191; from Lansd. MS. 13; cf. ch. v.

[262] Feuillerat, Eliz. 429. He died in debt, and his will was not proved until 1577 (Chalmers, 482). This led me into thinking (Tudor Revels, 26) that during 1572-7 he was alive, but not actively exercising his functions, and possibly into some injustice in suggesting that he had 'in the end proved an extravagant and unbusinesslike Master'. Yet Blagrave's memorandum of 1573 (vide infra) seems to lay a special stress on the importance of appointing a Master who shall be 'neither gallant, prodigall, nedye, nor gredye'.

[263] Feuillerat, Eliz. 187, 456, correcting Collier, i. 198 and Tudor Revels, 26.

[264] Feuillerat, Eliz. 157, 160, 172, 178.

[265] Ibid. 186.

[266] Tudor Revels, 28; Feuillerat, Eliz. 416; from Lansd. MS. 83, f. 145, misdated in pencil 'July 1597'.

[267] Tudor Revels, 29; Feuillerat, Eliz. 412; from Lansd. MS. 83, f. 147. Dodmer was still pursuing a claim in the Court of Requests in May 1576 (Feuillerat, Eliz. 413).

[268] Text in full in Tudor Revels, 1, 31, and Feuillerat, Eliz. 5, from Lansd. MS. 83, f. 158.

[269] Feuillerat, Eliz. 432, points out that, as Elizabeth's Privy Council is referred to, these ordinances can hardly have been those of Cawarden (cf. p. 74) as I suggested in Tudor Revels, 34.

[270] Text in full in Tudor Revels, 42, and Feuillerat, Eliz. 17, from Lansd. MS. 83, f. 154. The time-references agree with 1573 or 1574, if Blagrave's unestablished service in the Revels began as early as 1546.

[271] Lansd. MS. 83, f. 149. The reference to two years' debts suggests a date, when compared with Dodmer's, in the summer of 1574; if so, the writer will be Fish, rather than Arnold.

[272] Feuillerat, Eliz. 164.

[273] A Declared Account for 14 Feb. 1578 to 14 Feb. 1579 is in Blagrave's name.

[274] Feuillerat, Eliz. 212, 218, 238, 247, 267, 277, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300.

[275] Ibid. 192, 266, 277, 297, 301.

[276] Ibid. 191.

[277] Patent in Feuillerat, Eliz. 73; cf. 191, Collier, i. 227, and Variorum, iii. 499.

[278] Feuillerat, Eliz. 197, 204, 212, 228, 247, 268, 277, 291, 300.

[279] Ibid. 182, 225.

[280] Ibid. 256, 321.

[281] Ibid. 162, 165.

[282] Ibid. 191.

[283] Ibid. 242.