1. Rosenfeld, “Singing and Speaking Stones”; Scientific American Suppl. No. 1720, p. 395, Dec. 19, 1908.

2. Johannis Laurentii Philadelpheni Lydi quæ extant excerpta; ed. Hase, etc., Lipsiæ et Darmstadii, 1827, p. 104.

3. “La Statue vocal de Memnon,” by M. Letronne, in Mém. de l’Institut de France, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, vol. i, 42, 1.

4. See Theophrasti, “De lapidibus (Peri lithôn),” ed. by John Hill, London, 1746, pp. 15–17; cap. 10.

5. Plinii, “Naturalis historia,” Lib. xxxvii, cap. 59.

6. De Mély, in La Grande Encyclopédie; art. pierres précieuses.

7. Conradi Gesneri, “De rerum fossilium,” etc., Tiguri, 1565, fol. 49 verso.

8. Giovanni B. Rampolli, “Annali Musulmani,” vol. ix, Milano, 1825, p. 481, note 75.

9. “Exposition de ce qu’il y a de plus remarquable et des merveilles,” by Abdorrashish, surnamed Yakuti, a geographical work of the fifteenth century, transl. into French and published in Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du Roi, vol. ii, pp. 452, 520, 534; Paris, 1789.

10. F. Stuhlmann, “Mit Emin Pascha im Herz von Africa,” Berlin, 1894, p. 588.

11. S. Gason, “The Dieyeric Tribe” in “Native Tribes of South Australia,” pp. 276 sqq.; see also: A. W. Howitt, “The Dieri and Other Kindred Tribes of Central Australia.”

12. H. L. P. Cameron, “Notes on Some Tribes of New South Wales.” Journ. of Anthrop. Inst., vol. xiv (1885), p. 362.

13. J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabaner der Padangsche Bovenland, Bijdragen tot de Taal-Land-en Volkerkunde van Nederlandsch Indie,” vol. xxxix, 1890, p. 86.

14. Martin, “Description of the Western Islands of Scotland,” in Pinkerton’s “Voyages and Travels,” vol. iii, p. 594.

15. See Pinder, “De adamante,” Berolini, 1829, pp. 70 sqq., where the use of the word adamas to designate iron is said to have been conjectured by Schneider, in his “Analecta ad hist. rei met. vet.,” pp. 5, 6. Adamas as a man’s name occurs in the “Iliad,” xii, 140 and xiii, 560.

16. Julius Ruska, “Das Steinbuch aus der Kosmographie des Muhammad ibn Mahmud al Kazwini,” Beilage to the Jahresbericht of the Oberrealschule Heidelberg, 1895–96.

17. Camilli Leonardi, “Speculum lapidum,” Venetia, 1502, fol. xxix.

18. Philostrati, “Vita Apollonii,” Lib. iii, cap. 8.

19. “The Questions of King Milinda,” trans. by T. W. Rhys Davids; Sacred Books of the East, vol. xxxvi, Oxford, 1894, pp. 14, 303.

20. Traité des Simples of Ibn Al-Beithar, in Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale, vol. xxiii, p. 409; Paris, 1877.

21. De Mély, “Le traité des fleuves de Plutarche,” in Revue des Études Grecques, vol. v (1892), p. 332.

22. Konrad von Megenberg, “Buch der Natur,” ed. by Dr. Franz Pfeiffer, Stuttgart, 1861, p. 456.

23. Volmar, “Steinbuch,” ed. by Hans Lambel, Heilbronn, 1877, p. 24.

24. St. Hildegardæ, “Opera omnia,” in Pat. Lat., ed. J. P. Migne, vol. cxcvii, col. 1260.

25. D’Herbelot, “Bibliothèque Orientale,” La Haye, 1778, p. 230.

26. Clouston, “A Group of Eastern Romances,” Glasgow, 1889.

27. “Nützliche Versuche und Bemerkungen aus dem Reich der Natur,” Nürnberg, 1760; cited by Bolton.

28. Bolton, “Contributions of Alchemy to Numismatics,” New York, 1890, pp. 17, 18.

29. Ashmole, “Theatrum chemicum Brittanicum,” London, 1652, pp. 4–6.

30. Spencer and Gillen, “The Native Tribes of Central Australia,” London, 1899, pp. 525–529.

31. Rumphius, “D’Ambonische Rariteitskamer,” Amsterdam, 1741, p. 291.

32. Rumphius, “D’Ambonische Rariteitskamer,” Amsterdam, 1741, pp. 291, 292.

33. Vogt, “Die Indianer des oberen Paraná,” Mitteilungen d. Anthrop. Gesellsch. in Wien, 1904, vol. xxxiv, pp. 206, 207.

34. Hovorka and Kronfeld, “Vergleichende Volksmedizin,” vol. 11, p. 900; communication from Dr. Rudolf Pöch.

35. Benvenuto Cellini, “Due trattati, uno intorno alle otto principali arti dell’oreficeria,” etc., Fiorenzi, Valente Panizzi & Marco Peri, 1568, fol. 10 recto.

36. Axel Garboe, “Kulturhistoriske Studier over Ædelstene, med særligt Henblik paa det 17. Aarhundrede,” Kobenhavn og Kristiania, 1915, p. 225; citing a manuscript in the Royal Library at Copenhagen.

37. See Herbert E. Gregory, “Note on the Shape of Pebbles,” in The American Journal of Science, vol. xxxix, pp. 300–304; March, 1915; also for two succeeding paragraphs.

38. See Herbert E. Gregory, “Note on the Shape of Pebbles,” in The American Journal of Science, vol. xxxix, pp. 303, 304; March, 1915.

39. W. G. Wood-Martin, “Traces of the Elder Faiths of Ireland,” London, 1902, vol. i, p. 329.

40. Ibid., 1902, vol. i, op. cit., p. 330.

41. Nona Lebour, “White Quartz Pebbles and their Archæological Significance”; reprint from Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, January 30, 1914, p. 11.

42. Ibid., pp. 13 and 14, citing Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1860–1, vol. iv, pt. i, p. 219.

43. Ibid., p. 12, citing Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1860–1, vol. iv, pt. i, p. 219.

44. William Thomas and Kate Pavitt, “The Book of Talismans, Amulets and Zodiacal Gems,” London, 1914, p. 52.

45. From letter of Mr. Neil M. Judd, Assistant in Archæology in the United States National Museum, communicated by Dr. W. H. Holmes, Head Curator of the Department of Anthropology in that institution.

46. Communicated by Dr. Charles C. Abbott.

47. Warren K. Moorehead, “The Red-Paint People of Maine,” pp. 42, 43. Reprint from the American Anthropologist (N. S.), vol. xv, No. 1, January-March, 1913.

48. See the present writer’s “Gems and Precious Stones of North America,” New York, 1892, p. 128.

49. See N. F. Moore, “Antient Mineralogy,” 2d ed., New York, 1859, p. 190.

50. George Frederick Kunz, “Gems, Jewelers’ Materials and Ornamental Stones of California,” California State Mining Bureau, Bulletin No. 37, Sacramento, 1905, pp. 71–73.

51. Plinii, “Historia naturalis,” Lib. xxxvii, cap. 73.

52. Collection des auteurs Latin, ed. by M. Nazaire; vol. i, Lucain, Silius Italicus, Claudien, text and French trans., Paris, 1850, pp. 737, 738.

53. Torsten Kolmodin, “Lapparne och deres Land; Skildringar och Studier,” Pt. III, Stockholm, 1914, p. 14.

54. Nona Lebour, “White Quartz Pebbles and their Archæological Significance”; reprint from Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, January 30, 1914, p. 10.

55. W. G. Wood-Martin, “Traces of the Elder Faiths of Ireland,” London, 1902, vol. i, p. 331.

56. Finn Magnussen, “Forsog til Forklaring over nogle Steder af Osian”; Det Skandinaviske Litteraturselskabs Skrifter, 1813, Pt. II, pp. 237, 251.

57. W. G. Wood-Martin, “Traces of the Elder Faiths of Ireland,” London, 1902, vol. i, p. 330.

58. Kunz, “Gems and Precious Stones of North America,” New York, 1890, pp. 206–210.

59. Basher, “Catlinite, Its Antiquity as a Material for Tobacco Pipes,” Am. Nat., vol. xvii, p. 745, July, 1883.

60. Renel, “Les religions de la Gaule avant le Christianisme,” Paris, 1906, p. 387.

61. Wirt Sikes, “British Goblins; Welsh Folk-Lore, Fairy Myths, Legends and Traditions,” London, 1880, p. 362.

62. Renel, “Les religions de la Gaule avant le Christianisme,” Paris, 1906, p. 369.

63. Ibid., 1906, p. 368.

64. Paul Sebillot, “The Worship of Stones in France,” trans. by Joseph D. McGuire, American Anthropologist, Jan.-Mar., 1902, vol. iv, No. 1, p. 98; citing Société des Antiquaires, vol. i, p. 429.

65. Martin, “Description of the Western Isles,” in Pinkerton’s “Voyages and Travels,” vol. iii, pp. 646, 627.

66. Sir Edgar McCulloch, “Guernsey Folk Lore,” London, 1903, p. 150.

67. Ibid., p. 157; fig. on p. 156.

68. Kuhn, “Norddeutsche Sagen,” Leipzig, 1848, p. 69.

69. Hermann, “Die erratischen Blöcke im Regierungsbezirck Danzig,” Berlin, 1911, p. 41; in vol. ii, Pt. I, “Beiträge zur Naturdenkmalpflege,” ed. by H. Conwentz.

70. Walsh, “Curiosities of Popular Customs,” Philadelphia, 1911, p. 325.

71. Armand Viré, “Pierres à gravures et Pierres à légendes dans le Lot et le Tarn et Garonne”; in Compte Rendu of the Ninth Session of the Congrès Préhistorique de France, Paris, 1914, p. 349.

72. Ibid., p. 350.

73. Dr. Walter Hough in “Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico,” ed. by Frederick Webb Hodge, Smithsonian Inst.; Bur. of Am. Ethn., Bull. 30; Washington, 1910, Pt. 2, p. 194.

74. Wirt Sikes, “British Goblins: Welsh Folk-Lore, Fairy Myths, Legends and Traditions,” London, 1880, p. 365.

75. Father Lambert, “Moeurs et Superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens,” Noumea, 1900, pp. 217, 218, 222, 292–304.

76. See Scott’s “Border Minstrelsy,” vol. iv, Pt. II, p. 645.

77. Lean’s Collectanea (by Vincent Stuckey Lean), vol. ii, Pt. I, Bristol, 1903, p. 476; see W. F. Wademan in Jour. Roy. Hist, and Arch. Assoc. of Ireland, July, 1875.

78. Catalogue of the collection of pearls and precious stones formed by Henry Philip Hope, Esq. Systematically arranged and described by B. Hertz, London, 1830.

79. Op. cit., p. 106.

80. Op. cit., No. 66, p. 106.

81. Op. cit., No. 65, p. 106.

82. Valentini, “Museum Museorum, oder der Vollständige Schau-Bühne,” Franckfurt am Mayn, 1713, Pt. II, p. 41; figured.

83. Ulyssis Aldrovandi, “Museum metallicum,” Bononiæ, 1648, p. 527; figured on p. 528.

84. Valentini, “Museum Museorum,” p. 42; citing description by Major in his “Tractatus de cancris et lapidibus petrifactis,” p. 64.

85. Ibid., p. 42; Pl. IX, fig. 3.

86. Ibid., p. 41; figured. From report in Miscellan. Acad. Germ. Cur., Decur. I, Ann. I, Obs. CXIII, p. 232.

87. Athanasii Kircheri, “Mundus subterraneus,” Amstelodami, 1665, vol. ii, pp. 42 sqq.

88. Op. cit., vol. i, p. 39; Pl. IV, fig. 6.

89. Scribner & Co., 1886.

90. The Germans called it Aschenzieher.

91. Pliny, “Naturalia historia,” Lib. xxxvii, cap. 29. In his recently published “Curious Lore of Precious Stones” the present writer suggested that Pliny’s lychnis might have been a spinel, but while some of these “ardent stones” may have been spinels, those displaying the phenomenon of attraction must have been tourmalines.

92. A. C. Hamlin.

93. Theophrasti, “De lapidibus, peri tôn lithôn,” ed. by John Hill, London, 1746, pp. 71–73 (cap. xlvi).

94. Idem, pp. 68–71 (cap. xlvi); see also Hill’s note on p. 69.

95. Johannis de Laet, Antwerpii, “De gemmis et lapidibus, libri duo,” Lugduni Batavorum [1647], pp. 36, 40.

96. “Curiose Speculationes bey schlaflosen Nächten ... von einem Liebhaber der Immer Gern Speculirt,” Chemnitz und Leipzig, bey Conr. Stosseln, 1707, 857, pp. 80.

97. Johann Gustav Donndorf, “Natur und Kunst,” Leipzig, 1790, p. 516.

98. “Histoire de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles Lettres,” vol. xii, 1756; Berlin, 1758, pp. 105–121.

99. See Historie de l’Académie Royale des Sciences Année mdcccxvii Paris, 1719, pp. 7, 8.

100. Abbé Haüy, “Trattato dei caratteri fisici delle pietre preziose,” Ital. trans. by Luigi Configliachi, Milano, 1819, pp. 135–138; see Plate II, fig. 49.

101. Aepinus, l. c.

102. The Complete Works of Benjamin Franklin, ed. by John Bigelow, New York and London, 1888, vol. x, pp. 282–285.

103. See the writer’s “Gems and Precious Stones of North America,” New York, 1890, Pl. 4, and also his “Precious Stones” in 20th Annual Report of the U. S. Geological Survey, Pt. VI, Washington, 1899, p. 577.

104. Cornelii Taciti, “Libri qui supersunt,” vol. ii, Lipsiæ, 1885, p. 243.

105. Sat. vi, 572; ix, 50.

106. Lib. v, 37, 9; xi, 8, 6.

107. Pfizmeier, Sitzungsbericht d. phil.-hist. Kl., Wien, 1866, vol. xliii, p. 195.

108. Plinii, “Naturalis historia,” Lib. xxxvii, cap. 12.

109. Lean’s Collectanea, vol. ii, Pt. II, Bristol, 1903, p. 640.

110. Waver. Especially interesting as all amber changes in time.

111. Plinii, “Naturalis historia,” Lib. xxxvii, cap. 11.

112. Plinii, “Naturalis historia,” Lib. xxxvii, cap. 12.

113. Severus Sammonicus, “Preceptes médicaux,” text and French trans. by L. Baudet, Paris, 1845, pp. 84, 85.

114. King, “Natural History of Precious Stones,” etc., London, 1865, p. 334, note.

115. Raumer, “Historisches Taschenbuch,” I Ser., vol. vi, Leipzig, 1835, p. 366.

116. Pyle, “The Therapeusis of Precious Stones,” in his “Medicine,” Detroit, 1897, vol. iii, p. 115.

117. Palladii, “De gentibus Indie,” ed. Bissæus, London, 1665, p. 4.

118. Martin, “Observations et théories des anciens sur les attractions et la repulsion magnétiques,” in Atti dell’ Accademia Pontefici dei Nuovi Lincei, vol. xviii, p. 18 (1864–65).

119. “Gemmarum et lapidum historia,” Lug. Bat., 1636, p. 466; Lib. II, cap. 204.

120. From Robert Norman’s “The Newe Attractive,” London, 1581.

121. Aldrovandi, “Museum metallicum,” Bononiæ, 1648, p. 566.

122. Ploss, “Das Weib,” Leipzig, 1895, vol. ii, p. 350.

123. Aldrovandi, “Museum metallicum,” Bononiæ, 1648, pp. 564, 566.

124. Garcias ab Orta, “Aromatum historia” (Latin version by Clusius), Antverpiæ, 1579, p. 178. See also Valentine Ball in Proc. Roy. Ir. Soc., 3d Ser., vol. i, p. 662; Colloquy xliii, of the work of Garcias, translated from the Portuguese original.

125. William Jones, “Credulities Past and Present,” London, 1880, pp. 160, 161; citing “Panorama,” vol. vii.

126. D’Herbelot, “Bibliothèque Orientale,” La Haye, 1778, p. 229.

127. Rose, “Aristotle de lapidibus und Arnoldus Saxo,” in Zeitsch. für D. Alt., New Series, vol. vi. 1875.

128. Ibid., p. 358.

129. Ibid., p. 370.

130. Ibid., p. 379.

131. Nona Lebour, “Amber and Jet in Ancient Burials,” reprint from Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, Nov. 27, 1914, pp. 4, 5.

132. American Journal of Science, 4th Ser., vol. iii, pp. 1–13, New Haven, 1897.

133. Tiguri, 1565, f. 66.

134. Titi Livi, “Ab urbe condita,” lib. xxix, cap. 11.

135. “Adversus Gentes,” lib. vii.

136. Prudentius “Hymnus X,” 11, 156, 157. This writer was born in 348 A.D. and died about 410.

137. “Dissertation sur la pierre de la Mère des Dieux,” in Mém. de l’Acad. des Inscrip. et Belles Lettres, vol. xxxviii, p. 370; Paris, 1770.

138. Miers, “Fall of Meteorites in Ancient and Modern Times,” Science Progress, vol. vii, No. 8, July, 1898, p. 351.

139. Laufer, “Jade: A Study in Chinese Archæology and Religion,” Chicago, 1912, pp. 54, 55, 57, 63, 64; Field Museum of Natural History, Pub. 154, Archæological Series, vol. x.

140. Morris Jastrow, Jr., “Die Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens,” vol. ii, Pt. II, Giessen, 1912, pp. 689, 690.

141. Ibid., pp. 692–694.

142. Benzinger, Hebräische Archäologie, Freiburg i. B., 1894, p. 370.

143. Lenormant, “Lettres Assyriologiques,” Paris, 1872, vol. ii, p. 118.

144. Miers, “Fall of Meteorites in Ancient and Modern Times,” Science Progress, vol. vii, No. 8, July, 1808, p. 349.

145. E. F. F. Chladni, “Verzeichniss der herabgefallenen Stein- und Eisenmassen,” p. 5; Gilbert’s Annalen der Physik, vol. 1.

146. Plutarchi, “Vitæ,” Lipsiæ, 1879, p. 394; Lysander, 12.

147. C. Plinii Secundi, “Historia naturalis,” Venetiis, 1507, fol. 8, recto; lib. ii, cap. 60.

148. Cornelii Taciti, “Opera,” Lipsiæ, 1885, p. 52.

149. Philostratus, “Apollonius of Tyana,” trans. by Baltzer, Rudolstadt i. Th., 1883, p. 143 (iii, 59).

150. Lenormant, in Daremberg and Saglio’s Dict., des antiq. grecques et romaines, vol. i, Paris, 1873, p. 645.

151. F. Lenormant, in Daremberg and Saglio’s Dict. des antiq. grecques et romaines, vol. i, p. 645, Paris, 1873. See Fig. 739.

152. Aen. ii, 692–698.

153. De Mély, “Le traité des fleuves de Plutarche”; in Revue des Etudes Grecques, vol. v (1892), p. 334.

154. Suetonii, “Opera,” Lipsiæ, 1886, p. 203; Galba, 8.

155. This name signifies “Mountain-God” and its assumption by the emperor marked his devotion to the worship of the divinity animating the stone of Emesa, El Gabal, which Elagabalus had conveyed to Rome, where it remained until 222 A.D. This stone was regarded as a miniature representation of the sacred mountain near Emesa. The stone is figured on the aureus of the emperor Uranius Antonius. See Ch. Lenormant, Rev. Numismatique, 1843, p. 273, sq., Pl. IX, No. 1.

156. Lenormant, “Lettres Assyriologiques,” Paris, 1872, vol. ii, p. 123.

157. “Voyages d’Ibn Batoutah.” Translation by C. Defremery and B. R. Sanguinette, vol. i, 3d Ed., Paris, 1893, p. 314.

158. Sale, “The Koran” (Preliminary Discourse), Phila., 1853, p. 14.

159. Burckhardt, “Travels in Arabia,” London, 1829, p. 137.

160. Burckhardt, “Travels in Arabia,” London, 1829, p. 167.

161. Chardin, “Voyage en Perse,” Amsterdam, 1735, vol. iv, p. 171.

162. Giovanni B. Rampolli, “Annali Musulmani,” vol. viii, Milano, 1824, p. 589, note 104.

163. Dr. C. Snouck-Hurgronje, “Mekka,” Haag, 1888, vol. i, pp. 2, 4, 5.