[252] A. Licinius Muræna was called A. Terentius Varro Muræna from being adopted by Terentius Varro. See Dio, 54, 3; Suet., Aug. 19; Hor., Odes 2, 10; Velleius Paterc. 2, 91. Of Fannius Cæpio nothing practically is known, he was prosecuted by Tiberius for maiestas and condemned.

[253] In the cenotaphia Pisana Gaius is described after his death as “iam designatum iustissimum ac simillimum parentis sui virtutibus principem.” But this is probably not an official title.

[254] There seems little doubt that the character of Agrippa Postumus gave some ground for this measure; but Augustus seems to have regretted and at times to have contemplated recalling him. His murder immediately after the death of Augustus is called by Tacitus “the first crime of the new reign.” Whether Tiberius or Livia was responsible for it cannot be discussed here.

[255] So Dio (55, 5) says. Suetonius (Tib. 16) says five years. There may have been a renewal after five years.

[256] Monum. Ancyr. 27; C.I.L. vi. 701.

[257] This is what Augustus means by saying “that he extended the frontiers of all the provinces bordering on tribes that had not submitted” (Mon. Anc. 26).

[258] The exact position of Nabata is uncertain. It is described in the Mon. Ancyr. 26 as “close to Meroe.” Augustus takes the responsibility of both these campaigns as being meo iussu et auspicio.

[259] As, for instance, Agrippa. Hor., Ep. 1, 12, 1. The seven colonies mentioned are Syracuse, Tauromenium, Catana, Thermæ, Tyndaris, Lilybæum, Panormus.

[260] Dio, 54, 8; Horace, Od. 3, 5; this ode was written several years before the restoration of the standards, but the fact of the milites Crassi having settled in Parthia was naturally known.

[261] Verg., Æn. vii. 604-606.

[262] Horace, Ep. i. 18, 56; Odes iv. 15, 6.

[263] Propert., 3, 10, 13; 4; 4, 16; 4, 5, 48; 4, 12, 3; 5, 6, 79.

[264] Ovid, F. v. 567-594. According to Mommsen there were two temples of Mars Ultor, one on the Capitol (Dio, 54, 8), the other in the Forum Augustum, vowed at Philippi, but not dedicated till B.C. 2. The signa seem to have been deposited first in the former and then transferred to the latter. Ovid evidently speaks of them as in the temple in the Forum Augustum.

[265] Such as the Brenni and Genauni of Hor., Od. iv. 14, 10; cp. iv. 4, 18.

[266] Mon. Ancyr., 13; Horace, Epist. 2, 1, 255; Odes, 4, 15, 9; Dio, 54, 25. For the inscription, see Clinton, Fast. Hell., B.C. 14. The tenth tribunician year is from June 27th, B.C. 14, to 26th June, B.C. 13. The ara pacis was founded in this year (4th July), dedicated 30th January, B.C. 9.

[267] But he does not seem to have had any fighting this year, and in fact the Senate voted to close the Ianus Quirinus, though that was prevented by an inroad of the Daci into Pannonia, with which Tiberius was sent to deal. Dio, 54, 36.

[268] Especially in camps, in which there seem to have been a regular service of tabellarii castrenses. (Wilmann’s Exempla 1357.)

[269] The armed provinces were those on the frontier. Towards the end of the life of Augustus, the preponderance of the military force on the Rhine and Danube is the noteworthy fact. The Gauls and “Germany” had eight legions, Spain three, Africa two, Egypt two, Syria four, Pannonia two, Mœsia two, Dalmatia two. But those on the Rhine were more concentrated. (Tac., Ann. 4, 5.)

[270] C.I.L. x. 8375; Mon. Ancyr. 11.

[271] Suet., Aug. 98: “As he chanced to be cruising in his yacht round the bay of Puteoli, the passengers and crew of an Alexandrine ship, which had just come to land, came with white robes, with garlands on their heads and burning censers in their hands, loudly blessing and praising him, and saying that they owed it to him that they were alive, that they sailed the sea, that they were enjoying their liberty and property.”

[272] Horace, Odes iv. 5.

[273] See, among others, Ep. ii. 1-16; Odes 3, 5, 2; 4, 5, 32.

[274] Suet., Aug. 52; Dio, 51, 20.

[275] The Latin inscriptions bearing on this point have been collected in a convenient form by Mr. Rushforth, Latin Historical Inscriptions, pp. 51-61. Other places in Italy thus shewn to have adopted the cult in some form or other during the lifetime of Augustus are Asisium, Beneventum, Fanum Fortunæ, Pisa, Tibur, Verona, possibly Ancona, and Forum Clodii, and some unnamed place in Latium.

[276] Plut., Flamin. 16; Cicero, ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9; ad Att. 5, 21; Tac., Ann. 4, 56. Polyb. 31, 15.

[277] Appian, b. c. 5, 132, “and the cities began placing his image side by side with those of their gods.”

[278] Information as to these is mostly to be found in Greek inscriptions, C.I.G. 3,524, 3,604, 3,831, 4,039. See also Dio, 51, 10; Strabo, 27, 1, 9; Joseph., Antiq. 15, 10, 3; Livy, Ep. 137; Pausan., iii. 25.

[279] Quintilian, vi. 377.

[280] For this and his statue in the temple of Quirinus, with legend of Deo invicto, the vote of the Senate giving him a temple, flamen, and other divine honours, see Dio, 43, 45; 44, 6; Cicero, 2 Phil. § 110; ad Att. 13, 44; Sueton., Cæs. 76. It was worse than the case of Augustus, more insincere and less spontaneous. The Senate was filled with the protégés of Iulius at the time.

[281] Macrob., Sat. 2, 4, 18; Plut., Cic. 49; Suet., Aug. 28.

[282] See Horace, Odes iii. 4, 22: vester, Camenæ, vester in arduos | tollor Sabinos, seu mihi frigidum | Præneste seu Tibur supinum | seu liquidæ pacuere Baiæ.

[283] Apragopolis. In Suetonius (c. 97) it is doubtful whether he means Capreæ or some other island. Perhaps it is Nesis, where M. Brutus had a villa which might have come into his hands as confiscated property (Cic., ad Att. xvi. 1-4.)

[284] An echo of his master’s feelings on this point is as usual found in Horace, Od. ii. 15.

[285] Another tragedy “Achilles” is mentioned by Suidas.

[286] Hor., Od. 3, 136. Suetonius (Aug. 85) mentions others, “An answer to Brutus about Cato,” evidently a youthful essay; “Exhortations to Philosophy,” no doubt youthful too; an hexameter poem called Sicilia. When he tried to read them in later life to a family audience they bored him so much that he handed the rolls over to Tiberius to finish. Lastly, a short volume of Epigrams which he used to compose in the bath.

[287] Hor., Epist. 2, 1.

[288] In B.C. 46, 42, 25, and 23. From that time, however, though generally delicate he seems not to have had any serious attack.

[289] The lex Iulia et Titia, enabling the provincial governor to assign guardians to such persons as were legally bound to have them, was passed between the 1st of May and 1st of October, B.C. 31, the period during which M. Titius was consul.

[290] Authorities will be found in Mommsen, res gestæ, p. 96.

[291] Mon. Ancyr., 25.

[292] C. I. L. xi. 365; Mon. Ancyr. 20. “In my seventh consulship I remade the Flaminian road from the city to Ariminum, and all the bridges except the Mulvian and Minucian.”

[293] See Suet., Aug. 46. The regions are described by Pliny alone, N.H. iii. 46-128.

[294] The inscription on the road to Salonæ in Dalmatia is dated A.D. 19, but it must have been begun much earlier. For the other roads see Willmanns 832, 829, 830, 832; Clinton’s Fasti, anno B.C. 14; Journal of Hellenic Studies, xii. part i. p. 109 sq. C. I. L. iii. 6,974.

[295] Digest, 47, 11, 6. The penalties varied from a fine to exclusion from the corn trade, relegatio, and condemnation to public works.

[296] Cicero, pro Sest. § 103; ad Att. vi. 6; Livy, vi. 12; Appian, b. c. ii. 120; Dionys. H. xii. 24.

[297] Quoted by Sueton., Aug. 42.

[298] Dio, 53, 20, 33; Horace, Odes 1, 2.

[299] The Sacred Colleges (1) were exempt from military service, imposts and public services of all kinds; (2) had a charge on the ager publicus for sacrifices, feasts, &c.; (3) in most cases had estates besides; (4) received special grants from time to time for repairs of buildings.

[300] Mon. Ancy., 10; Livy, Ep. 117; Vell., ii. 63; App., b. c. v. 131; Dio, 44, 53. All these authorities speak of the irregularity of the election of Lepidus.

[301] Ephemeris Epigraphica, viii. 2; Lindsay’s Latin Inscriptions, p. 102.

[302] Carmen Sæcul. 13.

[303] Horace, Odes iv. 5, 21; iv. 15, 9-12.

[304] We frequently hear in earlier times of the scandal caused by certain people abandoning the heavy and not very comfortable toga for lighter dress, Greek or Gallic. Those who care to trace the history of such a matter will find references to it in Cicero, pro Rab. Post. § 27; 2 Phil. § 76; Livy, 29, 19; Tac., Ann. ii. 59; Hor., Ep. 1, 7, 65. And if it is desired to see how futile such orders are against a prevailing fashion, the continued disuse of it may be traced in Juvenal 1, 119; 3, 172; Mart. 1, 49, 31; 12, 18, 17; Suet., Aug. 40; and as late as Hadrian we find that the order needed renewal, Spart. Had. 22. George III. insisting that Bishops should wear wigs is a case in point.

[305] Cicero (in Pis. § 67) speaks with scorn of the vulgar rich man who had five, or sometimes more, guests on each couch.

[306] Though in making regulations on these subjects Augustus acted on his censorial powers, when it came to enacting laws he would propose them to the tribes in virtue of his tribunician powers.

[307] De adulteriis coercendis; de pudicitia; de maritandis ordinibus.

[308] Dio, 56, 2-10; Suet., Aug. 34.

[309] Martial, Epigr., xi. 20.

[310] Pliny, N. H. 7 § 149; Dio, 54, 9.

[311] In A.D. 11 the people of Narbonne founded an altar to him in gratitude for some reform in their constitution which he had either granted or initiated. (Wilmanns, 194.)

[312] Asia and Sicily originally did not pay a stipendium, but tithes on produce. This system was abolished by Iulius Cæsar.

[313] Suet., August. 76.

[314] Suet., Tib. 11.

[315] Dio, 56, 29. But there does not appear to have been one that year. There was a partial eclipse of the moon on the 4th of April and a total eclipse on the 27th of September.

[316] The Mausoleum was a huge mound of earth covered with shrubs, upon a substructure or dome cased with white marble and surrounded by walks and plantations, and surmounted by a bronze statue of Augustus. On the still-existing foundation there is now what is called the Teatro Correa. Besides this the spot on which his body was burnt was also enclosed and planted. Strab., iv. 53. Middleton, Remains of Ancient Rome, vol. ii. p. 288.

[317] It ought, however, to be said to his credit that he forbade the exhibition of gladiators sine missione, i.e., without the right of being allowed to depart safe from the arena when defeated if the people so willed it.

[318] See note on p. 147.

[319] Horace, Od. iii. 8.

[320] Seneca, Epp. 114; Digest. 24, 1, 64.

[321] 2, 17, 13; 3, 1, 13; 3, 23, 5; 4, 3; 4, 4, 48; 4, 11, 3; 5, 6, 79-84.

[322] For purposes of comparison of these sums with our money, 1,000 sesterces may be taken as equivalent to about £8 10s., and a denarius as about 10d.

[323] A pound of gold worth about £45.

[324] These names and some other words are obliterated in the inscription, both Latin and Greek.