- A
- A. B. C. Life Series, the, xxiv, 15, 47;
- explanation of, 399-407
- Abdominal glands, the, 189, 190
- —— muscles, the, 326, 388
- —— wall, the, 364
- Abernethy biscuit, 131
- Acid reaction, of food, 269
- Acids, stimulating properties of, 270;
- supplement weak action in the stomach, 270;
- special relation to the pancreas of, 270
- Addison, Joseph, upon the work of Luigi Cornaro, 28
- Adenoids, largely dietetic in origin, 148-152, 156
- Afferent nerves, special duty of the peripheral terminations of, 184-185
- Agriculture, U. S. Department of, 37
- Albumen, digestion of, 394
- Albuminoids, the, 395
- Albuminous foods, minimum amount of, 74, 78
- Alcoholic beverages, explanation of the use of, 252
- Algarroba bean, the, 124
- Alimentary canal, the, 13, 14, 15, 40;
- pabulum derived from, 40, 92, 117;
- Professor Pawlow’s conclusions concerning, 186;
- experimental investigation of the pathology and therapeutics of, 248, 260, 273, 275, 276, 277
- Alimentation, human, study of, 13;
- theory of, 180
- Alkalies, the, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282
- Alkaline reduction, 33, 34, 35, 36, 44
- —— saliva, 33;
- its quantity increased by mastication, 96, 102, 146
- Alkalinisation, 92
- Altruism, placed upon a business basis, xxiv
- American Medical Missionary Association, the, 390
- —— Medical Missionary Cause, the, xxiii
- —— Physiological Society, the, 68
- Anderson, Dr. William G., 54, 87, 88
- Anger, causes indigestion, 7
- Animal economy, 40
- —— food, necessitates less thorough mastication than vegetable, 67, 99-100, 173;
- influenced less than vegetable by cooking, 118
- —— organism, the efficiency of, 58
- Anthropoid apes, 115, 116
- Antiperistalsis, 326, 333, 342, 345, 364;
- in the colon, 365-370;
- the question of, 377-383, 384, 385, 387, 388
- Antiperistaltic waves, 365, 367, 373, 374, 376, 381, 383, 387, 388
- Antrum, the, 307, 308, 311, 315, 322, 323, 326, 327, 333, 334, 336, 340, 341, 360
- Apepsia, 394
- Appendicitis, relationship between diet and, 141
- Appendix, the, cause of catarrh of, 141
- Appetite, demands proteid when wanted, xxxii;
- knows what to do and when to do it, xxxiii;
- most important factor in digestion, 6;
- a perfect indicator, 6;
- a creature of the mind, 7;
- the caprices of, 7;
- easily comprehended, how to read, 8, 9, 12;
- an indicator of what the body requires, 20;
- will close the valve when enough is eaten, 20;
- striking effect of insalivation upon, 50;
- fully understood, prevents intemperance in eating or drinking, 95;
- sooner satisfied with thorough mastication, 137;
- the first and mightiest exciter of the secretory nerves of the stomach, 210;
- is juice, 213;
- Dr. Pawlow’s experiment showing value of, 226;
- its initial impulse may originate in the stomach, 244;
- in the rich and in the poor, 252-253;
- care should be taken of, 254;
- physicians most often called on to restore, 254;
- remarkable how little attention is paid to, 255;
- bitters increase, 263, 265;
- the strongest of all stimuli to the digestive glands, 263;
- connection between gastric juice and, 265.
- —— earned, a preliminary necessity of easy digestion, 180
- ——, false, 6, 9, 29, 75
- ——, normal, 6
- “Appetite juice,” the, 213, 228, 258, 259, 260
- Apples, 169
- Appreciation, attention necessary to create, 7;
- necessary to stimulate flow of digestive juices, 7, 12
- Armsby, Dr. H. P., on the heat values and muscular energy values of different food elements, 397
- Asiatics, the, consume smaller proportion of proteids, 82
- Asparagus, 93
- Astrup, E., 126
- Athletes, reason for training, 22
- Attention, necessary to create appreciation, 7;
- how to command, 8, 9, 12
- Atwater, Prof. W. O., 54;
- on the daily proteid requirement, 76
- —— Respiration Apparatus, the, 57
- Australians, the, 118, 129, 163
- B
- Bache Fund, the, 69
- Bacteria, the action in the intestines of, 39, 117
- Bacterial digestion, 40
- —— flora, the, examination of, 26
- Bacteriology, advances of, 248, 249
- Bailey, 128
- Balthazard, experiments of, 314, 315, 327, 328
- Baltimore, Md., 68
- Barling, Gilbert, 141
- Barrett, Robert, 47
- Bayliss, experiments of, 343, 344, 345, 359
- Batter pudding, 98
- Battle Creek, Michigan, 390
- —— Laboratories, the, 389-391;
- experimental investigation of the influence of mastication and cooking of food, etc., in, 391-396
- —— Sanitarium, the, xvii, xxiii, xxvii;
- described, 389-391
- Bayert, 123
- Beans, 95, 132
- Beaumont, experiments of, 305, 309, 310, 313, 326, 327, 329, 330, 334, 336
- Beef, 100
- Benedict, Prof. Francis G., 54
- Berlin, 56, 65
- Berne, Switzerland, 284
- Betel, chewing, 103, 128
- Beverages, mastication in the preparation of, 123
- Bidder and Schmidt, experiments of, 202, 204, 231;
- conditions for success, 204-206
- Bile, the, 360
- Bitters, therapeutic influence of, 262, 265;
- increase the appetite, 263, 264, 265
- Blondlot, experiments of, 181, 182, 277
- Blood, the, toxins absorbed into, 40;
- influence of the contraction of the masticatory muscles on local circulation of, 107, 148, 149, 278, 355
- —— elements, the, 41
- Blumfield, Dr. Joseph, 26
- Body, the, considered as an engine, 4, 23;
- derives its necessary energy from food, 72;
- burdened by excess of food, 73
- Boer War, the, 11
- Bolting food, 35, 36, 134, 135, 138, 140
- Bolus, the, 329, 343, 344
- Boston Society of Medical Sciences, the, 342
- Bouillon, 266
- Bowditch, Dr. Prof. Henry Pickering, xxiv, xxv, 67, 68, 70, 284, 285, 287, 306
- Bowel, the, liable to suffer, 140, 345
- “Bracer,” a, why required, 20
- Braun and Grützner, experiments of, 278
- Bread, 78, 98, 99, 132, 137, 143, 171, 270, 271, 274, 275
- Brinton, experiments of, 329, 330, 334, 336
- British Guiana, 124
- —— Medical Association, the, 27, 48, 91, 92
- “British Medical Journal,” the, 141
- Bronchitis, 144, 146
- Broth, strong, 268
- Brown bread, 43
- Brussels, 68
- Buccal digestion, 8
- —— nerves, the, 194
- Bushmen, the, 118, 123
- Butter, 43, 100
- C
- Cabbage, why indigestible, 99
- Cæcum, the, 140, 141, 363, 364, 365, 366, 368, 370, 371, 372, 375, 376, 377, 381, 387
- Cake, 132
- California, University of, 90, 397
- Calm, easy to cultivate, 7
- Cambridge, England, xxxi, 26, 47, 49
- —— tests, the, 47, 69
- —— University, England, xxv, 26, 53, 68, 91
- Campbell, Dr. Harry, 8, 12;
- on the importance of mastication, 92-179, 389
- Cancer, produced by inefficient mastication, 138
- Cane-sugar, changed to grape-sugar, 21, 169
- Cannon, Dr. W. B., 7, 12;
- on “Swallowing and Movements of the Stomach and Intestines,” 284-300;
- on the “Movements of the Stomach Studied by means of the Röntgen Rays,” 301-341;
- on the “Movements of the Intestines Studied by Means of the Röntgen Rays,” 342-388
- Carbohydrate foods, 78, 79, 80, 85, 86, 89
- Cardia, the, ideas of early writers concerning, 303, 304, 325, 326, 328, 329
- Cardiac sphincter, the, 307
- Carelessness, the sin of, xvii
- Carnegie, Andrew, xxxv
- —— Institution, the, 53
- Carnivora, the, do not masticate, 97, 161
- Cassava root, 124
- Cat, the, experiments upon, 289-293, 299, 303, 307, 311, 312, 315, 320, 322, 325, 333, 335, 337-339, 341, 344, 353, 359, 361, 365, 366, 372, 382, 383-386, 388
- Catarrh of the appendix, caused by inefficient mastication, 141
- Cauliflower, 99
- “Cause and Prevention of Decay in Teeth, the,” Wallace’s, 161
- Cavendish lecture, Sir Frederick Treves’s, 140
- Cell, a, determination of the metabolism of, 40
- Cellulose, 117, 170
- Cereals, 78, 84, 146
- Ceylon, 128
- Cheese, 43, 95;
- when indigestible, 100, 137
- Chemical excitants, the, 268
- —— secretion, 259
- Chemistry, organic, 62
- ——, physical, 62
- Chewing, length of time necessary for, xxxii
- Chicken bone, 166
- Chigin, Dr., experiments by, 214, 216, 282
- Children, early feeding of, 130-132, 143;
- defective mastication in, 148;
- feeding of, 262
- Children’s Aid Society, the, xxv, 68
- Chimpanzee, the, 115
- China, 82
- Chittenden, Prof. R. H., conducting the experiments at Yale, xvii, 5;
- emphasises the want of exact knowledge of nutrition, 53, 67, 68;
- the Yale test, 69-91.
- Chop bone, 166
- Chyme, the, 346, 360, 362
- Circulation, the, stimulated by mastication, 96, 103, 157
- Cocoa-nut, 137
- Coffee, 132
- Cole, Sidney W., 47;
- his paper upon the isolation of the tryptophane element of the proteid molecule, 47
- Colon, the, 363, 364;
- antiperistalsis in, 365-370;
- changes when food enters, 370, 371, 372;
- process of clearing, 373-377, 381, 382, 384, 387, 388
- Comminution, 98, 100, 101
- Commonwealth, the S. S., 69
- Condiments, influence of, 261, 265
- Constipation, cannot exist, 43
- Constriction, waves of, 323, 340, 341
- Cooked flesh, requires mastication, 97, 174
- Cooking, influences vegetable more than mineral food, 118;
- effect of, 389, 391-396
- Cornaro, Luigi, reformed manner of living of, ix;
- his autobiography, x, xvi, xvii;
- Dr. Van Someren’s paper upon his theory of living, 26-46;
- his treatise on the “Sure and Certain Method
of Attaining a Long and Healthful Life,” 28;
- Addison’s comments upon his work, 28, 92
- Craving for food, 256
- Cream, experiments with, 38-39, 43
- Cuba, xiv, 70
- Curr, E. M., 125, 129
- D
- Dastre, Dr. Prof. A., 67, 68
- Day, experiments of, 337
- Defecation, 373-377
- Deglutition, Magendie’s theory of, 284, 285;
- movements of, 285;
- divided into three parts, 285;
- Falk’s and Kronecker’s theory of, 286;
- the X-ray method in the study of, 287-295;
- phenomena of œsophageal, 298-300
- —— reflex, the, 287
- Dental caries, causation of, 161
- Dewey, Dr. Edward Hooker, and the “No Breakfast Plan,” 396, 397
- De Witt, Assistant Surgeon, Lieut. Wallace, in command of soldiers in the Yale investigation, xiii, 70
- Dextrine, 170, 171, 392, 393, 395
- Diaphragm, the, 324, 326
- Diet, best manner and system of, xiii;
- the optimum, xxxi;
- minimum, 74;
- the anthropoid stage, 116;
- the pre-cooking human stage, 117;
- the pre-agricultural cooking period, 118;
- the early agricultural age, 119;
- the late agricultural period, 120;
- for children, 130-132;
- relationship between appendicitis and, 141
- Dietary Ten Commandments, 5
- Dietetics, precepts of, 272
- Digestion, appetite the most important factor in, 6;
- the true chemical end-point of, 10-11;
- effect of the mental state upon, 74, 145;
- psychic influence in, 180;
- the phenomena in, 251;
- thorough mouth-work as an aid to, 389
- Digestion-ash, the, what it should be like, 10-11, 14;
- should not be unclean, 24;
- in experiments, 38-39, 42, 43, 47, 51, 79, 83, 84, 85, 94
- Digestive activity, stopped by anger and worry, 7
- —— canal, the. See Alimentary canal, the
- —— glands, the, analogy between the innervation mechanism of the salivary glands and, 188-190;
- appetite the strongest of all stimuli to, 263, 280, 282
- —— juices, the, 7;
- appreciation necessary to stimulate flow of, 7, 12, 96;
- mastication brings the food into intimate contact with, 98;
- quantity of, 267;
- relation of milk to the secretion of, 274, 383, 386
- Digitalis, 281
- Diphtheria, 149
- Disease, caused by indiscretions in eating, x, xxxi;
- follows disobedience, 29
- Disobedience, disease follows, 29
- Distention, 144
- Distress, effect of, 388
- Dog, the experiments upon, 181, 194-211, 212-246, 249, 254, 258, 263, 279, 280, 285, 292, 293, 297, 298, 299, 303, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 336, 344
- Dolomites, the, 26
- Drinking, too much, xix, 95
- Dry food, 97
- Dunn, Miss Eva, 122
- Duodenum, the, 303, 315, 356, 360
- Dyspepsia, dangers of, xv;
- might cease to exist, 35
- E
- Eat, how to, 19
- Eating, too much, ix;
- indiscretions of, x, xix, xxix, 29, 95, 135;
- too fast, 20;
- systematic inattention to, 259, 260;
- English have made a cult of, 261
- Economic nutrition. See Nutrition, economic
- Efferent nerves, 184, 185
- Efficiency, human, the measure of, xxx;
- research into causes for, 54
- Eggs, experiments with, 38, 43, 78, 95, 100, 137, 277
- “Encyclopædia Britannica,” the, 27
- Enemata, the, 367, 379, 380, 388
- Energy, the minimum transformation of, 59
- ——, potential, 59
- Engine, an, the body considered as, 4, 23
- English, the, have made a cult of the art of eating, 261
- Emetic, an, 325
- Emotion, inhibition of stomach movements during, 337;
- effect of, 383-384, 388
- Empiricism, medical practice largely based upon, 52
- Esquimaux, the, 118, 123, 125, 126
- Esselmont, experiments of, 383
- Evolution, Nature’s plan of, xi
- Ewald, experiments of, 313, 314
- Excess, habitual, confirmed by experiments, ix
- Excrements. See Digestion-ash, the
- Excretia. See Digestion-ash, the
- Exercise, necessity of, xxix
- F
- Fæces, the, 374. See also Digestion-ash
- Falk, Dr., 284;
- theory of deglutition of, 286
- Fallopius, on the functions of the stomach, 302
- Farinaceous food, 395
- Fasola, experiments of, 378
- Fat, potatoes need not produce, 21, 78, 79, 80, 85, 86, 95, 98, 100;
- experiments upon, 271, 272, 274
- Faucial tonsils, the, influence of mastication upon, 148
- Fear, effect of, 388
- Fearthought, 404
- Featherman, 123
- Fibrin, 276
- Flesh food, reduction of craving for, 50
- Fletcher, Horace, Dr. Van Someren’s comments upon the case of, 30-31;
- his experiments confirmed by Marckwald, 46;
- Sir Michael Foster’s comments, 48;
- the Cambridge tests, 49-52;
- the Middletown test, 54-55, 60;
- the Yale test, 75-91
- Flour, 132, 392, 393, 395
- Food, mal-assimilation of, x;
- length of time for chewing, xxxii;
- Dr. Kellogg’s estimate of amount habitually used, xxxiv;
- mouth-treatment of, 5;
- how to masticate and swallow, 8, 9, 31, 32;
- actual process of mastication described, 32-34;
- important bearing upon the economy of the body of its treatment in the mouth, 48-49;
- its function to supply material from which the body derives necessary energy, 72;
- any excess an incubus, 72-73;
- classified under three heads, 78;
- in excess,produces a large amount of unnecessary work, 80;
- its nutritive value determined by the thoroughness of its digestion, 79;
- softness of, 129;
- mastication tends to reduce amount of, 136;
- should be eaten with interest and enjoyment, 252;
- passionate craving for, 256;
- its nutritive value should be considered rather than taste, 261;
- the acid reaction of, 269;
- relative nutritive values of different, 275, 276;
- experiments upon the utilisation of, 275;
- effect of the movements of the stomach upon, 328;
- circulation of, 329;
- experimental investigation of the influence of mastication and cooking of, 389-396
- Foster, Sir Michael, xxiv, xxv, 26;
- his note upon Dr. Van Someren’s paper, 48-52;
- emphasises the want of exact knowledge of nutrition, 52, 53, 67, 68, 91
- Fowls, experiments upon, 299
- Fruitarians, the, 90, 397
- Fruit sugar, 169
- Fruits, 43;
- under-ripe and over-ripe, 141, 395, 396;
- usefulness of, 397
- Fubini, experiments of, 383
- Fundus, the, 317, 322, 323, 324, 325, 330, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 340
- G
- Galen, on the functions of the stomach, 302
- Gastric catarrh, 249
- —— digestion, 309, 316
- —— glands, the, 182;
- the vagus and the sympathetic nerves exciters of, 183, 198;
- mechanical and chemical stimulation of the cavity of the mouth has no effect on, 201;
- psychic excitation of, 205;
- sleep exercises no restraining influence upon, 206;
- the simultaneous excitation of the different sense organs the first and strongest impulse toward activity of, 210;
- psychic secretion the normal commencement of secretory activity on the part of, 214;
- conditions upon which depends the secretory work of, 227;
- mechanical stimulation of, 237, 245, 249, 271, 272, 274, 280
- Gastric juice, the, appreciation necessary to stimulate flow of, 7;
- destroys micro-organisms, 41;
- its flow increased by mastication, 102, 146;
- secretion of, 181, 206, 208, 211, 213, 262;
- connection between the appetite and, 265, 266;
- experiments for, 267;
- too little, 270, 272, 273;
- salts of sodium promote a flow of, 277, 279, 280, 329, 334, 335, 337, 340, 341
- —— mechanism, the, 385
- —— movements, the, 301;
- early writings on subject of, 302;
- later experiments upon, 303, 327, 329, 338
- —— mucous membrane, the, excitability of, 181, 231, 241, 249, 258, 259, 264
- —— muscular fibres, the, 307
- “Gastric tonics,” 255
- Gastritis, inefficient mastication may produce, 138
- Gastro-intestinal catarrh, 144
- Gastronomic enjoyment, increased by proper mastication and insalivation, 22
- Germany, food in, 267
- Ginger, preserved, 141
- Gladstone, William E., his theory of mastication, 92
- Gland metabolism, 277
-
Glinski, Dr., 190, 194, 196, 197
- Gluten, raw, 395
- “Glutton or Epicure,” 26, 31, 92, 389, 396.
- See also “New Glutton or Epicure, The”
- Goose, the, experiments upon, 288
- Goose-fat, 100
- Gorilla, the, 115
- Gran Chaco Indians, the, 123
- Grape-sugar, chemically made from cane-sugar, 21, 169
- Greens, 132
- Grey, Sir George, 128
- Griddle-cakes, need not be hurtful, 21
- Griffin, Charles & Company, 180, 181
- Grützner, experiments of, 278, 346, 363, 377, 378, 381
- Gscheidlen, 235
- Guinea-pigs, experiments upon, 39
- Gum arabic, chewing, 103
- Gustatory indifference, 263
- —— nerves, the, 263, 269
- Gut, the, 344, 345, 355, 360, 364, 365, 374
- H
- Hæmorrhoids, cannot exist, 43
- Haller, experiments of, 304;
- his summary of the motor functions of the stomach, 304-305, 309
- Harvard Medical School, 68
- —— Physiological Laboratory, the, 284
- Haste, danger of, 134-135
- Headache, produced by inefficient mastication, 138
- Health, the optimum, xxxi
- Hearing, the sense of, 210
- Heart, the, stimulated by mastication, 96, 103, 281
- Heartburn, 144
- Heat values, 397
- Heger, Dr. Prof. Paul, 67, 68
- Heidenhain, 181, 182, 183, 235
- Herbivora, the, practice thorough mastication, 97
- Higgins, Dr. Hubert, letter from, xxvii-xxxiii, 47
- Hirsch, experiments of, 305, 315
- Hofmeister, experiments of, 305, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 326, 327, 332
- Hopkins, Dr. F. Gowland, 26;
- his paper upon the isolation of the tryptophane element of the proteid molecule, 47
- Hors d’œuvre, 266
- Horse, the, experiments upon, 293, 294, 300
- Hospital Corps, the, at New Haven, xiii, 70
- Hunger, 241;
- “the best sauce,” 254
- Hyperacidity, 145
- Hyperæmia, 345
- Hyperchlorhydria, 144, 147
- I
- “Igniting juice,” 260
- Ignorance, dietic, sin of, xvii
- Ileocæcal valve, the, 355, 362;
- the competence of, 362-364, 367, 370, 376, 381, 387, 388
- Ileum, the, 363, 364, 367, 370, 382, 387
- India, 82, 128
- Indians of Honduras, the, 124
- —— of Nicaragua, the, 124
- —— of North California, the, 122, 126
- Indigestion, x;
- dangers of, xv;
- caused by anger and worry, 7;
- “bunching hits” to oppose, 13-16
- Indol, the odourous, 47
- Industries, the, mastication in, 124
- Infant life, action of saliva in, 36
- Innervation mechanism, an, constituent parts of, 184
- Insalivation, defined, 8, 22;
- increases gastronomic enjoyment, 22, 46, 48;
- its striking effect upon appetite, 50, 60;
- effects of, 74, 89, 92, 93, 96;
- mastication promotes, 101
- Insane, the, forced feeding of, 268
- Instinct, human, the outcome of every-day experience, 251;
- physiology merely confirms the precepts of, 251;
- provisions for digestion made by, 267;
- demands of, 272
- Intemperance, 95
- International Congress of Physiologists, the, 26, 48, 56, 68, 91
- —— Laboratory of Research, the, proposal to found, 55-69;
- suggestions as to staff and personnel, 62;
- estimate of initial outlay, 63;
- suggestions as to location, 63;
- suggestions as to management, 66
- Intestinal anæmia, 345
- —— canal, the, 39, 346
- —— contents, the, rhythmic segmentation of, 347-355, 386
- —— digestive juices, the, 361
- —— mechanism, the, 385
- —— movements, difficulties of investigating, 342;
- the best known of, 343
- —— secretion, 61
- —— wall, the, 344, 381, 386
- Intestine, the large, activity of, 343;
- movements of, 364-377, 379, 386, 387, 388
- ——, the small, 343, 346;
- the movements of, 347-362, 366;
- course of food in, 360-362, 365, 367, 369, 378, 381, 383, 385, 386, 387, 388
- ——, the, action of the bacteria in, 39;
- micro-organic action in, 40, 80, 92;
- much more sensitive than the stomach, 139, 301, 317, 328, 337, 341;
- studied by means of the Röntgen rays, 342-388, 395
- J
- Jaffa, Professor, 90;
- and the fruitarians, 397
- Japan, 82
- Jaws, the, mastication stimulates the nutrition of, 96, 103, 155;
- influence of mastication upon, 109, 148;
- changes during man’s evolution in, 115-121;
- instances of vigorous use, 122
- Johns Hopkins University, 68
- “Journal of Physiology, The” (American), 284, 301, 342
- —— (English), 47
- K
- Kais Root, 123
- Kane, Dr., 125
- Kara, 124
- Katabolic action, 41
- Katabolism, 95
- Kellogg, Dr. J. H., xxvii;
- letter from, xxxiii-xxxv;
- his estimate of amount of food habitually used, xxxiv;
- tribute to, 391;
- his experimental investigation of the influence of mastication and cooking of food, 391-396
- —— Mrs. J. H., 389;
- tribute to, 391
- Kelp, 122
- Kotljar, experiment by, 217
- Kreuznach, 46
- Kronecker, Dr. Prof. Hugo, 67, 68, 284, 285;
- theory of deglutition of, 286
- Kumagawa, experiments of, 81
- Kwas, 267, 269, 270
- L
- Lactic acid, prepared in the stomach, 269, 393, 394
- “Lancet, The,” 8, 26, 31;
- Dr. Campbell’s articles from, 92-179, 145
- Lard, 272
- Laws of Nature, health, strength, and moral tone dependent upon proper fulfilment of, 73
- Leonardi, Dr. Professor, 26
- Life, right conduct of, xiii;
- the essentials and sequence in, 399
- Lippincott, J. B. & Company, 180, 181
- Liqueurs, 266
- Liquids, how to treat, 9, 34, 93, 94, 95
- Lobassoff, Dr., experiments by, 217, 218, 220, 222, 226
- Lobster, 137, 141
- London, 65
- Lower Californians, the, 123
- Ludwig, experiments of, 342
- Lumen, the, 374
- Lymph, influence of the contraction of the masticatory muscles on local circulation of, 107, 148, 149, 355
- M
- Macaroni, 132
- —— cheese, 100
- Mackerel, 141
- Madrid, 69
- Magendie, theory of deglutition of, 284
- Maize, chewed, 124
- Mal-assimilation, of nutriment, x, xxi;
- “bunching bits” to oppose, 13-16;
- dangers of, 24, 35
- Malay, 128
- Mall, experiments of, 343, 345, 354, 378
- Mal-nutrition, causes of, xxi, 35
- “Malt extracts,” 102
- Maltose, starch turned into, 101, 170, 392, 393
- Man, the First Assistant of Nature, xi;
- his disparity due to ignorance, xii;
- absurdity of his ignorance, 4, 23;
- experiments upon, 300;
- by nature a frugivorous animal, 395
- Maple sugar, 84
- Marckwald, Max, paper “On Digestion of Milk in the Stomach of Full-grown Dogs,” 46
- Masticate, how to, 19
- Mastication, inefficient, causation of, 129;
- must lead to many evils, 129;
- evils resulting from, 135;
- conduces to excessive eating, 135;
- may cause suffocation, 137;
- may produce gastritis, 138;
- excess of starch may pass into stomach because of, 141;
- prevents a sufficient amount of alkali to pass into the stomach, 146;
- causes evils with the jaws and their appendages and the adjacent structures, 148;
- responsible for adenoids, 148-152;
- a potent cause of Rigg’s disease, 159;
- secondary evils of, 164, 394
- ——, proper, increases gastronomic enjoyment, 22, 46, 48, 60;
- effects of, 74, 89;
- Dr. Campbell’s observations upon, 96-173;
- the effects of, 96;
- primary object of, 96;
- promotes flow of saliva, 96, 101;
- stimulates the heart and circulation, 96, 103;
- influences the nutrition of the jaws, 96, 103;
- facilitates swallowing, 97;
- brings the food into intimate contact with the digestive juices, 98;
- increases amount of alkaline saliva passing into the stomach, 96, 102;
- acts reflexly upon the stomach, 102;
- the muscles of, 104;
- its influence upon the jaw-bones, 109;
- its influence upon the teeth, 110;
- in the preparation of beverages, 123;
- in the industries, 124;
- the instinct of, 126;
- the causation of inefficient, 129;
- less opportunity than formerly for, 130-133;
- defective apparatus for, 133;
- affected by individual differences, 134;
- tends to diminish amount of food consumed, 136;
- most effective way to secure starch digestion, 145;
- effect upon the nasal passages, naso-pharynx, and faucial tonsils, 148;
- fast becoming a lost art, 157;
- means of insuring adequate, 164, 389;
- experimental investigation of the influence of, 391
- Masticatory instinct, the, 126-129
- —— muscles, the, 104;
- influence of their contraction on local circulation of blood and lymph, 107, 148
- Matri, 128
- Meadville, Penn., 396
- Measles, 149
- Meat, 78
- —— broth, 266;
- an important chemical excitant of gastric secretion, 266, 267
- —— extract, 268
- —— juice, 268
- Mechanical stimulus, great importance assigned to, 257
- Medical practice, largely based upon empiricism, 52
- —— science, not possessed of final information concerning questions of nutrition, 52
- Medicine, ideal only when it can take its proper position, 249;
- physiology can make no pretence to guide the field of, 251;
- to what it will at length grow, 251;
- treats too lightly the loss of appetite, 256
- Melanesia, 128
- Melanesians, the, 120
- Meltzer, Dr., 284;
- experiments of, 294, 296, 297, 298
- Mendel, Dr. Lafayette B., 69
- Mendel Pass, bei Bozen, Süd Tirol, Austria, experiments at, 26
- Mental energy, 41
- —— state, 12;
- its effect upon digestion and nutrition, 74
- Menticulture, physical and mental equipments necessary to promote, 7
- “Menticulture,” xxi, xxiv
- Metabolism, 37;
- determination of, 40;
- calorimetric trial-balance measurement of, 54
- Micro-organisms, 40;
- destroyed by acid gastric juices, 41
- Middletown, Conn., experiments at, 54
- Milk, how to drink, 9;
- experiments in drinking, 36, 38-39, 78, 84, 93, 94, 268;
- takes a special position among foods, 272;
- the three properties of, 273;
- its relation to the secretion of the digestive juices, 274, 275, 276, 277
- —— pudding, 97, 143, 172
- “Modern Medicine,” 389, 391
- Modoc Indians, the, 123
- Moist foods, 97
- Moritz, experiments of, 324, 328, 332
- Mosso, Dr. Prof. Angelo, 67, 68, 284, 285
- Mouth, the, should do all it can, 93, 180;
- examination of, 174-179;
- rinsing, 179;
- mechanical and chemical stimulation of the cavity of, 201, 285, 286
- —— breathing, evils of, 151-153
- —— discrimination, 94
- —— thoroughness, 8
- —— treatment, of food, 5, 12, 92;
- a preliminary necessity of easy digestion, 180, 389
- Mucosa, the, 343, 355
- Mucous membrane, the, 346
- Munich, 56, 76, 81
- Muster, 128
- Mutton, 100
- N
- Nansen, J. F., 123
- [36]
- Napoleon, died from fast eating, 138
- Nasal passages, the, effect of mastication upon, 148
- Naso-pharyngitis, 144, 148, 149
- Naso-pharynx, the, influence of mastication upon, 148
- National Academy of Sciences, the, contribute to fund for research, 69
- Natural Automatic Processes, 3, 180
- Nature, plan of evolution of, xi;
- Man the First Assistant of, xi;
- her reward for conformity with her requirements, xii;
- her generous assumption of forty-seven forty-eighths of labour, 5, 12;
- given an opportunity by economic nutrition, 22;
- her plans perfect if her laws are obeyed, 29;
- never intended a special diet or bottle of medicine, 30;
- endeavours to prepare lactic acid in the stomach, 269
- Negritos, the, 118
- Negroes, the African, 120
- Nerve cells, the, specific qualities of, 187
- —— fibres, 184
- Nervous system, the, influence upon the glands of, 183
- Neutralisation, 92
- “New Glutton or Epicure,” the, xxviii, 47.
- See also “Glutton or Epicure”
- New Guinea, 124
- New Haven (Conn.), scientific experiments at, xiii, 54, 71.
- See Yale investigation, the, and Yale test, the
- Nitrogen, 85, 86
- Nitrogenous equilibrium, 86
- —— measurements, tests of, 26
- “No Breakfast Plan,” the, 396
- Nothnagel, experiments of, 343, 345
- Northwest London Hospital, the, 8, 92
- Nutarians, 90
- Nutrient enemata, 367, 379, 380, 382, 388
- —— fluid, 381
- Nutriment, selection of, 7
- Nutrition, economic, experiments upon problem of, ix, x, 48-52;
- active interest now taken in, x;
- the financial saving the least of the profits in, xi;
- the key to England’s welfare, xxv;
- attitude of the scientific mind towards, xxvii;
- little accurate knowledge concerning, xxx;
- psychology of, 6-7;
- appetite the most important factor in, 6;
- mechanical and chemical physiology of, 8;
- its entire principle simple and practical, 19;
- does not advise avoiding starchy foods for stout people, 21;
- assures that the same food will add or decrease weight, 21;
- keeps one in perfect condition, 22;
- its requirements not hardships but pleasures, 22;
- not a joke or fad, 24;
- an appeal to self-examination and self-instruction, 25;
- first scientific recognition of principles of, 26;
- medical science not possessed of final information concerning questions of, 52;
- plan for institution of an international inquiry into the subject of, 53-55;
- proposed to found an international laboratory of research for the study of, 55-68;
- no question of greater importance, 72;
- poverty and vice traced to perversion of, 73;
- great need of thorough physiological study of, 74;
- effect of the mental state upon, 74
- Nutrition, animal, 56, 57, 58
- Nutritive equilibrium, 37;
- experiments in, 37-39
- Nuts, 141, 173;
- usefulness of, 397
- Nuttall, Dr. George H. F., 26, 39, 47
- O
- Œsophagus, the, may protect the stomach, 139, 192, 285, 286, 289, 291, 292, 297, 299, 300, 303, 304, 307, 316, 325, 326, 336, 341
- Openchowski, experiments of, 305, 325
- Orang, the, 115
- Oranges, 169
- O’Reilly, Surgeon-General, xvii, 69, 70
- Ozawa, Professor, 55
- P
- Pabulum, the, derivation of, 40, 41
- Pacific Islands, the, 124
- Padua, Italy, 28
- Palate, the, “the dietetic conscience,” 75
- Pancreas, the, excited by the vagus and the sympathetic nerves, 183,
- 270;
- special relations of acids to, 270, 271, 273, 274, 279
- Pancreatic digestion, 395
- —— gland, the, 269, 270, 271, 280
- —— juice, the, experiments for, 267, 270, 273, 279, 360, 395
- Paris, 56, 65
- Pastry, 132, 172
- Patagonians, the, 128
- Pathology, 249
- Pavia, University of, 26
- Pawlow, Dr. Prof. J. P., 6, 7, 12;
- researches of, 61, 67, 68;
- his demonstrations of psychic influence in digestion, 180-283
- Peas, 132
- Pendelbewegung, the, 342
- Pendulum movement, the, 358-360
- Penegal, xxxiii
- Peptic digestion, 318, 335
- Peristalsis, 327, 330, 333, 337, 340, 343, 344, 346, 348, 355-357, 361, 365, 377, 378, 383, 384, 386, 388
- Peristaltic wave, the, 343, 353, 365
- Pflüger’s Archives, 182
- Pharynx, the, 285, 286, 290, 298
- Philippines, the, 69
- Physicians, most of them called on to restore appetite, 254;
- their indifference to appetite, 257;
- in Russia, 260;
- should bear in mind the question of psychic secretion, 261
- Physiology, applied, 251
- Pine-apple, 141
- Pitcherie, chewing, 129
- Polynesia, 128
- Poorer classes, the, appetite stronger among, 253;
- food of, 266, 267
- “Popular Science Monthly, The,” xxxiii, 53;
- Professor Chittenden’s article in, 69-91
- Pork, 100, 141
- Porridge, 97, 143, 172, 270
- Potato, made digestible by saliva, 20;
- if masticated, need not produce fat, 21;
- experiments with, 38, 102;
- yields abundant sugar by long-continued mastication, 142, 146
- Potatoes, boiled, 143, 172
- Poverty, traced to perversion of nutrition, 73
- Proteid, demanded by the appetite, xxxii;
- the putrid decomposition of, 47;
- minimum amount of, 74, 78, 79;
- Asiatics consume smaller proportion of, 82, 83, 85, 98, 100, 272, 394
- ——, the high, xxxii, xxxiii
- ——, the low, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii
- —— digestion, perfect, 394, 395
- —— molecule, the, isolation of the tryptophane element of, 47
- Physiology, experimental, 249;
- can make no pretence to guide the field of medicine, 251;
- merely confirms the precepts of instinct, 251
- Psychic environment, 12
- —— excitation, 259
- —— influence, in digestion, 180-283
- —— juice, the, 213, 257, 267
- —— secretion, 261
- —— stimulation, 249
- Pultaceous foods, 95, 97
- Pyloric sphincter, the, movements of, 314
- Pylorus, the, stands guard over the intestines, 139, 141;
- observations of Fallopius upon, 302;
- ideas of early writers concerning, 303;
- later experiments, 304, 307, 308, 315, 316, 317, 325, 326, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 340, 341, 360
- R
- Rabbit, the, experiments upon, 344, 359, 371
- Rage, effect of, 388
- Raiser, experiments of, 359, 371
- Rectal injections, stimulating effect on movements of small intestine of, 367
- Rectum, the, 374, 379, 382
- Reed, Dr. Major Walter (martyr to science), 70
- Regina Margherita Laboratory, the, summit Monte Rosa, 64, 68
- Regurgitation, 35
- Rhinitis, 144, 148, 149
- Rhythmic segmentation, of the intestinal contents, 347-355, 358, 360, 362, 383, 386
- Rice, 82, 132
- Rickets, 144
- Rigg’s disease, 159, 163
- Rjasanzew, Professor, experiments of, 275
- Roberts, Sir William, 75, 147
- Rockefeller, John D., xxxv
- —— Institute of Preventive Medicine, the, 68
- Rollbewegung, 345
- Röntgen rays, the, Dr. Cannon’s studies with, 180, 284, 287-300, 301-341, 342-388
- Roosevelt, President Theodore, 70
- Root, Secretary of War, Elihu, 70
- Rosa, Monte, 64, 68
- Rossbach, experiments of, 305, 309, 311, 313, 314
- Roux, experiments of, 314, 315, 327, 328
- Royal Society, the, 68
- Rumination, 35, 98
- Russell, Dr. William, 145
- Russia, physicians in, 260;
- food in, 267, 272
- Russian Imperial Military School of Medicine, the, 68
- —— peasant, the, 270
- S
- Sabbatani, experiments of, 378
- St. Martin, Alexis, investigations on, 305, 309
- Saliva, its chemical effect upon potato, 20;
- upon syrup, 21, 33, 34, 35;
- its action in infant life, 36;
- an important therapeutic agent, 45, 93, 94, 95;
- mastication promotes flow of, 96, 101;
- dry food produces greater flow than moist, 97, 147;
- complicated physiological functions of, 191-192, 337, 392, 393, 395, 396
- Salivary digestion, in the stomach, 335, 341;
- effect of mastication and cooking of food upon, 391;
- imperfect, 394
- —— glands, the, 155;
- analogy between the innervation mechanism and the glands of digestion, 188-190;
- the exciting agencies of the nervous mechanism of, 191;
- their particular properties, 191-194;
- differences between the exciting agencies of the different, 194-198;
- Professor Pawlow’s sham-feeding experiment, 198-211, 280
- —— secretion, excitants of, 191
- Sapidity, 44
- Sauces, 269
- Schäfer, 40, 82
- Schmidt, experiments of, 202, 204, 231;
- conditions for success, 204-206
- Schütz, experiments of, 305, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 327, 332
- Schwartz, experiments of, 303, 304
- Scientific Assessors, Board of, 67, 68, 181
- Secretions, digestive, 180
- Secretory fibres, 183
- —— nerves, 266
- Segmentation, 386, 388
- Selection, of nutriment, 7
- Self-nutrition, secret of, xii
- Sensory nerves, 187
- Sham feeding, experiments in, 198-211, 214-246;
- psychic effect may become an absolute and independent factor in, 209, 279
- Sheffield Scientific School, the, experiments at, 53, 68
- Sight, the sense of, 210
- Sivén, experiments of, 81
- Skatol, the odourous, 47
- Sleep, exercises no restraining influence upon the gastric glands, 206;
- effect of, 383-386
- Smell, the sense of, 210
- Snyder, Dr., experiment in nutritive equilibrium, 37-38
- Société de Biologie, the, 46
- Sodium, salts of, 277;
- promote a flow of gastric juice, 277, 278, 279, 281, 282
- Soft foods, 97, 129, 136, 142, 160, 162
- Solid foods, 94, 268
- Solray Sociological Institute, the, 68
- Sorbonne, Universitie de la, 68
- Soups, 266, 267
- South Africa, 11
- —— America, 124
- “Spectator,” the, 28
- Sphincter, the, 315, 316, 317, 331, 333, 341
- Spinach, 99
- Spirits, 93, 94
- Ssanozki, Professor, experiments of, 203, 228
- Starch, needed by body, 20, 21, 78, 98;
- changed into maltose, 101, 102;
- danger to the stomach in receiving an excess of, 141-146;
- the last constituent to leave the stomach, 145, 170, 171, 172, 270, 337, 393, 395, 396;
- Starling, experiments of, 343, 344, 345, 346, 359
- Stews, 266
- Stomach, the, struggles bravely to overcome abuse, 19;
- man’s ignorance concerning requirements of, 23;
- mastication acts reflexly upon, 102;
- a long-suffering organ, 138;
- its danger of receiving an excess of starch, 141;
- starch the last constituent to leave, 145;
- necessity of alkali in, 146;
- secretory work of, 182, 183, 229;
- secretory nerves of, 210, 227;
- the seat of certain definite sensations, 241;
- the initial impulse towards awakening an appetite may originate in, 244, 246;
- no material progress in the physiology of, 250;
- Nature endeavours to prepare lactic acid in, 269;
- acids supplement weak action in, 270, 279;
- catarrhal affections of, 280;
- gives no obvious external sign of its workings, 301;
- studied by means of the Röntgen rays, 301-341;
- Galen’s observations on the functions of, 302;
- Fallopius’s views upon, 302;
- the motor functions of, 304;
- the anatomy of, 306;
- its relations to the shadow, 306;
- the musculature of, 308;
- normal movements of, 309;
- the peptonising function of, 314;
- its appearance at various stages of digestion, 319;
- composed of two physiologically distinct portions, 324, 340;
- its movements in vomiting, 325;
- effect of its movements upon the food, 328;
- attempts to perform function of teeth, 333;
- salivary digestion in, 335;
- inhibition of its movements during emotion, 337
- —— fluids, 393, 394
- Suffocation, caused by inefficient mastication, 137
- Sugar, 21, 78, 89, 95, 169, 337, 393, 395
- Sugar-cane, 123, 124, 169
- “Sure and Certain Method of Attaining a Long and Healthful Life,” Luigi Cornaro’s treatise upon, 28
- Swallowing, facilitated by mastication, 97;
- mechanism of, 284.
- See also Swallowing Impulse, the
- —— Impulse, the, xxxii, 8, 9, 93, 94
- —— reflex, Dr. Van Someren’s, 26, 44
- Sweet potato, 124
- Sweets, why pleasant, 268, 269
- Sympathetic nerve, the, an undoubted exciter of the gastric glands and of the pancreas, 183
- Syrup, chemical effect of saliva upon, 21
- T
- Tapioca, 132
- Taplin, 125
- Tasmanians, the, 122
- Taste, delicacy of the sense of, 22, 23;
- should be dissipated in the mouth, 93, 210;
- necessary to give an impulse to the organs of, 253;
- the nutritive value of food should be considered rather than, 261
- —— gratification, 93
- Tea, 132
- Tea-taster, the professional, methods of, 23, 93
- Teeth, the, influence of mastication upon, 110;
- changes during man’s evolution, 115-121;
- instances of vigorous use, 122-126;
- irregularity in, 156;
- evils of imperfect use of, 157;
- examination of, 174-179;
- the stomach attempts to perform function of, 333
- “Text-Book of Physiology,” Schäfer’s, 40
- “That Last Waif: or Social Quarantine,” xxv
- Therapeutic experiments, pathological, 249
- Therapeutics, precepts of, 272
- Thierfelder, 39
- Thirst, 95
- Thompson, Dr., 142
- —— Prof. W. H., 180, 181
- Thorax, the, 290
- Tobacco-chewing, 103, 129
- Tokio, University of, 55
- Tongue, the, needs exercise, 154
- Tonic constrictions, the, 344;
- the appearance of, 370-373, 385, 387
- —— rings, the, 373
- Tonsillitis, 144, 148
- Tooth-brush, the, 177
- Tooth-powder, 178
- Toxins, absorbed into the blood, 40, 41, 44, 143
- Training, for athletes, why necessary, 22
- “Traité Analytique de la Digestion,” Blondlot’s, 181
- Treves, Sir Frederick, on bolting of food, 140, 141
- Trinity College, Dublin, 180
- Trophic fibres, 183
- Tryptophane, 47
- Tuberculosis, 144
- Turin, Italy, Congress of Physiologists at, 26, 48, 56, 91
- ——, University of, 68, 284
- U
- Urine, should be inoffensive, 42, 93, 274
- V
- Vagus nerve, the, an undoubted exciter of the gastric glands and of the pancreas, 183;
- its functions almost interminable, 183, 249
- Van Someren, Dr. Ernest, xxv, 7, 12;
- his paper “Was Luigi Cornaro Right?” 26-46;
- his swallowing reflex, 26, 44;
- his experiments confirmed by Marckwald, 46;
- Sir Michael Foster’s Note upon his paper, 48-52;
- the Cambridge tests, 49-52, 53, 60, 91, 92, 98
- Van Valzah, 146
- Veal, 100
- Veddahs, the, 128
- Vegetable food, experiments with, 40;
- necessitates more thorough mastication than animal, 97, 98, 173;
- influenced more by cooking than animal, 118, 132, 170
- Vegetables, 43, 78
- Venice, Italy, 30, 63, 64, 91
- Vermicelli, 132
- Vermicular contraction, 343
- —— wave, the, 345
- Vermiform appendix, the, 140
- Vice, traced to perversion of nutrition, 73
- Vienna, 65
- —— bread, 131
- Vinegar, 269
- Vivisection, 303, 305
- Voice, the, requires lusty exercise in youth, 149
- Voit diet, the, 76, 81, 84, 86
- Vomiting, the act of, 193, 303;
- movements of the stomach in, 325, 341
- W
- Wallace, Dr. G. Sim, 110, 113, 130, 154,
158, 161, 169, 174, 177
- Walther, Dr., experiments of, 267, 276
- Washington, D. C., 70
- Water, how to drink, 9, 34, 95, 268, 391, 392
- —— biscuit, 391
- Weight, must become normal, 43
- Welch, Dr. Prof. William H., 67, 68
- Wepfer, experiments of, 303, 304
- Wheat, unground pearl, 392, 393, 394
- —— flour, 392
- Wine, how to take, 9, 22, 23
- Wine-tasters, the professional, methods of, 23, 93
- Wolves, experiments upon, 303
- Wood, Maj. Gen. Leonard, 69, 70
- Worry, causes indigestion, 7
- Wulfson, Dr., 197
- X
- X-ray. See Röntgen ray
- Y
- Yale investigation, the, x, xi, xiii-xv, xvii, xviii, xix, xxxiii
- —— Gymnasium, the, 87
- —— test, the, 5, 69, 75-91
- —— University, 68
- Z
- Z, in the nutrition alphabet, 10, 12;
- Zuntz, Dr. Prof. N., 67, 68