FA. Lib. iv., cap. 9.

FB. See Rüppell, Reise in Abyssinien, bd. i., s. 414; bd. ii., s. 443.

FC. Humboldt, Asie centrale, t. iii., p. 272.

FD. Op. cit., t. iii., p. 235.

FE. Hakluyt, Voyages, vol. iii. p. 14.

FF. Rennell, Investigation of the Currents of the Atlantic Ocean, 1832, pp. 96, 136.

FG. Account of the Islands of Orkney (1700), p. 60.

FH. Bembo, Historiæ Venetæ, ed. 1718, lib. vii. p. 257.

FI. Ed. Van. Staveren, cur. Bardili, t. ii. 1820, p. 356.

FJ. Lib. iii, cap. 5, § 8.

FK. Hist. Nat. ii. 67.

FL. Historia Gen. de las Indias. Saragossa, 1553, fol. vii.

FM. See Cosmos, vol. ii. p. 604 (Bohn’s ed.) and Examen critique de l’Hist. de la Géographie, t. ii. pp. 247–278.

FN. Sartorius von Waltershausen, Physisch-geographische Skizze von Island, 1847, s. 22–35.

FO. Prescott, Conquest of Mexico, vol. iii. p. 416.

FP. Chronica del Peru, Sevilla, 1553, cap. 110, p. 264.

FQ. See Gay, Zoologia de Chili, Mamiferos, 1847, p. 154.

FR. See the Inca Garcilaso, Commentarios Reales, P. 1, lib. v. cap. 2, p. 133; and Prescott, Hist. of the Conquest of Peru, 1847, vol. i. p. 136.

FS. Fragments of the Nat. Hist. of Pennsylvania, P. 1, p. 4.

FT. Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, s. 256.

FU. Reise um die Erde, th. iii. s. 64.

FV. Tschudi, s. 228. 237.

FW. See the pleasing descriptions in Darwin’s Journal, 1845, p. 66.

FX. See a rare work printed at Mexico, in 1792, and entitled Cronica seráfica y Apostólica del Colegio de Propaganda Fide de la Santa Cruz de Querétaro, por Fray Juan Domingo Arricivita.

FY. Jacob Grimm, Gesch. der Deutschen Sprache, 1848, th. i. s. 62.

FZ. lib. v. pp. 199, 232. Wessel.

GA. Strabo, xv. 1017.

GB. Geogr. Armen., ed. Whiston, 1736, p. 360.

GC. Ramusio, vol. ii. p. 10.

GD. Abhandl. der Berl. Akad. 1816, s. 123.

GE. Essai sur la Géographie des Plantes, 1805, p. 28.

GF. Carl Koch, Beiträge zur Flora des Orients. Heft. 1, s. 139, 142.

GG. Jacob Grimm, Gesch. der deutschen Sprache, th. i. s. 69.

GH. Vues des Cordillères et Monuments des peuples indigènes de l’Amérique, 2 tomes.

GI. Compare the work of D. Antonio del Rio, entitled Description of the Ruins of an Ancient City discovered near Palenque, 1822, translated from the orig. manuscr. report by Cabrera, p. 9, tab. 12–14 (Rio’s researches were made in the year 1787); with Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, 1843, vol. i. pp. 391, 429–434, and vol. ii. pp. 21, 54, 56, 317, 323; with the magnificent work of Catherwood, Views of Ancient Monuments in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan, 1844; and lastly with Prescott, The Conquest of Mexico, vol. iii. Append. p. 360.

GJ. Stephens, Incid. of Travel in Yucatan, vol. i. p. 439, and vol. ii. p. 278.

GK. Klaproth, Tableaux historiques de l’Asie, 1824, p. 79; Nouveau Journal asiatique, t. x. 1832, p. 335; and Humboldt, Examen critique, t. ii. pp. 62–67.

GL. Rélat. hist. t. iii. pp. 155–160.

GM. Gomara, Hist. general de las Indias, p. 117.

GN. Compare my Relation historique, t. i. p. 492, t. ii. pp. 653, 703, with Richard Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch Guiana, th. i. 1847, s. 2, 120, 173, 194.

GO. Historiæ Venetæ, 1551, p. 88.

GP. See text of Riccardi in my Examen crit. t. iv. p. 496.

GQ. Raleigh, Discovery of Guiana, 1596, p. 90.

GR. Brevis et admiranda Descriptio regni Guianæ (Norib. 1599), tab. 4.

GS. Gumilla, Historia natural, civil y geografica de las Naciones situadas en las riveras del Rio Orinoco, nueva impr., 1791, pp. 143, 145, 163.

GT. See Journal of the Royal Geogr. Society, vol. xii. 1842, p. 175, and Description of the Murichi, or Ita Palm, read in the meeting of the British Association held at Cambridge, June 1845 (published in Simond’s Colonial Magazine).

GU. See also Sir Robert Schomburgk’s new edition of Raleigh’s Discovery of Guiana (1848), p. 50.

GV. Bernau, Missionary Labours in British Guiana, 1847, pp. 34, 44.

GW. Humboldt, Bonpland, et Kunth, Nova genera et species Plantarum, t. i. p. 310.

GX. Mosheim, Institut. Hist. Eccles., 1755, p. 215.

GY. See my Rélat. hist., t. i. pp. 296, 625; t. ii. p. 161.

GZ. Lib. iii. p. 184, Rhod., p. 219, Wessel.

HA. Humboldt, Bonpland, et Kunth, Synopsis Plantarum æquinoct. Orbis Novi, t. iii. p. 370.

HB. Compare Arago in my Rélation hist., t. i. p. 623.

HC. See my Rélat. histor., t. ii. pp. 196, 626.

HD. Observations de Zoologie et d’Anatomie comparée, t. i. pp. 83–87, and Rélat. hist., t. ii. pp. 173–190.

HE. Untersuchungen über thierische Electricität, von Emil du Bois-Raymond, 1848, bd. i. s. xv.

HF. Reisen in Guiana und am Orinoko, s. 212.

HG. See my Rélat. hist. t. ii. pp. 299–304.

HH. See my anatomical treatise in Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie, vol. i. p. 18.

HI. On the Ethiopian Boa, see Diodor. Sicul., lib. iii. p. 204, ed. Wesseling.

HJ. Rélat. hist., t. ii. pp. 618–620.

HK. Historia del Rio Orinoco, nueva impr., 1791, t. i. p. 179.

HL. This was also observed by Gilj, Saggio di Storia Americana, t. ii. p. 311.

HM. Thibault de Chanvalon, Voyage à la Martinique, p. 85.

HN. Voyage à la Recherche de La Pérouse, t. ii. p. 322.

HO. Bericht über die Verhandl. der Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin aus dem J. 1848, s. 222–225.

HP. Voy. à la Rech. de La Pérouse, t. ii. p. 205.

HQ. See Ehrenberg, Ueber das unsichtbar wirkende organiche Leben, 1842, s. 41.

HR. Reisen in Guiana und am Orinoko übersetzt von Otto Schomburgk, 1841, s. 500.

HS. Compare Rélation historique, t. ii. p. 589, with Martius, Ueber die Physiognomie des Pflanzenreichs in Brasilien, 1824, s. 14.

HT. Richard Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch Guiana, th. i. s. 320.

HU. Archæologia Britannica, vol. v. 1779, pp. 318–324; and vol. vi. 1782, p. 107.

HV. See my Rélat. historique, t. ii. pp. 547–556.

HW. Reisen in Britisch Guiana, th. i. s. 441–461.

HX. Compare also the older chemical analysis of Boussingault, in the Annales de Chimie et Physique, t. xxxix. 1828, pp. 24–37.

HY. Humboldt, in this and other pages of his lecture, addressed, it should be remembered, to the citizens of Berlin, in 1806, evidently alludes to the troubles of the times.—Ed.

HZ. Hist., lib. vi., initio.

IA. This subject is elaborately discussed in Heeren’s various works.—Ed.

IB. Blumenbach, Collectiones suæ Craniorum diversarum gentium, &c., 4to, Götting., 1798–1828.—Ed.

IC. Gilbert’s Annalen der Physik, bd. xvi. 1804, s. 394–449.

ID. Navarrete, Viages y Descubrimientos que hiciéron por mar los Españoles, t. i. pp. 253, 260; t. iii. pp. 539, 587.

IE. Diodor. Sicul., lib. xvii. p. 553 (Rhodom.).

IF. Reisen in Guiana, 1841, s. 448.

IG. See the Memoir which I drew up at the request of the Portuguese Government, in 1817, “Sur la fixation des limites des Guyanes Française et Portuguaise.” Schoell, Archives historiques et politiques, ou Recueil de Pièces officielles, Mémoires, &c. t. i. 1818, pp. 48–58.

IH. Relation historique, t. ii. pp. 474–496, 558–562.

II. Reisen in Guiana und am Orinoko, 451.

IJ. Nouvelles Annales des Voyages, 1836, Sept. p. 316.

IK. Humboldt, Relation historique, t. ii. p. 158.

IL. See my Relation historique, t. ii. pp. 223, 239, 406–413.

IM. Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie et d’Anatomie comparée, t. i. pp. 306–311, tab. xxviii.

IN. Op. cit., t. ii. p. 340.

IO. Vol. v. (1835), p. 77.

IP. Hertha, Zeitschrift für Erd und Völkerkunde, von Berghaus, bd. xiii. 1829, s. 3–29.

IQ. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, t. iv. 1825, pp. 225–253.

IR. Berghaus, Zeitschrift für Erdkunde, band. ix. s. 322–326.

IS. Fitzroy, Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, 1839, vol. ii. p. 481; Darwin, Journal of Researches, 1845, pp. 253 and 291.

IT. Mary Somerville, Physical Geogr., 1849, vol. ii. 425.

IU. Geographical Memoir upon Upper California, an illustration of his Map of Oregon and California, 1848.

IV. Memoir of a Tour in Northern Mexico, connected with Col. Doniphan’s Expedition, 1848.

IW. Expedition on the Upper Arkansas, 1845, and Examination of New Mexico in 1846 and 1847.

IX. Humboldt, Essai polit. sur la Nouvelle Espagne, t. i. pp. 127–136.

IY. Frémont, Geogr. Mem. of Upper California, 1848, pp. 8 and 67; see also Humboldt, Essai politique, t. ii. p. 261.

IZ. Compare Abert’s Examination of New Mexico, in the Documents of Congress, No. 41, pp. 489 and 581–605, with my Essai pol., t. ii. pp. 241–244.

JA. Fossil remains of this gigantic antediluvian tortoise are now in the British Museum.—Ed.

JB. The weight of the lower branches bends them to the ground, so that a single tree forms a hemispherical mass of verdure sometimes 150 feet in diameter.—Ed.

JC. Actes de la Société Helvétique, 1843, p. 324.

JD. Claudio Gay, Historia fisica y politica de Chile, Zoologia, 1844, p. 91.

JE. Compare my Asie centrale, t. iii. p. 262, with Hooker, Journal of Botany, vol. i. 1834, p. 327, and the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. xvii. 1834, p. 380.

JF. Recueil d’Observ. astron., t. i. Intr. p. lxxii.

JG. Voyage à l’Equateur, 1751, p. 184.

JH. Vocabulario de la Lengua general de todo el Peru llamada Lengua Quichua ó del Inca, Lima, 1608.

JI. See the word in Juan de Figueredo’s vocabulary of Chinchaysuyo words appended to Diego de Torres Rubio, Arte, y Vocabulario de la Lengua Quichua, reimpr. en Lima, 1751, fol. 222, b.

JJ. Velasco, Historia de Quito, t. i. p. 185.

JK. Hist. of the Conquest of Peru, vol. i. p. 125.

JL. See my Vues des Cordillères et Monumens des peuples indigènes de l’Amérique, t. i. p. 116; and the Memoir entitled Ueber zwei Versuche den Chimborazo zu besteigen, 1802 and 1831, in Schumacher’s Jahrbuch für 1837, S. 176.

JM. Critical Researches on Philology and Geography, 1824, p. 144.

JN. See my Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie et d’Anatomie comparée, vol. i. p. 26–45.

JO. Fauna Peruana, Ornithol. p. 12.

JP. Voyage de l’Amérique méridionale, t. ii. p. 2. 1752; Observations astronomiques et physiques, p. 110.

JQ. Claudio Gay, Historia fisica y politica de Chile, publicada bajo los auspicios del Supremo Gobierno; Zoologia, pp. 194–198.

JR. On the action of water, see my Versuche über die gereizte Muskel-und Nervenfaser, Bd. ii. S. 250.

JS. See his Mémoire sur les Tardigrades et sur leur propriété de revenir à la vie (1842).

JT. Doyère, Op. cit. p. 119.

JU. Doyère, Op. cit. pp. 130–133.

JV. Doyère, Op. cit. pp. 117 and 129.

JW. Règne animal, 1829, t. i. p. 396.

JX. Lavoisier, Mémoires de Chimie, t. i. p. 119.

JY. Milne Edwards, Eléments de Zoologie, 1834, p. 543.

JZ. Relat. hist., t. ii. pp. 192, 626.

KA. Grundriss der Kräuterkunde, 4te Aufl. Berl. 1805. s. 405–412.

KB. Auguste de St. Hilaire, Leçons de Botanique, 1840, pp. 565–571.

KC. Adrien de Jussieu, Cours élémentaire de Botanique, 1840, p. 463.

KD. Joh. Reinh. Forster, Bemerkungen auf seiner Reise um die Welt, 1783, s. 57; Le Gentil, Voyage dans les Mers de l’Inde, 1772, t. i. pp. 685–698.

KE. Forskaal, Fauna ægyptiaco-arabica, s. Descriptiones animalium quæ in itinere orientali observavit, 1775, p. 109.

KF. Bory de St.-Vincent, Voyage dans les Iles des Mers d’Afrique, 1804 t. i. p. 107, pl. vi.

KG. Michaelis, Ueber das Leuchten der Ostsee bei Kiel, 1830, s. 17.

KH. Abhandlungen der Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin aus dem J. 1833, s. 307, 1834, s. 537–575, 1838, s. 45, 258.

KI. Ehrenberg, Ueber das Leuchten des Meeres, 1836, s. 110, 158, 160, 163.

KJ. Versuche über die gereizte Muskel- und Nervenfaser, bd. i. s. 438–441; see also Obs. de Zoologie et d’Anatomie comparée, vol. i. p. 84.

KK. Philosophical Transactions for the year 1834, part ii. pp. 545–547.

KL. See my letter to the editor of the Annalen der Physik und Chemie, bd. xxxvii. 1836, s. 212–214.

KM. Humboldt, Relat. hist., t. i. pp. 79, 533. Respecting the wonderful development of mass and power of increase in the Infusorial animalcules, see Ehrenberg, Infus., s. xiii. 291 and 512. “The galaxy of the smallest organisms,” he says, “passes through the genera Monas (where they are often only ¹⁄₃₀₀₀ of a line), Vibrio, and Bacterium,” (s. xix. 244.)

KN. Rudolphi, Entozoorum Synopsis, pp. 124, 434.

KO. See Gözen’s Eingeweidewürmer, tab. iv. fig. 10.

KP. Müller, Zoologia danica, Fasc. ii. tab. lxxx. a-e.

KQ. Humboldt et Provençal, Sur la respiration des Poissons, in Rec. d’Obs. de Zoologie, vol. ii. pp. 194–216.

KR. Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d’Arcueil, t. i. 1807, pp. 252–281.

KS. Abhandlungen der Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin aus dem J. 1832, s. 393–432.

KT. Ehrenberg, Op. cit., s. 419.

KU. Asie centrale, t. i. p. 218.

KV. Darwin, Structure of Coral Reefs, pp. 39, 111, and 183.

KW. Ehrenberg’s Manuscript Notes.

KX. Annales des Sciences naturelles, t. vi., 1825, p. 277.

KY. Darwin, Coral Reefs, p. 63–65.

KZ. Chamisso, in Kotzebue’s Entdeckungsreise, bd. iiiv s. 108.

LA. See my Essai Politique sur l’Ile de Cuba, t. ii. p. 137.

LB. Petr. Martyr, Oceanica, 1532, Dec. 1, p. 9; Gomara, Hist. de las Indias, 1553, fol. xiv.

LC. Lacépède, Hist. nat. des Poissons, t. i. p. 55.

LD. Transactions of the Geological Soc., 2nd Ser. vol. v. P. 1, 1837, p. 103.

LE. Annales des Sciences naturelles, t. vi., 1825, p. 273.