LF. See Darwin’s Journal, 1845, p. 467, also his Structure of Coral Reefs, pp. 84–87; and Sir Robert Schomburgk, Hist. of Barbadoes, 1848, p. 636.

LG. Report on Ægean Invertebrata in the Report of the Thirteenth Meeting of the British Association, held at Cork in 1843, pp. 151, 161.

LH. See Ross, Voyage of Discovery in the Southern and Antarctic Regions, vol. i. pp. 334, 337.

LI. Ehrenberg, in the Abhandl. der Berl. Akad. aus dem J. 1832, s. 430.

LJ. Forbes and Spratt, Travels in Lycia, 1847, vol. ii. p. 124.

LK. See my Asie centrale, t. ii. p. 517.

LL. Compare James Dana (geologist in the United States’ Exploring Expedition under the command of Captain Wilkes), On the Structure and Classification of Zoophytes, 1846, pp. 124–131.

LM. Report of the Sixteenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, held in 1846, p. 91.

LN. Otfr. Müller, Geschichten Hellenischer Stämme und Städte, bd. i. s. 65, 119.

LO. Diodor. Sicul. lib. v. cap. 47, p. 369. Wesseling.

LP. Geschichte der natürlichen Veränderungen der Erdoberfläche, Th. i. 1822, s. 105–162, and Creuzer’s Symbolik, 2te Aufl. th. ii. s. 285, 318, 361.

LQ. Lib. i. p. 49, 50. Casaub.

LR. Lib. xvii. p. 809. Casaub.

LS. Strabo, lib. i. p. 51–56, lib. ii. p. 104. Casaub.

LT. Diod. iii. 53–55.

LU. Maximus Tyrius, viii. 7.

LV. Compare my Examen critique de l’hist. de la Géographie, t. i. p. 179, t. iii. p. 136.

LW. Cosmos, vol. ii. p. 481. (Bohn’s edition).

LX. See my work, Versuche über die chemische Zersetzung des Luftkreises, 1799, p. 177; and Moll’s Jahrbücher der Berg- und Hüttenkunde, 1797, p. 234.

LY. Nova Acta Acad. Leop. Carol. Naturæ Curiosorum, t. xiii. 1827, p. 781.

LZ. Humboldt, Rélat. hist., t. i. pp. 118, 639.

MA. Vues des Cordillères et Monumens des peuples indigènes de l’Amérique, pl. lxix.

MB. Rélat. hist., t. i., p. 282.

MC. Grundzüge der Botanik, 1843, § 1003.

MD. Asia Portuguesa, t. i., cap. 2., pp. 14, 18.

ME. Compare also Barros, Asia, dec. i. liv. ii., cap. 2, t. i. (Lisboa, 1778,) p. 148.

MF. Navarrete, t. v, pp. 8, 247, 401.

MG. Examen critique de l’Hist. de la Géographie, t. v. pp. 129–132.

MH. Ramusio, vol. i. p. 109.

MI. Flore de Sénégambie p. 76.

MJ. This tree was formerly called “the Ethiopian sour gourd;” Julius Scaliger, who gave it the name of Guanabanus, instances one, which seventeen men with outstretched arms could not encompass. The wood is very perishable, and the negroes place in the hollow of these trees the corpses of their conjurors, or of such persons who they suppose would enchant or desecrate the ground, if buried in the usual way.—Ed.

MK. Familles des Plantes d’Adanson, 1763, P. I. pp. ccxv-ccxviii. The fourteenth century is here stated, but this is no doubt an error.

ML. Adrien de Jussieu, Cours de Botanique, p. 62.

MM. Voyage au Sénégal, 1757, p. 66.

MN. Fragmens d’un voyage en Afrique, t. ii. p. 92.

MO. Cosmos, vol. ii. p. 662. (Bohn’s Edition.)

MP. Decandolle, de la Longévité des Arbres, p. 65. Fine engravings of the venerable yew at Fortingal, Fountains Abbey, Ankerwyke, &c., will be found in Strutt’s magnificent work on forest trees. A very full account of the Yew-tree, with engravings, will also be found in Loudon’s Arboretum Britannicum.—Ed.

MQ. Endlicher, Grundzüge der Botanik, s. 399.

MR. Gould, Birds of Australia, vol. i. Introd. p. xv.

MS. Adrien de Jussieu, Cours élémentaire de Botanique, 1840, p. 61.

MT. Kunth, Lehrbuch der Botanik, th. i. 1847, s. 146, 164; Lindley, Introduction to Botany, 2nd ed. p. 75.

MU. Mühlenpfordt, Versuch einer getreuen Schilderung der Republik Mexico, bd. i. s. 153.

MV. Lassen, Indische Alterthumskunde, bd. i. s. 260. See an interesting account of the Banyan tree in Forbes’ Oriental Memoirs, vol. i. pp. 25–28. The tree there described (the famous Cubbeer-Burr) comprises 350 large trunks and more than 3000 small ones, and extends over an area of several thousand feet. Milton alludes to the Banyan tree in his Paradise Lost, book ix. line 1100, &c.—Ed.

MW. Historiæ Venetæ, 1551, fol. 83.

MX. Annales de la Société d’Agriculture de la Rochelle, 1843, p. 380.

MY. Darwin, Journal of Researches into Nat. Hist., 1845, p. 239.

MZ. Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, vol. ii. p. 363.

NA. Flora Antarctica, p. vii, 1 and 178; and Camille Montague, Botanique cryptogame du Voyage de la Bonite, 1846, p. 36.

NB. General Remarks on the Botany of Terra Australis, p. 4.

NC. Humboldt, de distributione geographica Plantarum, p. 23.

ND. Essai élémentaire de Géographie botanique, p. 62.

NE. Formerly librarian to Sir Joseph Banks, now President of the Linnæan Society.—Ed.

NF. Robert Brown, General remarks on the botany of Terra Australis, in Flinders’ Voyage, vol. ii. p. 338.

NG. Compare my essay, De distributione geographica Plantarum secundum cœli temperiem et altitudinem montium, 1817, pp. 24–44; and see the farther development of numerical relations as given by me in the Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles, t. xviii. 1820, pp. 422–436; and in the Annales de Chimie et de Physique, t. xvi. 1821, pp. 267–292.

NH. Humboldt et Bonpland, Plantes équinoxiales, t. i. p. 33, tab. 10.

NI. See his work, Regni Vegetabilis Systema naturale, t. i. pp. 128, 396, 439, 464, 510.

NJ. Biologie, bd. ii. s. 47, 63, 83, 129.

NK. Decandolle, Théorie élémentaire de la Botanique, p. 190; Humboldt, Nova genera et species Plantarum, t. i. pp. xvii. 1.

NL. Jahrbücher der Gewächskunde, bd. i. Berlin, 1818, s. 18, 21, 30.

NM. Playfair, in the Transactions of the Royal Soc. of Edinb., vol. v. 1805, p. 202; Humboldt, on the sum total of the thermometric degrees required for the cycle of vegetation of the Cereals, in Mém. sur des lignes isothermes, p. 96; Boussingault, Economie rurale, t. ii. p. 659, 663, 667; and Alphonse Decandolle, Sur les causes qui limitent les espèces végétales, 1847, p. 8.

NN. Introduction to Botany, 2nd ed. p. 504.

NO. Manuscript notice communicated to the “Gartenbau-Verein” in Dec. 1846.

NP. Kunth, Enumeratio Plantarum.

NQ. Ernest Dieffenbach, Travels in New Zealand, 1843, vol. i. p. 419.

NR. Joseph Hooker, Flora Antarctica, pp. 73–75.

NS. Sir John Herschel, Results of Astron. Observ. at the Cape of Good Hope, 1847, p. 381.

NT. Abhandl. der Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin aus dem J. 1846, s. 322.

NU. See my work, Ueber die gereizte Muskel-und Nervenfaser, bd. ii. s. 142–145.

NV. Humboldt, De distributione geographica Plantarum, pp. 225–233.

NW. Semanario de Santa Fé de Bogotá, 1809, No. 21, p. 163.

NX. Wallich, Plantæ asiaticæ, vol. iii. tab. 211.

NY. General remarks on the Botany of Terra Australis, p. 45.

NZ. Voyage au Brésil, p. 60.

OA. Compare also Darwin, Journal, Ed. of 1845, pp. 244, 256.

OB. Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch Guiana, Th. i. S. 50.

OC. Cosmos, vol. ii. p. 376. (Bohn’s Edition.)

OD. Aug. de Saint-Hilaire, Morphologie végétale, 1840, p. 176.

OE. “In the Palm groves at Pihiguao, single trees annually bear as 400 fruit of an apple shape; and it is well known among the Brothers of San Francisco, who live on the banks of the Orinoco and Guania, that the Indians become very fat at the time that the Palms put forth their unctuous fruit.”—Humboldt, de distrib. geogr. Plant., p. 240.

OF. Compare my Essai sur la Géographie des Plantes, p. 29, and my Rélat. hist. t. i. pp. 104, 587, t. ii. pp. 355, 367.

OG. Cosmos, vol. ii. p. 524 (Bohn’s Edition).

OH. Compare Lassen, Indische Alterthumskunde, bd. i. s. 262, with my Essai politique sur la Nouvelle Espagne, t. ii. p. 382, and Rélat. hist., t. i. p. 491.

OI. Humboldt et Bonpland, Plantes équinoxiales, t. i. p. 82, pi. 24; Essai polit. sur la Nouv. Esp. t. i. p. 98.

OJ. See our Plantes équin. t. ii. p. 113, pl. 116.

OK. See his Tableau des Provinces situées sur la côte occidentale de la Mer Caspienne, entre les fleuves Terek et Kour, 1798, pp. 58, 120.

OL. See Molina’s Storia naturale del Chili, 1782, p. 174.

OM. Klotzsch, Ueber die geographische Verbreitung der Erica-Arten mit bleibender Blumenkrone. Manuscr.

ON. Flora Sibirica, t. iv., p. 129.

OO. Flora Rossica, t. i., pars 2, p. 53.

OP. Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of the Erebus and Terror, 1844, p. 210.

OQ. Philos. Transact., vol. lxxix. p. 86.

OR. Handbuch der Botanik, s. 609.

OS. Claudio Gay, Flora Chilensis, 1848, p. 30.

OT. Wislizenus, Tour to Northern Mexico, 1848, p. 97.

OU. See p. 15.

OV. Hooker, Flora antarctica, p. 69.

OW. Compare the section Orchideæ in my work, De distrib. geogr. Plant., pp. 241–247.

OX. See Darwin, Journal of Researches, p. 449.

OY. See his Abhandl. der Wiss. zu München, bd. iii. 1837–1843, S. 752.

OZ. Synopsis Coniferarum, 1847.

PA. See Cosmos, vol. i. pp. 282–287 (Bohn’s edition).

PB. See my Examen crit., t. ii. pp. 246–259.

PC. Flora Antarctica, p. 229.

PD. See Linnæa, bd. xv. 1841, s. 529, and Endlicher’s Synopsis Coniferarum, p. 96.

PE. See Hoffmeister’s Briefe aus Indien wührend der Expedition des Prinzen Waldemar von Preussen, 1847, s. 351.

PF. Dec. iii. lib. x. p. 68.

PG. Thunberg, Flora Japonica, p. 275. The allusion is somewhat amusing; we annex a translation of Thunberg’s note:—“This fruit resembles acorns, and is of an astringent nature. For this reason the Japanese interpreters, when constrained to remain in the royal presence longer than usual, chew it, as an antidiuretic. It is brought to table at the second course with Acrodrya, and is said to be very wholesome, and to relax the bowels although it constricts the mouth. The expressed oil is in request for the kitchen, especially among the Chinese monks who live at Nagasacca.”—Ed.

PH. Gay, Flora Chilensis, p. 340.

PI. See my Examen crit. t. iii. p. 24.

PJ. See Ratzeburg, Forstreisen, 1844, s. 287.

PK. Torrey and Frémont, Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in 1844, p. 319.

PL. Endlicher, Coniferæ fossiles, p. 301.

PM. See Journal of the Royal Institution, 1826, p. 325.

PN. See description in Lewis and Clarke’s Travels to the Source of the Missouri River and across the American Continent to the Pacific Ocean (1804–6), 1814, p. 456.

PO. Dwight, Travels, vol. i. p. 36, and Emerson, Report on the Trees and Shrubs growing naturally in the Forests of Massachusetts, 1846, p. 60–66.

PP. Auguste de St. Hilaire, Morphologie végétale, 1840, p. 98.

PQ. Linnæa, bd. xv. 1841, s. 489.

PR. Emerson, Report on the Forests, pp. 49, 101.

PS. Morphologie végétale, p. 91.

PT. Göppert, Beobachtungen über das sogenannte Umwallen der Tannenstöcke, 1842, s. 12.

PU. Hist. Plant., lib. iii. cap. 7, pp. 59, 60. Schneider.

PV. Th. i. s. 143, 166.

PW. Compare Unger, Ueber den Einfluss des Bodens auf die Vertheilung der Gewächse, s. 200; Lindblom, Adnot. in geographicam plantarum intra Sueciam distributionem, p. 89; Martius, in the Annales des Sciences naturelles, t. xviii. 1842, p. 195.

PX. Link, Urwelt, Th. i. 1834, s. 201–211.

PY. Palisot de Beauvois, Flore d’Oware et de Benin, t. i. 1804, p. 4, pl. III.

PZ. Comptes rendus de l’Institut, t. viii. 1839, p. 454, t. ix. pp. 614–781.

QA. Robert Schomburgk, Reisen in Guiana und am Orinoko, 1841, s. 233.

QB. Pöppig, Reise in Chile, Peru, und auf dem Amazonenstrome. Bd. ii. 1836, s. 432.

QC. Ernest Dieffenbach, Travels in New Zealand, 1843, vol. i. p. 426.

QD. See the very correct delineations in Adrien de Jussieu, Cours de Botanique, pp. 77–79, figs. 105–108.

QE. Patterson, Reisen in das Land der Hottentotten und der Kaffern, 1790, s. 55.

QF. See his Reisen im südlichen Afrika, th. i. s. 370.

QG. Buchanan, Journey through Mysore, vol. ii. p. 341; and Stirling, in the Asiat. Res. vol. xv. p. 205.

QH. See Bojer, Hortus Mauritianus, 1837, p. 201.

QI. Relat. hist. t. i. pp. 605–606.

QJ. Flora antarctica, p. 97.

QK. Hooker, Icon. plant. vol. ii. tab. 150.

QL. Compare Hooker, Flora antarctica, pp. vii. 74, 215, with Sir James Ross, Voyage in the Southern and Antarctic Regions, 1839–1843, vol. ii. pp. 335–342.

QM. Humboldt, de distrib. geogr. Plant., pp. 178, 213.

QN. Historia de las Indias, 1535, fol. xc.

QO. Humboldt, Relat. hist., t. i. p. 437.

QP. Robert Brown, In Expedition to Congo, Append. p. 423.

QQ. Abu Zacaria Ebn el Awam, Libro de Agricultura, traducido por J. A. Banqueri, t. ii. Madr. 1802, p. 736.

QR. See a valuable Treatise by d’Urville, Distribution géographique des fougères sur la surface du Globe, in the Annales des Sciences nat., t. vi. 1825, pp. 51, 66, 73.

QS. Count Suminski, Zur Entwickelungs-Geschichte der Farrnkräuter 1848, S. 10–14.

QT. Monatl. Berichte der Akad. zu Berlin, Januar, 1848, S. 20.

QU. Humboldt et Kunth, Nova Gen. Plant., t. ii. p. 22, Tab. 99.

QV. Lindley, Introd. to the Natural System of Botany, p. 99.

QW. See the additions to Franklin’s Narrative of a Journey to the shores of the Polar Sea, 1823, p. 765.

QX. Morphologie végétale, 1840, p. 52.

QY. Adrien de Jussieu, Cours de Botanique, pp. 106, 120, and 700; Darwin, Journal of Researches, 1846, p. 433.

QZ. Flora antartica, p. 12.

RA. Cosmos, vol. ii. p. 453 (Bohn’s edition.)

RB. Aristot. De Generat. Animal. v. i. p. 778, and De Somno et Vigil. cap. i. p. 455, Bekker.

RC. Kunth, Lehrbuch der Botanik, 1847. Th. i. s. 511; Schleiden, Die Pflanze und ihr Leben, 1848, s. 100.

RD. Probl. 20, 7.

RE. Theoria Generationis, § 5–9.

RF. See Kunth, Synopsis Plantarum quas in itinere collegerunt, Al. de Humboldt et Am. Bonpland, t. iii. pp. 87, 360.

RG. Geognostical Essay on the superposition of Rocks in both Hemispheres. 8vo. Lond. 1803.

RH. See Abhandl. der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Jahr 1822 und 1823, s. 3–20.

RI. Acta S. Patricii, p. 555, ed. Ruinart; Cosmos, vol. i. p. 220, (Bohn’s edition).