[292] The best Flour of Mustard such as is made by the large manufacturers, contains nothing but brown and white mustard seeds. But the lower and cheaper qualities made by the same firms contain flour, turmeric, and capsicum. Unmixed flour of Black Mustard is however kept for those who care to purchase it.
[293] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of British India, Calcutta, 1872. 62.
[294] Bretschneider, Study of Chinese Botan. Works, 1870. 17.
[295] Morton’s Cycloped. of Agriculture, ii. (1855) 440.
[296] Journ. de Pharm. xvii. (1831) 279.
[297] An interesting object for the polarizing microscope.
[298] The red compound thus formed with sulphocyanide is readily soluble in ether, yet in the case of white mustard we find it not to be so.
[299] Experiments performed by Mr. Weppen in my laboratory, 1869.—F. A. F.
[300] Gmelin, Chemistry, xiv. (1860) 521 and 529.
[301] Ibid. 521.
[302] Pflanzenwelt Norwegens (1873) 296.
[303] Lib. xix. c. 26 (Littré’s translation).
[304] Géographie Botanique, ii. (1855) 655.
[305] Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. (1856) 531; also Schübeler l. c.; Pfeiffer, Buch der Natur von Konrad von Megenberg, Stuttgart, 1861. 418.
[306] Herball, part 2. (1568) 111.
[307] Dyetary of Helth, Early English Text Society, 1870. 278.
[308] Herball, edited by Johnson, 1636, 240.
[309] Adam in Eden, or Nature’s Paradise, Lond. 1657. chap. 256.
[310] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Medic. Plants, part 6 (1876).
[311] Exotica, 78.
[312] Pharmacologia, 432.
[313] Hist. des Drog. part i. 130.
[314] Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, 1584-1660, Lond. 1860.
[315] O. Swartz, Trans. of the Linnean Soc., i. 96. See also Bonnet, Monographie des Canellées, 1876.
[316] Information communicated to me by the Hon. J. C. Lees, Chief-Justice of the Bahamas. The second beating would seem to be not always required.—D. H.
[317] A specimen in Sloane’s collection in the British Museum labelled “Cortex Winteranus of the Isles,” but under the microscope seen to be absolutely identical with canella alba, still retains its proper fragrance after nearly two centuries.—F. A. F.
[318] First figured and described by Oudemaus, —Aanteekeningen op het ... Gedeelte der Pharm. Neerlandica, 1854-56. 467.
[319] Gmelin, Chemistry, xiv. (1860) 210.
[320] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Medic. Plants, part. 26 (1877). Also in Christy, New Commercial Plants, No. 2 (1878).
[321] The Commercial Report from H. M. Consul-General in Siam for the year 1871, presented to Parliament, Aug. 1872, states that 48 peculs (6400 lb.) of Lukrabow seeds were exported from Bangkok to China in 1871. Sir Joseph Hooker (Report on the Royal Gardens at Kew, 1877, p. 33) has been informed by Mr. Pierre, the director of the Botanic Garden at Saigon, Cochin China, that the seeds have proved to derive from a Hydnocarpus (Gynocardia).—See also our article Semen Ignatii and Science Papers, p. 235.
[322] Hanbury, Notes on Chinese Mat. Med. (1862) 23.—Science Papers, 244. Dr. Porter Smith assumes the Chinese drug to be derived from G. odorata, but as I have pointed out, the seeds have a much stronger testa than those of that tree.—D. H.
[323] For particulars see Christy’s pamphlet alluded to above, p. 75.
[324] Waring, Pharm. of India, 1868. 27.
[325] Tennent (John), Epistle to Dr. Richard Mead concerning the epidemical diseases of Virginia, &c., Edinb. 1738.
[326] Amœnitates Academicæ, ii. 126.
[327] Ruiz and Pavon state that the root is called at Huanuco ratanhia. The derivation of the word which is of the Quichua language is obscure.
[328] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Medicinal Plants, part 30 (1876).
[329] Mem. de la R. Acad. med. de Madrid, i. (1797) 349—366.
[330] Medicinal and Chirurgical Review, Lond., xiii. (1806) ccxlvi.; also Reece, Dict. of Domest. Med., 1808.
[331] See art. Kino.
[332] Etudes sur le Genre Krameria (thèse), Paris, 1868. 83.
[333] Gmelin, Chemistry, xiii. (1859) 358.
[334] See Vogl’s Paper on it in Pringsheim, Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Botanik, ix. (1874) 277-285.
[335] For further particulars, see Flückiger, Pharm. Journ., July 30, 1870. 84.
[336] Syst. Mat. Med. Bras., 1843. 51; Langgaard, Diccionario de Medicina, Rio de Janeiro, iii. (1865) 384.—Krameria argentea is figured in Flora Brasiliensis, Fascicul. 63 (1874, pg. 71) tab. 28.
[337] Hanbury, Origin of Savanilla Rhatany, in Pharm. Journ. vi. (1865) 460.—Also Science Papers, 333.—In that paper I referred the drug to a variety of Kr. Ixina which M. Cotton has shown to differ in no respect from St. Hilaire’s Kr. tomentosa, a conclusion in which, after careful re-examination of specimens, I fully agree.—D. H.
Fig. of Kr. Ixina in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Pl. part 10.
[338] Bot. Zeitung, 14th Nov. 1856. 797
[339] It has been named Garcinia Hanburyi by Sir Joseph Hooker (Journ. of the Linnean Soc. xiv., 1873, 435), but I presume my lamented friend Daniel Hanbury would not have considered the plant under notice as a distinct species. Consult also Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 30.—F. A. F.
[340] Description de Camboge in Abel-Remusat’s Nouv. Mélanges asiatiques, i. (1829) 134.—The Chinese traveller calls the exudation Kiang-hwang which is the name for turmeric, but his description is unmistakeable.
[341] Exotica (1605) 82.
[342] Dr. R. Rost is of opinion that this word is derived from the Malay gătáh, gum, and the Javanese jamú signifying medicinal, such mixing of the two languages being of common occurrence.
[343] De nova gummi purgante, Lipsiæ, 1614. We have only seen the second edition published at Leiden in 1625, its preface dating from 1613.
[344] Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie, 1876. 41.
[345] De Medicina Indorum, lib. iv. Lugduni Batav. (1642) 119. 150.
[346] Theatrum Botanicum (1640) 1575.
[347] This name is the Hindustani Gótáganbá, signifying according to Moodeen Sheriff (Suppl. to Pharm. of India, 83) juice or extract of rhubarb. It is still applied to gamboge.
[348] Hanbury in Trans. of Linn. Soc. xxiv. (1864) 487. tab. 50; also Science Papers, 1876. 326.
[349] Obligingly sent to us by Dr. Jamie of Singapore.
[350] Spenser St. John, Life in the Forests of the Far East, Lond. 1862. ii. 272.
[351] Pharm. Journ. iv. (1874) 803.
[352] Report from H. M. Consul-General in Siam for 1875. 9.
[353] Spenser St. John, op. cit.
[354] Flora Sylvatica, Madras, part xv. (1872) tab. 173.
[355] Fig. Bentley and Trimen, Medic. Plants, part 31 (1878).
[356] Quoted by Graham, Catal. of Bombay Plants, 1839. 25.
[357] Pharm. Journ. xi. (1852) 65.
[358] The embryo, according to Bentley and Trimen (l. c.) consists chiefly of the thickened radicle, and is almost devoid of cotyledons.
[359] Comptes Rendus, xliv. (1857) 1355.
[360] That of D. trinervis is especially used in Java. Filet, Plantkundig Woordenboek voor Nederlandsch Indië, Leiden, 1876, No. 6157.
[361] Himalayan Journal, ed. 2, ii. (1855) 332.
[362] Tracts on the Dominions of Ava, Lond. 1811. 26.
[363] In the Catalogue des Produits des Colonies françaises, Exposition Universelle de 1878, p. 175, it is stated that the balsam of D. alatus in French Cochin China is preferred, being a “huile b’anche.”
[364] Mat. Med. of Hindoostan, Madras, 1813. 186.
[365] Bengal Dispensatory, 1842. 22.
[366] 0·944 according to Werner; 0·931 O’Shaughnessy; 0·928 De Vry (1857).
[367] This magnificent colouring matter is not dissolved by ether.
[368] Pharm. Journ. xvi. (1857) 374.
[369] The sample of gurjun balsam examined by Werner as well as the resin it contained were entirely soluble in boiling potash lye.
[370] Gmelin, Chemistry, xvii. 545.
[371] Flückiger, Pharm. Journ. (1878) 725, with fig.
[372] Catalogue of the French Colonies, Paris Exhibition, 1878, 101, quoted above.
[373] Pertz, Monumenta Germaniæ historica, Legum tom. i. (1835) 181.—Ibischa from the Greek ὶβίσκος.
[374] It plays an interesting part in the germination of the seeds of papilionaceous and other plants. It is abundant in the young plants, but in most it speedily disappears. Its presence can be proved in the juice by means of the microscope and absolute alcohol, in which latter asparagin is insoluble. See Pfeffer in Pringsheim’s Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot. 1872. 533-564.—Borodin in Bot. Zeitung, 1878. 801 and seq.
[375] Uëhka in Arabic, according to Schweinfurth. Okro or Okra are common names for the plant in the East and West Indies. Bendi-kai, a Canarese and Tamil word, is used by Europeans in the South of India. Gigambo in Curaçao.
[376] Fig. Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 35 (1878).
[377] Ibn Baytar, Sontheimer’s translation, i. 118; Wüstenfeld, Geschichte der Arab. Aerzte etc. 1840. 118.
[378] De plant. Ægypt., Venet. 1592. cap. 27.
[379] Journ. de Pharm. 22 (1875) 278.
[380] Archiv der Pharmacie, cxcv. (1871) 142.
[381] Della Sudda, Rép. de Pharm., Janvier, 1860. 229.
[382] Bernoulli, Uebersicht der bis jetzt bekannten Arten von Theobroma.—Reprinted from Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Naturwissenschaften, xxiv. (Zürich, 1869) 4°. 376.
[383] Historia general y naturel de las Indias islas y terra firme del mar oceano, iii. (Madrid, 1853) 253.
[384] Vedia, Cartas de relacion enviadas al emperador Carlos V. desde Nueva España. Madrid, 1852. T. 1.
[385] Chavveton (Urbain) Hist. nouv. du Nouveau Monde ... extraite del’ italien de M. Hierosme Benzoni Milanais. 1579. p. 504.
[386] Hist. d. l’Acad. Roy. des Sciences, tome ii. depuis 1686 jusqu’à 1699, Paris, 1733. p. 248.
[387] Hist. nat. du Cacao et du Sucre, Paris, 1719. (According to Haller, Bibl. Bot. ii. 158.)
[388] B. D. Mauchart præside—dissertation Butyrum Cacao. Resp. Theoph. Hoffmann.
[389] Tract. de Mat. Med. ii. (1741) 409.
[391] Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians, iii. (1837) 138, &c.
[392] Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie, Juni 1866.
[393] Exod. ix. 31; Lev. xiii. 47, 48; Isaiah xix. 9.
[394] Heer in Trimen’s Journ. of Bot. i. (1872) 87.
[395] A. de Candolle, Géogr. Botanique, 835.—A. Braun, Flora, 1848. 94.
[396] See p. 65, note 1.
[397] The English imperial gallon = 277·27 cubic inches.
[398] For further historical information on flax in ancient times, we may refer to Hehn, Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere ... Berlin, 1870. 97, 430.
[399] Schübeler, Die Pflanzenwelt Norwegens, Christiania, 1873-1875. p. 332.
[400] His numerous investigations on this subject have been published in a separate pamphlet, of which we have before us a German translation: G. J. Mulder, Die Chemie der austrocknenden Oele ... Berlin, 1867, pp. 255.
[401] Kirchner and Tollens, Annalen der Chemie, 175 (1874) 215.
[402] Greenish in Yearbook of Pharmacy, 1871. 590; Pharm. Journ. Sept. 9, 1871. 211.
[403] Natural Hystoria de las Indias, Toledo, 1526. fol. xxxvii.
[404] Decura Morbi Gallici per Lignum Guayacanum libellus, printed in 1535 but dated 19 Dec. 1517, 8 pages 8°.
[405] De Morbo Gallico tractatus, Salisburgi, November 1518,—reprinted in the Aphrodisiacus of Luisinus, Lugd. Bat. 1728. 383.—We have only seen the latter.
[406] Ulrichi de Hutten equitis de Guaiaci medicina et morbo gallico liber unus, 4°. (26 chapters) Moguntiæ, 1519.
[407] It is much used for the wheels (technically “sheaves”) of ships’ blocks (pulleys), the circumference of which ought to consist of the white sapwood. It is also required for caulking mallets, skittle balls and for the large balls used in American bowling alleys, for which purposes it should be as sound and homogeneous as possible.
[408] It has been remarkably well pointed out already by Valerius Cordus (obiit 1544). See Gesner’s edition of his Hist. Stirpium Argentorat., 1561. 191.
[409] See also Oberlin et Schlagdenhauffen, Journ. de Pharm. 28 (1878) 246 and plate vi.
[410] That of Guaiacum arboreum DC. is apparently very different. This tree, occurring in New Granada, has already been noticed (1571-1577) by Francisco Hernandez (Nova plantarum, animal, et mineral. mexicanor. hist., Romæ 1651, fol. 63) under the name of Guayacan. He mentions its large umbels with yellow flowers, those of Guaiacum officinale, the “Hoaxacan” or Lignum sanctum, being blue. In the Prodromus Floræ Neo-Granatentis (Ann. Scienc. nat. xv., 1872. p. 361) J. E. Planchon also describes Guaiacum arboreum, known there as Guayacan polvillo; its wood is of an almost pulverulent fracture.
[411] Consular Reports presented to Parliament, Aug. 1872.
[412] Blue Book—Island of Jamaica for 1871.
[413] Blue Book for Colony of Bahamas for 1871.
[414] Consular Reports, Aug. 1873. 746.
[415] The ancient treatment of syphilis by guaiacum which gained for the drug such immense reputation, consisted in the administration of vast quantities of the decoction, the patient being shut up in a warm room and kept in bed.—See Hutten’s pamphlet quoted before, and its numerous reprints and translations.
[416] Schulz, in the (Chicago) Pharmacist, Sept. 1873.
[417] Op. cit. at p. 101.
[418] We have to thank Mr. Eugène Nau of Port-au-Prince for the information given under this head, as well as for some interesting specimens.
[419] Humboldt, Reise in die Aequinoctialgegenden des neuen Continents, iv. (Stuttgart, 1860), 252.—Humboldt and Bonpland in 1804 obtaining, from the Caroni river, flowering branches of the “Cuspa” (l. c. 1. 300) or “Cuspare,” as it is called by the Indians, believed it to constitute a new genus. In 1824 St. Hilaire ascertained it to belong to the genus Galipea.
The tree is figured in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 26 (1877).
[420] Observations on the Orayuri or Angustura Bark Tree,—Trans. of Medico-Botanical Society, 1827-29.—Hancock endeavoured to prove his tree distinct from G. Cusparia St. Hil., but Farre and Don who subsequently examined his specimens decided that the two were the same. With the assistance of Prof. Oliver, I also have examined (1871) Hancock’s plant, comparing it with his figure and other specimens, and have arrived at the conclusion that it is untenable as a distinct species.—D. H.
[421] Martiny, Encyklopädie, i. (1843) 242.
[422] Brande, Experiments and Observations on the Angustura Bark. 1791. 2nd ed. 1793.
[423] London Med. Journ. x. (1789) 154.
[424] Journ. de Pharm. et de Chimie, 28 (1877), 226; plates I, II, III. The bark is also figured by Berg, Anatomischer Atlas, Tab. 37.
[425] Archiv d. Pharm. xcii. (1858) 146.
[426] Am. Journ. of Pharm. 1874. 50; also Yearbook of Pharm. 1874. 91.
[427] From βαρὺς, heavy, and ὀσμὴ, odour.
[428] R. Reece, Monthly Gazette of Health for Feb. 1821. 799.
[429] Flückiger in Schweiz. Wochenschrift für Pharm. Dec. 1873, with plate.
[430] See also Radlkofer, Monographie der Sapindaceen-Gattung Serjania, München, 1875, p. 100-105.
[431] Messrs. Allen and Hanburys operating on larger quantities obtained 1.63 per cent.—Barosma serratifolia appears to be less rich, according to Bedford (1863).
[432] Our supply of the substance having been exhausted by two analyses we cannot regard the above figures as sufficient for the calculation of a formula.
[433] Am. Journ. of Pharm. 1876. 19.
[434] It seems green as long as it is in the blue cupric liquid.
[435] Gmelin’s Chemistry, xviii 194.
[436] Blue Book published at Cape Town, 1873.
[437] Harvey and Sonder, Flora Capensis, i. (1859-60) 393.
[438] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, part 18.
[439] The root of a Zanthoxylum sent to us from Java by Mr. Binnendyk of the Buitenzorg Botanical Garden has exactly the aspect of that of Toddalia. The root of Z. Bungei which we have examined in the fresh state is also completely similar. It is covered with a soft, corky, yellow bark having a very bitter taste with a strong pungency like that of pellitory.